Prohibition

This paper explores the influence of the Cold War on the design and reception of one the seminal office buildings of the 20th century: the Seagram Building. Using material collected from the archives of the Seagram Company as well as the papers of the Bronfman family, I explore how the technology, wealth, and power necessary to construct the Seagram Building were linked in the late 1950s and early 1960s to the social and political milieu of the Cold War, in particular the bomb.

Speech Act of Prohibition in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study on
Selected Biblical and Quranic Verses

Sawsan Kareem Al-Saaidi
College of Education, Al-Qadisiya University,
Iraq

Ghayth K. Shaker Al-Shaibani
English Section, School of Languages, Literacies and Translation
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Hashim A. Mohammed Al-Husseini
College of Education, University of Wasit
Iraq



Abstract
Speech act theory has played an interesting role in the philosophy of language recently and has drawn great interest among pragmaticists, anthropologists, philosophers, linguists, and semanticists. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to investigate the speech act of prohibition as one of the most essential communicative uses of language. It is defined as a desire or a wish to forbid someone from doing something. The researchers attempt to show how the speech act of prohibition can be used in both English and Arabic at various levels of analysis. Specifically, a three-level analytical framework, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic, is suggested for textual analysis through a set of linguistic devices. This means that in performing a linguistic act, we often do further things. The data of this paper consists of a number of verses from the Glorious Quran and the Holy Bible. The main findings of this paper indicate that prohibition in English is most commonly realized by using a syntactic device, namely declarative sentences. Whilst prohibition in Arabic is expressed by the negative imperative “do not do”. In addition, prohibition can be expressed explicitly and implicitly in both languages. However, it was found that Arabic is distinguished from English by its heavy use of explicit and implicit devices expressing the speech act of prohibition.
Keywords: pragmatics, prohibition, semantics, speech act theory, syntax.

Al Capone has been the subject of and inspiration for an endless range of books, TV series and movies, and has subsequently been framed as one of the most notorious criminals of all time. Considering the wide range of illegal activities Capone participated in as well as his controversial methods to achieve success that particular depiction seems understandable, but in many stories about Capone there is a sense of romanticism present as well. When writer Edward Dean Sullivan in 1929 dryly remarked that “[p]eople either like him very much — or want to kill him,”  it becomes clear that at that time people also defined Capone in contradictory ways. The curious cultural, socio-economic and political climate of the Prohibition Era did not just open up the way for Al Capone to create his successful and powerful crime syndicate in Chicago, it also caused a split in public opinion to emerge as Capone was simultaneously being described as a violent gangster who disregarded the law and bribed his way to political power, and as an inspiring example of an Italian-American businessman living the American Dream.

Sanctuary is about the wound of Temple Drake – her traumatic rape. However, the readers are prohibited from accessing the hyper-visible and invisible rape. Filled with distractions, repetitions, silences, and highly elliptical in structure, the novel prohibits the literal enactment of Temple’s rape. Firstly, this paper examines how the novel’s style and content are framed by a series of prohibitions. The prohibitive nature of the novel forbids the readers from “accessing”/”assessing” the characters, crucial events, and ultimately the trauma that occupies the core of the story. Secondly, this paper aims to show how the precise structure and act of prohibition becomes the exact site of trauma. Finally, this paper posits that the interplay of prohibition and trauma in the novel reflects the prohibition of the unspoken taboos associated with gender and race transgressions in the society.

Frank Hague was the Irish-American mayor of Jersey City, NJ, from 1917 to 1947. He grew up as a street tought inf the Horseshoe District, which was the district gerrandered to keep the Irish from obtaining political power.  Hague become a political boss under the city commission form of government. During his many administrations he controlled the courts and even hand-picked the governor of New Jersey.  His support of Franklin Delano Roosevelt provided him with additional patronage through federally funded programs. However, returning World War II veterans did not want to take orders from an old fashioned Irish political boss, and Hague lost control of the courts under the revised New Jersey State Constitution of 1947.

The aim of this thesis is to study how cannabis is constructed in contemporary Sweden, which policy responses are promoted as rational, and how international cannabis trends are received in this context. The four papers are the result of analyzing empirical material from three different sub-studies: 1) a qualitative study of online discussions about cannabis and drug policy, 2) a qualitative and comparative study of print media articles from 2002 and 2012, and 3) a qualitative study of oral presentations from cannabis information symposia. All papers are based on a social constructionist approach. A point of departure is that attitudes and regulations on cannabis have changed in large parts of the Western world. In Sweden, however, strict prohibition of cannabis is still central in the national drug laws. Some of the main findings can thus be gathered in discussions on continuity and change. In Swedish online discussions, there seems to be a strong desire to change the national cannabis policy in line with international developments. This discussion propagates alternative views on cannabis, in which comparisons to alcohol become vital and more liberal cannabis policies become logical. These discussions are also characterized by continuity, as many arguments for liberal cannabis policies seem to be based on traditional social democratic values and prohibitionist " scaremongering " arguments. Continuity is also what seems to characterize traditional print media, where cannabis is generally portrayed as a potent and illegal drug producing social problems. However, this arena also shows signs of change, as the material from 2012 includes stories on cannabis as an economic asset as well as a recreational substance. Both traditional print media and cannabis information symposia focus on youth consumers, who are seen as particularly vulnerable to cannabis effects. Such constructions seem important for protecting prohibition from international influences and for a continuous discourse centered on the dangers of cannabis. It is concluded that cannabis appears to be able to represent almost anything. As such it can be " used " for any purpose to promote a whole set of ideas related to policy often based on what is considered as scientific evidence. Depending on the context, it thus seems possible that cannabis is medicinal, recreational, harmful, and addictive. If so, and if all of these constructions are in some way " real, " then it is suggested that cannabis necessitates a much more tailored and nuanced response than that which prohibition can offer.

The predominant policy of prohibition (i.e. "War on Drugs") emerged in the early Twentieth Century. It has been expanded on since that time to become the primary thrust of drug policy in almost every nation today. We will examine how this came about and the ways in which it has contributed to the maltreatment of substance abuse disorders.

The Texas Supreme Court from 1911–1921 is best known not for the law it made or the opinions it wrote, but for its failure to decide cases.  Although the supreme court’s difficulty in clearing its docket existed before 1911, the number of outstanding cases exploded during the second decade of the twentieth century. 

Arguably, the issue of statewide prohibition and the divergent views held on that issue by members of the Texas Supreme Court was the driving force behind the disharmony and dysfunctionality of the court during this decade.  Statewide prohibition explains why elections of candidates to the court were so fiercely contested, explains how the court’s membership was shaped, and suggests why the court was unable to properly perform its work.  The internal divisions of the court, exemplified by the inability of the members to work together to reduce the court’s docket, and by their differences in legal thought, contributed substantially to the view that the Texas appellate judicial system was broken. 

The eventual result of this tumultuous period of the Texas Supreme Court was the legislature’s creation of the Committee of Judges in 1917 and the Commission of Appeals in 1918 in an attempt to reduce the multi-year backlog of cases.  That Commission, designed to exist for just two years, remained in existence until the expansion of the membership of the Texas Supreme Court from three to nine in 1945.

Cannabis, standards, legitimities
and management of prohibitions in the Rif (Morocco)

Among the populations of rifain massif, a conflict between the actors of the local economy – based largely on the exploitation of the kîf – and the administrative and religious authorities has been going, on for a little over half a century, as to whether or not this cannabic activity is compatible with the commandments of religion, modern law, morality and public health.
On the ideological level, this conflict situation can be understood as the result of the clash of two opposing legitimities, one claiming the obligation to observe the institutional prohibitions to which no one within the community can escape, the other of a specific situation and historical right which, de facto, grant a legal franchise.
Crossing several spheres, including the economic, the sacred and the political, what can be observed in this case is a radical opposition between traditional and normative legitimities. What is transgression for the legalists will not really be one in the eyes of the dissident subgroup which will consider that it has just used its right, under an historical practice which confers legitimacy at least equal to that which is reproached to it for flouting.

Space provides indeed resources whose existence transforms the subgroup exploiting them into a cartel of interests, leading to the production of specific standards and values, not always well accepted by the large group even if the latter does not call into question the community consensus. Because a singular economic area, which has become a unifying factor of a subgroup, can very quickly evolve into a space of protest breaking with the old community solidarities and be transformed into a cause of dislocation of the larger units. For its part, ignored in its demand to benefit from a easing of the community rule, this space can revive ethnic or regional particularities previously to the dormant state and stir up old grievances.
We do not pass judgment on the validity or invalidity of the points of view expressed by one or the other because our aim is not to speak in the heart of this debate, which is very complex and very evolutionary. The object we have given ourselves is simply to try to specify, on the basis of our ethnographic observations, the different points of view and to formalize them in order to make them accessible to sociological analysis.

Résumé

Chez les populations du massif rifain – une société dans laquelle religion et cannabis occupent tous deux une grande place –  un conflit oppose depuis un peu plus d’un demi-siècle les acteurs de l’économie locale aux autorités administratives et religieuses sur la question de savoir si l’activité canna-bique  est conciliable ou pas avec les commandements de la religion, le droit moderne, la morale et la santé publique.
Sur le plan idéologique, cette situation conflictuelle peut être appréhendée comme résultant du choc de deux légitimités opposées, l’une se réclamant de l’obligation d’observance des interdits institutionnels auxquels personne au sein d’une communauté ne peut échapper, l’autre d’une situation spécifique et d’un droit historique qui octroient de facto une franchise légale.
Traversant plusieurs sphères, notamment l’économique, le sacré et le poli-tique, ce que l’on peut observer dans ce cas de figure, c’est une opposition radicale entre les légitimités traditionnelles et les légitimités normatives d’État. Ce qui est transgression pour les légalistes n’en est pas vraiment une aux yeux du sous-groupe dissident qui estimera qu’il a juste usé de son bon droit, en vertu d’une pratique historique conférant une légitimité au moins égale à celle qu’on lui reproche de bafouer.
L’espace est en effet pourvoyeur de ressources dont l’existence transforme en cartel d’intérêts le sous-groupe qui les exploite, conduisant à la production de normes et de valeurs spécifiques, pas toujours bien acceptées par le grand groupe même si le consensus communautaire n’est pas remis en cause dans son intégralité. Car un espace économique singulier, devenu facteur fédérateur d’un sous-groupe, peut très vite évoluer en espace contesta-taire rompant avec les anciennes solidarités communautaires et se transformer en cause de dislocation des ensembles plus grands, un risque que ces derniers se refusent généralement à courir. De son côté, ignoré dans sa revendication à bénéficier d’un assouplissement de la règle communautaire, cet espace peut rapidement faire renaître des particularismes ethniques ou régionaux jusque-là dormants et attiser d’anciens griefs.
Nous ne portons pas de jugement sur la validité ou la non validité des points de vue exprimés par les uns ou par les autres car notre but ici n’est pas d’intervenir dans le cœur de ce débat, L’objet que nous nous sommes donné est simplement de tenter de spécifier, à partir de nos observations ethnographiques et de nos déductions, les différents points de vue en lice et de les formaliser pour les rendre accessibles à l’analyse sociologique.

"Stephen Collins Foster is the only composer with two state songs to his credit. His "Old Folks at Home" also known as "Way Down Upon the Suwanee River" is Florida's state song, and it is a verified fact that he never visited Florida, nor laid eyes on the Suwanee River" - TRUE KENTUCKY LEGENDS by Robert A. Powell

Drug-related violence and corruption demonstrate that the U.S. War on Drugs is a serious problem. Young people are enticed into the illicit drug markets because of the policy-induced, artificially high drug prices. A review of the literature on the relationship between drugs and violence is presented. Economic theory and systems engineering are applied to drug policy, demonstrating that confiscation does not restrict supply but actually strengthens drug cartels. Conclusions are drawn from research and arguments.

Konieczność ograniczenia swobody przewozu zabytków ruchomych związana jest z przestępczością i ochroną dziedzictwa kulturowego państw. Jednym z filarów, na których oparta jest Unia Europejska, pozostaje swobodny przepływu towarów, nie obowiązuje on jednak bezwzględnie. Art. 36 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej zezwala na ograniczenia ilościowe w przywozie i wywozie między państwami członkowskimi, o ile są one uzasadnione ochroną narodowych dóbr kultury o wartości artystycznej, historycznej lub archeologicznej. Zakazy te nie mogą mieć jedynie charakteru dyskryminującego. W artykule zostanie przedstawiona historia polskiego rozwoju regulacji dotyczących wywozu zabytków oraz krótka analiza uregulowań czeskich. Analizie zostanie poddany kazus dotyczący wypożyczenia na wystawę w Tokio cyklu "Słowiańska epopeja" Alfonsa Muchy.The necessity of limiting the freedom of transport of moveable monuments is connected with the crime and protection of the cultural heritage of s...

Application of religious instructions, especially consumption of Halal meat, is a physical and mental health guarantee in human lives. In this study, the effects of pork consumption on human physical and mental health were surveyed based on Quran perspective, narratives, and other celestial religions and medical parasitology. In this study, with reference to the Holy Quran, valid interpretations, Hadith of infallible Imams (AS), narrative, other celestial religions, medical parasitology and data bank of PubMed, Sid, Magiran, the required information was obtained concerning the reasons for the prohibition of pork consumption. By Data analysis and comparison of religious and scientific resources, the mystery of Islam's emphasis over the sanctity of pork consumption came into the light. The results of Islamic narratives show that consumption of pork meat emenates both mental and spiritual impacts on consumers. Besides,

The Texas Supreme Court from 1911–1921 is best known not for the law it made or the opinions it wrote, but for its failure to decide cases. Although the supreme court’s difficulty in clearing its docket existed before 1911, the number of outstanding cases exploded during the second decade of the twentieth century. Arguably, the issue of statewide prohibition and the divergent views held on that issue by members of the Texas Supreme Court was the driving force behind the disharmony and dysfunctionality of the court during this decade. Statewide prohibition explains why elections of candidates to the court were so fiercely contested, explains how the court’s membership was shaped, and suggests why the court was unable to properly perform its work. The internal divisions of the court, exemplified by the inability of the members to work together to reduce the court’s docket, and by their differences in legal thought, contributed substantially to the view that the Texas appellate judicia...

This is one of many stories Nana used to tell her granddaughter. Florence and Bill discover the danger of drinking bootleg liquor during Prohibition. I have taken some degree of literary license to bring Nana's story to life for a new generation of readers.

This essay investigates the status of alcohol consumption in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby (1925). The analysis focuses on character study reading of Jay Gatsby, and Tom and Daisy Buchanan in conjunction with Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of habitus, by placing habitus in the specific historical context of the novel. The analysis focuses on the social structures of the alcohol-consuming upper-class Americans, and the reproduction of internalized practices during Prohibition. Drinking alcohol is seen as a valued, cultural capital among the elite society and used as a tool in a competition of power. The Buchanans, as true members of their class, are constantly intoxicated. For Gatsby, a sober man and an imposter of the elite society, drinking has no cultural value. I argue that, from the cultural aspect, Gatsby’s fall is a consequence of his soberness among the drunkenness of the hierarchy

This paper analyzes both the utopian and the dystopian aspects of American society in F. Scott Fitzgerald's (1896-1940) The Great Gatsby (1925). It aims at depicting those aspects of the society through a careful examination of the settings, particularly East egg and the Valley of Ashes. The former represents the protagonist's ideal reality in which he dreams of becoming famous, wealthy, and more satisfied. Yet, the climax and tragic ending of Gatsby reveal the dystopian aspects of East Egg society, such as chaos, prohibition, and social disintegration. Likewise, the valley of ashes is made out of ashes, and its gray color stands for emptiness and the moral decadence of its people. The social hierarchy of the American society, along with its expectations, demoralizes its people; the worldly desires of Gatsby ruin his life as well as the future he imagines in East Egg. Thus, a state of material well-being emerged but lacking in spiritual life or purpose. Throughout the novel, Gatsby's life and shocking manners reflect those dystopian aspects of a postwar society in which wild parties, illegal drinking, and crimes prevail. Gatsby's dream of becoming wealthy leaves him with a painful awareness of inferiority, isolation, and ultimately death.