Retirement transition

La retraite est aujourd’hui considérée comme une nouvelle étape du développement de carrière. Elle implique, pour les seniors, des remaniements identitaires, que les psychologues
conseillers en orientation peuvent accompagner grâce à des outils qui leur sont propres.

Among factors that affect the success within the sports system is the support service for the development of athlete's career and retirement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perception of athletes on available post-sports career assistance. The study included 379 athletes associated to the official organizations and/or benefit by the government program to high-performance athletes. It was used a structured questionnaire, from which the response rate was checked. Results showed that 43.2% report that the concentration on being high-performance is negatively affected by the concerns about the future, 74.7% claim the post-sport career assistance is insufficient developed, and 78.3% emphasize that career prospects after retirement are a serious problem. The results suggest that is necessary to improve the support for post-sport career athletes and perhaps take advantage of the knowledge of the former athletes as a potential workforce in areas related to sporting.

Largely ignored over the years as a group worthy of serious academic research, grey nomads have recently become a topic of interest, in part due to Australia’s ageing population and resultant increases in the number of retirees with the time available to tour Australia and its regions in this manner.  Tourism bodies now view grey nomads as an important market niche and caravan and motorhome manufacturers foresee ongoing growth in their industry.  This thesis investigates how grey nomads make sense of their peripatetic lifestyle.  It uses an ethnographic approach to uncover how the grey nomad lifestyle is defined by respondents themselves.  Through analysis of field interviews, as well as field observations, the meanings and perspectives made by grey nomads are revealed and contextualised.
Drive tourism has been a feature of Australia’s domestic travel industry for many decades and the drive industry is nowadays driven by grey nomads.  Grey nomads are defined in this thesis as retirees who tour Australia in caravans, motorhomes and sometimes tents.  They have been a part of prevailing Australian culture for at least four decades.  A highly visible group, these retirees tow their caravans behind their large four wheel drives, or drive their motorhomes, along the city roads and regional highways of Australia.  Many form part of a seasonal migration route travelling north at the beginning of winter and returning south with the onset of spring.  Others do not return home, however.  They are the full-timers who tour for years at a time. 
The themes and issues which emerged from this qualitative research process are varied.  Grey nomads are a large, heterogeneous cohort of retirees who are little different from many other retired Australians in that they engage in the routines of quotidian life—domestic tasks and everyday relationships—even while touring.  They also have similar health outcomes to other Australian retirees but are seemingly resilient, adapting to the ongoing frailties of their ageing bodies in order to carry on touring for as long as possible.  Grey nomads have a desire to articulate territory through travel and, consequently, many of them hold a sense of stewardship over the landscape, and are sometimes censorious of those tourists who transgress (what some grey nomads conceive to be) environmentally sound touring practices.
This thesis also addresses changing discourses about grey nomads and how these reflect a change in the discursive context in which ageing—in general—is discussed.  In addition to this the research considers the future of the grey nomad lifestyle which, despite the predicted influx of grey nomads into regional Australia in the near future, and the ongoing economic boost this will give these regions, is under threat due to the declining number of caravan parks and caravan sites within Australia.

A colorful presentation slideshow on what the author calls "career tapering" - with a link to the Zoom recording on YouTube. Whether citizens, sojourners, or immigrants, most employed residents of Japan and many other countries will be unable or unwilling to retire. The natural desire to choose the terms of transitions, however, runs into customary age limits in the case of higher education in Japan, around 65 for full-time and 70 to 75 for part-time employment . Combined with stereotypical dismissiveness towards older people, a sudden loss of status can be vertiginous. Yet there is a great demand for the services that older professionals can perform in education, society, and academia internationally. This presentation illustrates how language teaching duties can be gradually decreased and improved in quality, while the teacher remains at least as active outside of institutions. Many suggestions are offered on how to have a better quality of life than ever, enjoying more free time to create and curate. Lifelong learning can accord with lifelong interests.

„We Are Getting Old Whilst Always Doing Something...“: Retirement as Free Time?
The paper focuses on the phenomenon of free time or leisure time in retirement, as these phrases are often perceived as equivalents
in public discourse in European space. Research shows, however, that in reality, the life of people in retirement is filled with various
activities that usually do not have to be classified as leisure activities. In line with the concept of third age as an age of fulfilment, the
concept of active or successful ageing and the concept of busy ethics, the paper deals with the way how people obtain different roles
when they do not have to, but they still do. The choices or decisions about retirement are undoubtedly influenced by the discussion
of the right to leisure, the increasing value of leisure time and the re-evaluation of the value of work in personal and social life, on
the one hand, and some pressure to continue to be beneficial to society and active on the other. The author concentrates on how
the sketched discussion is reflected by a group of people who, especially in the European environment, are becoming due to the
demographic development more and more numerous – the oldest generation in society. They are confronted with two different
attitudes at the opposite end of the value spectrum. The empirical basis for the study is qualitative research based on ethnographic
interviews with pre-retirement and retired people in nowadays Slovakia, with a specific theme on preparing for retirement and living
in retirement, as well as the results of several focus groups with this group of people.

With the graying of the professoriate continuing and the massive number of baby boomers entering retirement age, universities and college administrations need to adequately prepare for retirement. This is beginning to cause some staffing shortages in the faculty pipeline as well as the loss of institutional history and professional knowledge. Unlike many employing organizations, most institutions of higher education provide some sort of opportunity for its retired employees to remain connected to the institution. For retired faculty, this often comes in the form of the emeriti status rank.



The overwhelming majority of faculty retirement research is focused on how institutions will manage the economic implications of retirement, particularly on retirement benefits and the financial costs to the institution. There has been little scholarship investigating the perspective of retirement from the individual and even less research in recent years. Recently retired faculty may have different expectations about retirement and the level of relationship they have with their former institution. This research examines this topic further.



This qualitative study contributes to the higher education literature by providing an in-depth analysis of 14 faculty emeriti from a large, land grant institution who retired within the past two to five years, explored their relationship with their former institution. Using the literature about adult development and the professoriate, a semi-structured, in-depth interview protocol was developed. Data analysis was conducted using a grounded theory approach, with an emphasis on thematic findings. The resulting six main themes were: (1) the “nudge” toward retirement (motivating factors influencing the retirement decisions), (2) “no one owns your time”, (3) the unexpected (unanticipated events in retirement), (4) the continuity of scholarship activities, (5) new pathways in retirement, and (6) elements of the departmental and institutional relationship with the emeriti.



With these findings in mind as well as the previous literature, two categories of faculty, the Attached and the Unattached, and their sub-types were identified which provide a better understanding of faculty emeriti and the level of involvement, if any, they may wish to have with their former institution and department. A new transitional phase model of faculty retirement was created which provides a reframing of previous transition models. Three types of involvement opportunities and several institutional exemplars are discussed that can foster emeriti involvement.



The results may be beneficial for informing institutional policy, especially for human resource management, academic deans and department chairs. Lastly, there may be additional benefits for the retired faculty including greater satisfaction in retirement, improved mental and physical health, increased social networks, support for new endeavors and a continuation of their scholarship.

ÖZ
Sosyal güvenlik hukukumuzda; kısa vadeli sigorta hükümleri açısından, iş kazasının olduğu veya meslek hastalığının hekim veya sağlık kurulu raporu ile ilk defa tespit edildiği tarih sonrasında oluşacak; uzun vadeli sigorta hükümleri açısından ise ilk defa sigortalı olunan tarihten sonra yapılacak yaş düzeltmelerinin sonuç doğurmaması esası getirilmiş bulunmaktadır.
Söz konusu esas ile bireye dair oluşmuş olan statükonun korunması, tahsis hükümlerinin bir temele dayandırılması, bu çerçevede makro planda sosyal güvenlik sisteminin aktüeryal dengesinin korunmasının amaçlanmış olduğu görülmektedir.
Sosyal güvenlik mevzuatına göre, ilk defa sigortalı olduğu tarihte geçerli olunan emeklilik açısından dikkate alınmakta olup, işe giriş tarihinden sonra yaptırılan yaş düzeltmeleri emeklilik hesabında dikkate alınmamaktadır. Yargı içtihatlarında da genel kabul gören ve eşitlik ilkesine uygun bulunan bu hukuki durum çerçevesinde sosyal güvenlik sistemi kaynaklı tahsislerde, tahsisi doğuran olgudan sonra yapılacak yaş düzeltmesi işlemleri bir hüküm ifade etmemektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, sigortalı olduğu tarihten sonra yaşını mahkeme kararıyla büyütenler için erken emeklilik söz konusu olmayacaktır.

Purpose – Retirement adjustment is the process by which aged workers become accustomed to the changed facts of life in the transition from work to retirement and develop psychological well-being in their post-working life. The purpose of this paper is to explore the psychosocial factors that significantly explain retirement intentions and retirement adjustment, using two separate empirical studies. Design/methodology/approach – Retirement self-efficacy, low work involvement, older worker identity and relative deprivation significantly explained retirement intentions (bridge employment engagement, part-time retirement, late retirement and full retirement) of workers over 60 years (Study 1, n1⁄4157). Retirement adjustment indices (retirement satisfaction, feelings of anxiety and depression) were associated with psychosocial factors for retirees (Study 2, n 1⁄4 218).
Findings – The findings highlight that retirement self-efficacy and older worker identity positively and significantly explained both full retirement of aged workers and retirement satisfaction of retirees. Relative deprivation negatively significantly explained partial and late retirement intentions and retirement satisfaction of retirees.
Research limitations/implications – The implications of these studies are discussed for understanding retirement planning and counselling practice.
Practical implications – Retirement adjustment conceptualized as a process has important implications for retirement planning, and consequently can influence the project of the life course, as well as career’s decisions.
Social implications – Social contexts should consider all factors that can negatively affect self-efficacy, work involvement and identity of employees in the mid and late-career stages, and thus contribute to reinforce and strengthen personal and psychosocial resources involved in planning and adaptation to retirement, and to increase the insight into the planning and decisions older workers make to face retirement.
Originality/value – This work had two goals, pursued by two empirical studies with two samples: workers over 60 years, and retirees. The authors contend that the availability of two different sets of data increases the generalizability of the findings.

This chapter aims to present several issues facing those approaching retire mentor current retirees and their relationship to their former institution. A brief review of the higher education retirement literature provides the context to Fishman’s three-phase staff retirement Departure, Redefinition, and Re-engagement (DRR)
model. The chapter next provides a classification typology to serve as a guide for institutions to gauge interest in cultivating a continuing relationship with current and future retired staff members. The chapter concludes by listing common higher education perquisites (e.g., library access, invitations to certain campus events) to provide practical utility to higher education administrators assisting those in the retirement transition process.

Retirement and Its Discontents: Why we won't stop working, even if we can (2018, Columbia University Press), argues that traditional definitions of retirement can lead to discontent among those whose personal identity has been strongly tied to their work. The book questions the lure, appeal, and enticement of a generalized retirement that is defined as no longer working and asks: What becomes of those, whose departure from their life’s work means losing a core and fundamental component of their personal identity? The heart of the book is a series of chapters that feature stories of people who retired from five different types of work: doctors, chief executive officers (CEOs), elite athletes, professors, and homemakers. These individuals shared a loyalty to and passion for their life’s work and experienced a sense of discontentment with the reality of retirement. They all faced a range of different life experiences, but each similarly struggled with managing their own expectations that retirement was tied to age and had to be carried ought through full withdrawal from the labor force. Retirement and Its draws on in-depth interviews that capture a range of perceptions and common concerns about what it means to be retired, and emphasizes the significance of creating new retirement strategies that support social connectedness and personal fulfillment while impugning age-based stereotypes about productivity and employment. It ultimately examines the larger structural problems that society must grapple with as we confront the mismatch between an idealized retirement and the reality of giving up identity, income, and status.

Using the Longitudinal Administrative Dababank (LAD), this study examines how the expected retirement age varies according to the unemployment rate of the economic regions (ER). Using a survival model, the study also verifies if workers in ER, with a high unemployment rate, are more likely to retire at a younger age.

The success of private pension systems to provide old-age security is mainly a function of continuous individual pension contributions linked to formal employment. Using a rich longitudinal dataset from Chile and employing sequence analysis, this study examines the pension contribution histories and formal employment pathways of a cohort of individuals who began their working lives simultaneously to the introduction of the Chilean private pension system in the early 1980s, which pioneered private-oriented pension reforms worldwide. Results show that more than half of the individuals from this cohort developed labor-force trajectories inconsistent with continuous pension contributions and formal employment, which particularly affects women and lower educated people. We conclude that policy and decision makers focused on aging topics should be aware of the increasing diversity and precariousness of labor-force trajectories when evaluating the performance and sustainability of both pri...

O artigo propõe analisar a questão da migração de regresso de casais portugueses na Suíça em idade de reforma usando o género como categoria de análise (Scott, 1986). São apresentados quatro casos de casais no seio dos quais as intenções de regresso são divergentes e analisados alguns elementos que sustentam essas discordâncias e provocam tensões entre cônjuges. Se, num primeiro momento, poderse-á interpretar o  regresso como desejado pelos maridos e não pelas mulheres, na discussão são  dados exemplos contrários, que permitem evidenciar alterações ao nível dos papéis tradicionais de género em determinados contextos e momentos do ciclo de vida. Constantemente negociados e redefinidos, os papéis de género não são imutáveis, e, por conseguinte, são suscetíveis de voltar a alterar-se após o regresso, em particular quando a reintegração em Portugal se faz em zonas rurais.

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This article analyzes the return migration of Portuguese couples in Switzerland of retirement age, using gender as a category of analysis (Scott, 1986). It presents four cases of couples where partners had divergent intentions in relation to return migration, and it analyzes the factors that contribute to this divergence and cause tensions within the couples. If, at first glance, one might assume that the return is desired by husbands and not by wives, the discussion provides contrary examples which highlight changes in terms of traditional gender roles in certain contexts and moments of the life cycle. Constantly negotiated and redefined, gender roles are not immutable, and therefore they are susceptible to change again upon return, particularly when reintegration in Portugal takes place in rural areas.

Caregiving responsibilities can lead to early, often involuntary, retirement, but the connection between the two events is seldom studied. This mixed method study, using both quantitative and qualitative methods, used the concept of “retirement congruency”, which takes into account greater variation in retirement decisions (low, moderate, or high retirement congruency), to explore retired caregivers’ experiences.

In the first stage of the study, descriptive analyses and multinomial logistic regression were carried out on a sample of retired caregivers (n = 569) from the 2002 General Social Survey. Women were more likely to retire for caregiving reasons than men and that male caregivers were more likely than female caregivers to report low retirement congruency. Moderate retirement congruency was the most common type of retirement congruency for caregivers who retired because of their caregiving role. Five variables predicted low retirement congruency, compared to moderate retirement congruency, and seven variables predicted low retirement congruency, compared to high retirement congruency. Three variables distinguished between moderate and high retirement congruency. Health and job problems were significant in all comparisons. Consistent with the descriptive results, retiring to give care predicted moderate retirement congruency compared to high retirement congruency, indicating that many employed caregivers say they chose to retire early because of their caregiving role yet still indicated a desire/need to have remained employed.

In stage two, 44 Nova Scotian caregivers (30 women and 14 men who retired to give care to an adult in the previous six years) were interviewed. Caregiving and retirement intersected in different ways. There were four pathways to becoming a retired caregiver: sudden, coincidental, gradual, and breaking. Different types of “tipping points” were more present in certain groups versus others. Moderate retirement congruency, again, was common, yet retirement congruency did not seem related to any of the four pathways to retirement. Individuals were negotiating their identities, both as caregivers and as retirees, regardless of their pathways or length of time retired. Very few individuals indicated being satisfied with their retirement experiences.

Analyses from the qualitative interviews demonstrate the complexity of caregivers’ retirement decisions and also point to limitations of survey research. Implications for caregiver policy and retirement policy are discussed, distinguishing between policies for employed caregivers and policies for caregivers who have to leave the paid labour force.

Time perspective is a psychological construct that reflects the way people view time. Two schools of thought exist that theorize how this temporal mindset affects behavior—dominant and balanced. We applied dominant and balanced time perspective frameworks separately to two versions of an online intervention that aimed to promote goal-setting and accumulation of essential retirement resources (health, physical, social, cognitive and emotional) and compared effects with a control group. The effectiveness of the intervention was tested with 109 US retirees using a 4-wave design over a 6-month period. Linear mixed models showed an increase in health goal striving for the balanced group at posttraining and gains were maintained at the 3-month time point. Both training groups demonstrated an increase in the number and specificity of goals at posttraining and 3-months. Applying a time perspective framework to an online planning intervention for retirees shows promise in promoting planning ...

How are employment and family experiences simultaneously linked to the timing of retirement? Based on a life course perspective, this article aims to understand the way in which different work and family statuses accumulated throughout adult life, lead to early, on-time, or late withdrawals from the labor market. We focused on Switzerland, a country characterized by a liberal and flexible pension structure that provides widespread institutional mechanisms for both early and late retirement. Using longitudinal methods such as multichannel sequence analysis and event history analysis, we have created types of interlocked employment and family trajectories from age 20 to 57, and estimated their effects on the risk of retirement after age 58. The data come from the retrospective survey SHARELIFE, focused on ageing topics. The results show particularly that whereas early and “on-time” retirement is not likely for individuals—mostly women—with trajectories characterized by housework responsibilities, part-time jobs, and investments only in the public pension fund, late retirement is associated with the absence of a partner’s financial support. In the conclusion, we argue that the Swiss retirement institution should consider alternative mechanisms to offer more balanced retirement opportunities to its citizens, especially to those following less advantaged employment–family trajectories.

"Abstract
The relationship between gender and retirement in Spain is paradoxical. The female employment rate between the ages of 55 and 64 is slightly more than half that of the male rate, whilst the average retirement age amongst women is much higher. Using event-history analysis techniques, this paper analyses whether this puzzling gender difference is due to compositional or selection effects. Data comes from a special retirement module within the 2006 Spanish Labour Force Survey (Encuesta de Población Activa, EPA).It applies a novel methodological framework, contrasting the results from a naïve survival analysis with those from a duration- selection model. The results suggest that women retire later than men above all because, from a financial point of view, they cannot afford to retire any earlier.

Resumen
La relación entre género y jubilación en España es paradójica. La tasa de empleo femenino entre los 55 y 64 años es apenas más de la mitad que la de los varones, mientras que la edad media de jubilación es mucho más alta entre las mujeres. Este estudio usa el análisis de la historia de acontecimientos para determinar si esa sorprendente diferencia de género se debe a efectos composicionales o de selección. Los datos proceden de un módulo especial de la Encuesta de la Población Activa (EPA) de 2006. Un innovador marco metodológico contrasta los resultados de un modelo de supervivencia «naïf» con los de otro de tipo «duración-selección». Los resultados sugieren que las mujeres se jubilan más tarde que los hombres sobre todo porque económicamente no se pueden permitir retirarse antes."

In the article I am writing about ageing of Polish society in the perspective of systemic and cultural retirement transition strategies. I intend to answer the following question: how do the different categories of elderly employees react to the job market situation in Poland and what kinds of strategies of retirement do they apply in context of cultural patterns infl uencing social
roles of old people. In reference to this, I make an assumption in the article that people interpret social expectations in their own ways while forming their retirement strategies. Nevertheless, the form and speed of withdrawal from labor market in Poland depend both on the person’s state
of health as well as on intertwined systemic and cultural factors.

This report brings together findings from qualitative research undertaken by the Policy Studies Institute (PSI) during 2003/04 on behalf of the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP). This
explored factors influencing perceptions and experiences of independent living in later life and analysed pensioners’ service needs and accessing behaviour, in turn considering the relationship between independence and service use. These issues are timely given the projected rise in the proportion of the UK’s population which is over State Pension age in the near future. The research was also designed to provide refinement of the DWP’s Customer Segmentation Model for Today’s Pensioners, a tool depicting a sliding scale of support needs, differentiating pensioners into seven subsegments on the basis of key demographic criteria.

"Objectives. While there are numerous studies on the role of social capital in early working life, there is virtually no research that examines how social connections matter at later stages of the career. The present study analyses to what extend social connectedness affects the transition from work to retirement.

Methods. We draw on data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) from the years 1985-2009 and apply techniques of event history analysis. Social connectedness includes meeting with, friends, familyand neighbors, as well as being engaged in voluntary associations and local politics.

Results. The presented findingsdemonstrate that social connectedness matters for the transition from work to retirement.Whereas intensive contact with family and friends results in earlier retirement, civic engagementdelays labor force withdrawal.

Discussion. There is no univocal effect of social connectedness. Rather, the provided evidence indicates that the relationship between informal social participation and work in later life is characterized by substitution, but formal participation is complementary to labor market participation:while connections in private life speed up exit from work, civic and voluntary participationis associated with postponed retirement.
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Time perspective is a psychological construct that reflects the way people view time. Two schools of thought exist that theorize how this temporal mindset affects behavior—dominant and balanced. We applied dominant and balanced time perspective frameworks separately to two versions of an online intervention that aimed to promote goal-setting and accumulation of essential retirement resources (health, physical, social, cognitive and emotional) and compared effects with a control group. The effectiveness of the intervention was tested with 109 US retirees using a 4-wave design over a 6-month period. Linear mixed models showed an increase in health goal striving for the balanced group at posttraining and gains were maintained at the 3-month time point. Both training groups demonstrated an increase in the number and specificity of goals at posttraining and 3-months. Applying a time perspective framework to an online planning intervention for retirees shows promise in promoting planning ...

Purpose of the Study: (1a) We use the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a multi-site heterogeneous sample of Medicare enrollees (N = 5,849) to provide rates for specific life events experienced within 6 months; (1b) We present rates for 29 other studies of community-residing older adults (N = 41,308); (2) For the CHS, we provide demographic-specific rates and predicted probabilities for age [young-old (65–75) vs old-old (≥75)], gender, race, marital status, and education. Design/Methods: The CHS sample is 57.6% women, 84.2% white (15.8% black), and 66.3% married. Mean age is 72.8 years (standard deviation [SD] = 5.6, range = 65–100) and education is 13.7 years (SD = 4.8). Life events were interviewer assessed. Regressions estimated associations of life event rates with demographic groups (e.g., age), controlling for other demographic variables (e.g., gender, etc.). Results: (1a) CHS rates ranged from 44.7% (death of someone close) to 1.1% (retirement/work changes). (1b) Most life event studies used total scores and only 5 that met our inclusion criteria used time intervals <1 year; longer intervals were associated with higher rates. (2) In the CHS, the life event for illnesses was related to 5 demographic variables (net the other 4 demographic variables), difficulties caregiving to 4, and worse relationships to 3 demographic variables. Race was related to 8 life events, marital status to 7, education to 6, and age to 4 events. Implications: By identifying demographic groups at highest risk for life events, this research focuses on older adults at greatest risk for health problems. These data are necessary for translating research into interventions, practice, and policy.

Few physicians approach retirement without a degree of trepidation. Retirement can be a complex transition that not only raises questions about financial stability, but also stirs up issues regarding work identity, burnout, personal health, and one’s sense of social responsibility. Ironically, a physician’s commitment to patients and communities can hamper the succession planning that the health care system desperately needs if it is to sustain high-quality health care for the population.

This paper analyzes the impact of marital status and spousal employment on the timing of retirement in Germany and Spain. Retirement behavior is examined by means of event-history models, with a competing-risks framework being used to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary work-exit transitions. To take account of the role of social policies, we adopt a comparative approach. Data are drawn from a 2006 special retirement module implemented analogously in national labor force surveys. The results show that spousal labor market participation plays a large role in work-exit transitions, even when retirement is involuntary. This finding questions the widespread belief that coretirement is exclusively due to preference for joint retirement shared among spouses. Moreover, widows and widowers tend to retire prematurely in Germany, whereas no such effect could be found in Spain. These findings are explained by reference to specific economic incentives arising from national pension legislation.

"Many staff members at Dumbarton Oaks have less contact with the third shift of Security than with any other subset of colleagues who work here. That stands to reason: the third shift works in the dead of night.

But dead of night is really not an accurate phraseology, since the wee hours actually tend to be the liveliest hours for our most complicated incidents involving security. It is then that vagrants who have pitched tents in the park below DO light campfires that burn up into our property. It is then that the lunatics—and I choose my word very deliberately, since the full moon seems to drive them—come out, or rather onto DO property. And, last but not least, it is then that in the summer young neighbors and others decide to undertake the local rite de passage by clambering over the walls and going swimming in our pool. Sometimes they get caught, which means deciding how to handle the trespass. Other times they escape, but get hurt in the process, which brings fresh worries. Once in a while they make their get-away after skinny-dipping, but leave behind clothing. Ask Arthur about the couple who hailed a taxi and boarded it, wearing in toto one piece of a bathing suit between them."