Revenge Porn

Violation by way of the distribution of sexual images or image-based sexual abuse or non-consensual “pornography”, or more colloquially and simply, “revenge porn”, entail the online, at times offline, non-consensual distribution, or sharing, of explicit images of someone else seeking revenge, entertainment or political motive. Although male ex-partners are reported as the main perpetrators, current partners, (ex-)friends of both victims and perpetrators, people known to the victim, people seeking revenge for friends, Internet hackers and trolls, amongst others, may also be involved (Tyler, 2016).

The negative impact it has on victims is significant and profound in terms of physical and psychological health and well-being, as with many other forms of gender and sexual violence and abuse. Victims report a host of negative effects: feelings of humiliation, shame, embarrassment and reputation damage with intimate partners, family, friends, work colleagues and, in public; sexual shame,  sexual problems and body image issues with intimate partners; education and employment disruptions; becoming paranoid and hyper-vigilant, and concerned for their personal safety. For example, some have reported being stalked, harassed and threatened with gang rape because of their personal information was also made public. Some victims have even taken their own lives (Citron & Franks, 2014).

SOMMARIO: 1. Introduzione. - 2. Definizione di sexting. - 3. Dimensione del fenomeno. - 4. Gli effetti negativi del sexting. - 5. Sulla riconducibilità del sexting alla pedopornografia. - 6. Il sexting come manifestazione del diritto alla libertà di espressione del minore. - 7. Il sexting tra diritto alla vita privata e divieti di discriminazione. - 8. Il sexting nei sistemi di common law. - 8.1. La rilevanza penale del sexting nella legislazione statale americana. - 8.2. Cause di non punibilità (defences). - 8.3. Doli incapax ed imputabilità del minore. - 9. Il sexting nell’ordinamento italiano. - 9.1. Rapporti sessuali tra e con minorenni: rilevanza del consenso. - 9.2. Illiceità penale delle condotte aventi ad oggetto la pornografia minorile ed efficacia del consenso. - 9.3. Produzione di materiale pedopornografico e bene giuridico tutelato. - 9.4. Il disvalore sociale delle condotte di distribuzione, divulgazione, diffusione, pubblicizzazione, offerta e cessione di pedopornografia. - 9.5. La mera detenzione di pornografia minorile. - 9.6. La nozione legale di pornografia minorile. - 10. I recenti orientamenti giurisprudenziali in materia di sexting. - 11. Considerazioni critiche finali.

This presentation was given at the Melbourne Roundtable in February 2016 entitled: 'More than Revenge: addressing the harms of 'Revenge Pornography'' drawing on joint work with Erika Rackley. The presentation (a) argues that we should use the term image-based sexual abuse instead of 'revenge porn'; (b) that the harms of image-based sexual abuse are not sufficiently recognised and (c) identifies a number of lessons to be learnt from the UK experience in this area.

The effects of revenge porn spread via modern technologies ranging from focused examples (i.e, Snapchat and Facebook) will be investigated throughout this research paper. It will also discuss how this wave of new media is conflicted with Islamic beliefs. A variety of examples will be presented through a progressive lens of positivity as social networks are leveraged across Islamic communities. Through the usage of digital ethnography, the research will make references to the inspiring women who are changing the ways the western world's opinion of the Muslim people. The essay will briefly touch upon the difference between the ways women are blackmailed over in conservative countries, compared to those in western societies asking questions such as 'Are women shamed differently?'

Background: In 2013 the Queensland Government introduced criminal association and mandatory sentencing laws for members of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs). Forms of " criminal association " or " anti-bikie " laws have been introduced in several Australian jurisdictions, and recent High Court decisions upholding their constitutionality will ensure that they remain part of our justice landscape. Generally, the aims of these laws are to declare a specific organisation as " criminal " and impose various legal orders and offences that thwart the consorting of members and address organised crime, such as unexplained wealth regimes. There have been significant criticisms of these styles of association laws both here and internationally. The aim of this research is to show the extent of involvement of OMCGs in the drug trade and associated organised crime activity, and whether anti-association laws are an effective response to this type of organised criminal activity. Methods: This paper relied on six years of data outlining the criminal activity of OMCGs from the Queensland Police Service (QPS) obtained under the legislative framework of The Queensland Right to Information Act (RTI) 2009. Information obtained from the Queensland Commission into Organised Crime (2015) and Queensland Taskforce into organised crime legislation (2015) was also used. Results: The data suggest that the role of OMCGs in the drug market has been overstated and is not as dominant as has been portrayed by government agencies and the popular media. Generally, OMCGs account for less than one percent of organised crime type activity. This is also true for drug type offences where OMCGs are responsible for less than one percent of offences. The findings show that the Queensland example has highlighted the ineffectiveness of the criminal association laws and the mandatory sentencing provisions in that they have had little impact on drug market activity and little success in the courts. Conclusion: The analysis presented here is twofold: an examination of the legal ramifications and an evaluation of the investigative utility of such laws from a policy evaluation standpoint. In both cases, there is little evidence to suggest that these laws are an effective or appropriate response.

This 2020 report describes the key findings of a cross- national survey into image-based sexual abuse. This is a follow-up study to our 2016 Australian survey and extends the research to New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It provides data on respondents’ experiences of image- based sexual abuse victimisation as well as self-disclosed perpetration behaviours. At the time of writing, this research is the first cross-national survey into victimisation and perpetration of image-based sexual abuse.

Le occasioni di intrusione nella privacy sessuale delle persone si sono, negli ultimi anni, decisamente moltiplicate. Essa risulta invasa e manipolata secondo sempre nuove ed inquietanti declinazioni, tra le quali, la più grave, non
foss’altro per la sua maggiore diffusione, è la divulgazione di immagini intime, che, nel linguaggio comune, è spesso indicata con la controversa espressione “revenge porn”.
Il grave danno subito dalle vittime di “revenge porn” e le dimensioni che il fenomeno sta assumendo hanno già indotto i legislatori dei principali ordinamenti angloamericani ad introdurre una specifica fattispecie incriminatrice, ed impongono di interrogarsi sulla possibilità di disciplinare in via diretta anche nel nostro ordinamento gli effetti penali della divulgazione non consensuale di immagini pornografiche.
Il presente lavoro, quindi, prendendo le mosse da una messa a fuoco del fenomeno sotto diversi punti di vista (“in action”, terminologico, statistico), nonché da un’analisi del quadro di tutela attualmente predisposto dal sistema penale italiano, si propone di maturare alcune prime riflessioni sull’eventuale incriminazione specifica in ossequio ai canoni dell’offensività e della sussidiarietà.

Intrusions in the privacy of people’s sex life have become very common in recent years. Among the various forms of intrusion the most serious one, at least in terms of diffusiveness, is the dissemination of private sexual images, often referred to as “revenge porn”. The harmfulness for the victims of “revenge porn” and the dimensions of such a phenomenon have already induced lawmakers in the main AngloAmerican legal systems to introduce a specific criminal offence, so that it is crucial to assess if in our legal system the criminalisation of disseminating private sexy images would be a viable option. This essay, starting from an analysis of the phenomenon at issue from several standpoints (“in action”, linguistic, statistic) as well as the criminal law legal framework in Italy, aims to present some preliminary reflections on a proper criminal provision in light of the harm principle and the principle of minimal criminalisation.

Purpose of Review Widely referred to as either "revenge porn" or "nonconsensual sharing of sexual imagery," image-based sexual abuse targets millions of people around the world and causes much harm. This article covers the current state of social scientific knowledge on this key variant of digitized sexual violence and suggests new directions in empirical work. Recent Findings A rapidly growing body of research shows that image-based sexual abuse is committed mainly by men against women and it often co-occurs with offline forms of male-to-female assaults like rape, stalking, and beatings. Additionally, to further understand the scope of factors that contribute to the problems of online image-based sexual abuse online, researchers should examine the relationship between image-based sexual abuse and pornography consumption. Summary Future studies should be specially designed to test theories that prioritize the concepts of gender, power, control, and patriarchy. Further, despite the creation of new legislation aimed at curbing image-based sexual abuse, the criminal justice system's response has, thus far, been woefully inadequate. Hence, additional means of prevention and control are necessary. A multidisciplinary approach may involve mental health and sexual wellness awareness campaigns that include ethical behaviors in a digital space. Also, clinical assessment and treatment may be part of creating long-term changes at individual, interpersonal, and societal levels with psychosexual education that investigates core beliefs and harmful operating systems that facilitate image-based sexual abuse. Moreover, testing and providing empirically validated treatments for those who experienced sexual trauma and those who perpetrated and consumed digitized sexual abuse are warranted.

The legal and social landscape of “revenge porn” has changed dramatically in the last few years. Before 2013, only three states criminalized the unauthorized disclosure of sexually explicit images of adults and few people had ever heard the term “revenge porn.” As of July 2017, thirty-eight states and Washington, D.C. had criminalized the conduct; federal criminal legislation on the issue had been introduced in Congress; Google, Facebook, and Twitter had banned nonconsensual pornography from their platforms; and the term “revenge porn” had been added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary. I have had the privilege of playing a role in many of these developments. In 2013, I argued that nonconsensual pornography required a federal criminal response and drafted a model statute to this effect. That statute served as the template for what eventually became the federal Intimate Privacy Protection Act of 2016, as well as for numerous state laws criminalizing nonconsensual pornography. As the Legislative and Tech Policy Director of the Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, I have worked with tech industry leaders, legislators, attorneys, victims, and advocates to develop policies and solutions to combat this abuse. This Article is an account from the front lines of the legislative, technological, and social reform regarding this evolving problem.

O estudo em pauta tem como tema o revenge porn e os direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes, de modo que para delimitar a abordagem especifica-se a pesquisa a partir das decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça no período entre 2014 e 2016. Assim, adota-se como problema de pesquisa como e de que maneira são atingidos os direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes por meio do revenge porn, bem como de que modo se dá a resposta judicial a tais demandas. Esse questionamento busca ser respondido com auxílio do método indutivo de abordagem, juntamente com o método de procedimento monográfico e da técnica de pesquisa da documentação indireta. Desse modo, conclui-se que direitos humanos de crianças e adolescentes encontram-se atingidos pela conduta do revenge porn, tais como dignidade humana, direitos de personalidade e liberdade. Ademais, por vezes, o revenge porn é auxiliado por outros crimes digitais (sexting e ciberbullying), gerando danos sociais, físicos e psicológicos aos infantes, além de atualmente contar com respostas simplificadas e insuficientes tanto na via jurisdicional quanto política, uma vez que não existe um planejamento para atuações em relação ao tema, tampouco se observa a compreensão de ações que superem as respostas punitivas ou demagógicas.

Distribution of nude, intimate and sexualized images of individuals without consent and against the wishes of those individuals whose image has been captured, is of growing concern across the world. Moving from the conceptualization of 'revenge porn' in the early 2000's, through to our more sophisticated understanding of the issues of "image-based abuse" and "non-consensual pornography" this paper considers the broad context of these crimes. The paper draws on the concepts of online misogyny, gender-based victimization, and "toxic masculinity". The progress towards criminalization of such online abuse, with reference to the recent introduction of new laws in England & Wales and Australia is examined. This shift from voluntary to statutory regulation, and from civil to criminal law remedies has been coupled with new crime prevention and control initiatives that seek to encourage reporting leading to prosecution and educate users and empower victims. As countries successively tackle image-based abuse through their own criminal justice systems and stakeholder engagement, there is a need to learn from and critique what has already been established. Summarizing the approaches undertaken in England & Wales and Australia we draw important conclusions that are based on the experiences of early responders, bringing together several best practices for the prevention and response to image-based abuse. ________________________________________________________________________

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the non-consensual recording, distribution, or threat of distribution, of nude or sexual images. Over the past five years, numerous jurisdictions have amended their criminal laws to respond more effectively to this growing phenomenon, yet increased criminalization has not automatically translated into increased prosecu- tions. Drawing on stakeholder interviews with 52 Australian legal and policy experts, domestic and sexual violence advocates, industry repre- sentatives, police, and academics, this article examines law enforcement responses to IBSA in Australia. We argue that although there is evidence to suggest IBSA is being treated more seriously by police, there are five primary barriers to responding to IBSA, including: inconsistent laws; a lack of resources; evidentiary limitations; jurisdictional boundaries; and victim-blaming or harm minimization attitudes. Suggestions are made for how to respond to these challenges to facilitate more effective policing of IBSA.

Con la fulminea introduzione dell’art. 612-ter nel codice penale anche il legislatore italiano ha inteso criminalizzare in via diretta e specifica il c.d. “revenge porn”, la pratica di pubblicare immagini sessualmente esplicite senza il consenso delle persone raffigurate. La formulazione del nuovo reato solleva molteplici perplessità, specie sul piano della sua efficacia applicativa, che sembrano in gran parte da addebitare ad un iter legislativo affrettato, nel quale sono difettati un inquadramento generale del fenomeno e l’approfondimento delle sottostanti esigenze di criminalizzazione. Il contributo, muovendo da questi aspetti, e sottolineando anche l’importanza di abbandonare l’utilizzo del neologismo inglese per adottare la denominazione “pornografia non consensuale”, procede all’esame dell’art. 612-ter c.p. in costante dialogo con le soluzioni adottate dai legislatori stranieri e con le fattispecie incentrate sulla divulgazione di immagini già presenti nell’ordinamento italiano. Il commento del nuovo delitto si sofferma altresì sull’elemento della non consensualità della diffusione delle immagini, ed in particolare sui suoi riflessi sull’imputazione soggettiva, proponendone un’interpretazione innovativa, ispirata alle teorie dell’“affirmative consent” recepite da numerosi Stati americani in relazione ai delitti sessuali.

With the lightning-fast introduction of Article 612-terin the Italian Criminal Code, the Italian lawmaker too wanted to directly and specifically criminalize the so-called “revenge porn”, i.e. the practice of posting sexual images without the consent of the people featured therein. The wording of the provisions governing the new crime raises many doubts, especially in terms of its practical effectiveness. These concerns are likely to mostly originate from a rushed legislative process, which lacked a general framing of the “revenge porn” phenomenon and an in-depth analysis of the underlying needs to criminalize. This essay – starting from these aspects and also underlining the importance of replacing the English neologism of “revenge porn” with the more appropriate wording of “nonconsensual pornography” – examines Article 612-ter of the Italian Criminal Code in comparison with the solutions implemented by other foreign legislators, as well as with other offences focusing on the dissemination of images, which already existed in the Italian legal system. This paper also discusses the element of lack of consent in the dissemination of images and it specifically focuses on its effects in terms of mens rea. The Author provides an innovative interpretation based on the “affirmative consent” theories applied to sex crimes in several US States.

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) involves three key behaviors: the non-consensual taking or creation of nude or sexual images; the non-consensual sharing or distribution of nude or sexual images; and threats made to distribute nude or sexual images. IBSA is becoming increasingly criminalized internationally, representing an important and rapidly developing cybercrime issue. This paper presents findings of the first national online survey of self-reported lifetime IBSA perpetration in Australia (n = 4,053), with a focus on the extent, nature, and predictors of perpetration. Overall, 11.1% (n = 411) of participants self-reported having engaged in some form of IBSA perpetration during their lifetime, with men significantly more likely to report IBSA perpetration than women. With regard to the nature of perpetration, participants reported targeting men and women at similar rates, and were more likely to report perpetrating against intimate partners or ex-partners, family members and friends than strangers or acquaintances. Logistic regression analyses identified that males, lesbian, gay or bisexual participants, participants with a self-report disability, participants who accepted sexual image-based abuse myths, participants who engaged in or experienced sexual self-image behaviors, and participants who had a nude or sexual image of themselves taken, distributed, or threatened to be distributed without their consent were more likely to have engaged in some form of IBSA perpetration during their lifetime.

Cinsel suç kavramından yalnızca ceza kanunlarında yer alan suç tipleri dikkate alınacak olursa cinsel taciz, sarkıntılık, basit cinsel saldırı ve nitelikli cinsel saldırıdan ibaret algılanır. Oysa cinsel suç kavramı bundan geniş ve etkileri açısından ise bunun ötesindedir. Özellikle bilişim devriminden sonra internetin hayatımızın vazgeçilmez bir parçası olması ve özel yaşamlarımız dahil her türlü kişisel verimizin sosyal medyaya taşınmasıyla bu suçların işlenme sıklığı ve etki alanı öngörülemeyecek bir şekilde artmıştır. İnternet öncesi devirde bir kişiye cinsel suç işlemek için onunla fiziksel temas kurabilecek yakınlıkta olunması en azından mektup vs. gönderilmesi gerekirken, günümüzde failin anonim kalarak dijital alanda cinsel saldırıda bulunması son derece kolaydır. Bu bir yandan failin bulunmasını zorlaştırırken, diğer yandan da suçun işlenmesini kolaylaştıran bir ortamdır. Son zamanlarda eski sevgili ya da eşlerin, diğer tarafın çıplak ya da sevişme anında çekilen görüntü ya da videolarını anonim olarak paylaştıkları "intikam pornosu" (revenge porn) olgusu bunun en yaygın örneğidir. Dijital çağın gündeme getirdiği bir başka cinsel suç işleme yöntemi ise, bir şekilde dijital ortamda elde edilen özel görüntülerin ya da bilgilerin kullanılmak suretiyle mağdurların şantaja maruz bırakılarak, failin kendisi ya da üçüncü kişilerle cinsel ilişki kurmaya zorlanmasıdır. Bir diğer cinsel suç ise çocuk pornografisi, hayvan pornografisi ya da şiddet içeren pornografik içeriklere erişimin kolaylıkla sağlanmasıdır. Özellikle bunlar tüm dünyanın mücadele ettiği suç işleme modelleridir. Makalemde, aslında çok eski bir suç türü olan cinsel suçların, günümüzün dijital dünyasında geçirdiği dönüşüm, olumsuz anlamda suç failleri için yarattığı fırsatlar ve bunlarla mücadele yöntemleri hakkında genel bir değerlendirmede bulunmaya çalışacağım. Anahtar Kelimeler: internet, cinsel suçlar, cinsel saldırı, cinsel taciz, bilişim suçları, intikam pornosu, çocuk pornografisi.

Este trabalho se propõe a realizar um estudo acerca dos crimes digitais, sua execução e consequências jurídicas e sociais do delito. De modo geral, pretende abordar as formas de execução dos delitos do gênero, apontando os principais meios de prática dos crimes digitais próprios e impróprios. Procura também esclarecer alguns pontos comuns no ambiente digital que, por sua vez, não são bem compreendidos pela sociedade num todo. Busca afastar a desconfiança comum do meio digital, em especial da deep web, demonstrando que os crimes digitais não são cometidos tão somente fora da surface. De maneira mais específica, buscará tratar dos crimes sexuais ocorridos na Internet, em especial da pornografia de vingança e da pornografia infantil. O presente trabalho ainda busca demonstrar as consequências penais dos delitos ocorridos no ambiente digital e, principalmente, os reflexos sociais das condutas lesivas de tais delitos. Por fim, tenciona demonstrar os reflexos negativos da falta de regulamentação de alguns pontos da Internet, além da inexistência de tipificação penal de alguns delitos graves ocorridos no ambiente digital, estes punidos tendo como base apenas analogias de tipos penais que tratam de delitos simples.

Palavras-chaves: Direito Penal. Crime digital. Crimes sexuais na Internet. Pornografia de vingança. Pornografia infantil.

This paper makes an attempt to explain the construction of a newly developed genre called revenge porn flourishing in new media. The study analyzes the patterns of production and display of revenge porn content as well as the mechanisms of the site that archives such materials. The analyses reveal that young women are more frequently exposed in the revenge porn website. Biased and sexualized representation of their body coupled with misogynistic labeling present them as objects of pleasure and desire in front of a majority of hetero sexual male audience who further objectify the victim by making lustful and/or derogative comments . The results of this study suggest that the development of such a genre cannot be attributed only to liberatory and/or victimizing effects of the electronic space. Rather, social power structures based on  discourses like gender, heterosexuality and capitalist patriarchy that exploit the surveillance mechanism of the internet are  significantly influencing both individual uses of the internet as well as its apparatus and technologies. These are the major forces contributing to the institutionalization and  commercialization of revenge porn in new media. This is a case study based investigation that uses both content analysis and discourse analysis as methods to interpret the revenge porn genre in new media.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) provide many open-ended and undefined possibilities for online violation. ICTs bring several distinctive features to everyday life: time/ space compression of distance and physical separation, instantaneousness in real time; asynchronicity; reproducibility of images; creation of virtual bodies; blurring the ‘real’ and the ‘representational’; broader bandwidth, wireless portability and globalised connectivity; personalisation, and blurring, even abolition, of online/offline boundaries.

The legal and social landscape of “revenge porn” has changed dramatically in the last few years. Before 2013, only three states criminalized the unauthorized disclosure of sexually explicit images of adults and few people had ever heard the term “revenge porn.” By August 2016, 34 states and Washington D.C. had criminalized the conduct, federal criminal legislation on the issue had been introduced in Congress, Google, Facebook, and Twitter had banned nonconsensual pornography from their platforms, and the term “revenge porn” had been added to the Merriam Webster dictionary. I have had the privilege of playing a role in many of these developments. In 2013, I argued that nonconsensual pornography required a federal criminal response and drafted a model statute to this effect. That statute served as the template for what eventually became the federal Intimate Privacy Protection Act of 2016, as well as for numerous state laws criminalizing nonconsensual pornography. As the Legislative an...

A case study on the use of artificial intelligence to make "Deepfakes," or realistic but fake videos using facial images of a celebrity or private person. The ethical challenges of using this technology to make fake porn videos or fake news content is discussed. Authors: James Hayden & Scott Stroud. More case studies at: https://mediaethicsinitiative.org/case-studies/

In this talk I will tackle the modern debate about so-called "revenge porn" using Kantian ideas and concepts. Revenge-porn-the disclosing of intimate images on the web without the persons's consentis a modern phenomenon either defended on the grounds of free speech, or condemned as an horrendous breach of privacy. This raises the question: which right should prevail, the right to privacy, or the right to freedom of speech? To decide, I look at the theoretical underpinnings of both rights in Kant. For once, it seems obvious Kant wouldn't consider "revenge-porn" a legitimate form of speech. While Kant was a staunch defender of free speech-according to Kant, every man and woman has an "innate right to freedom" which includes the right to communicate freely his or her thoughts to others-he surely outlawed some forms of speech, namely, speech infringing other people's rights and external freedom, for example, when a person lies to other in a contract. On the other hand, although Kant did not have an explicit concept of any sort of a right to privacy-which is a very recent right-I argue, drawing on recent work by Helga Varden (2021), that Kant's view of human nature opens up resources with which to defend a version of the right of privacy and its value and importance. On this view, privacy relates to our animality and our social nature-on our needs for preservation, sex, affection, friendship and so on-and is basic to our freedom.

O termo revenge porn popularizou-se internacionalmente por comunicar uma modalidade virtual de violência: o ato de um ex-parceiro tornar online imagens ou vídeos íntimos com teor sexual públicos online. A rigor, o chamado revenge porn poderia vitimizar qualquer pessoa, mas em geral envolve a violação de mulheres. O impacto sobre a vida das vítimas de revenge porn pode ser devastador: algumas são forçadas a abandonar a escola, o local de trabalho, ou a retirar-se do convívio social; outras enfrentam depressão e até mesmo cometem suicídio. Embora essa forma de violência existisse anteriormente - o ato de circular informações privadas de um relacionamento íntimo anterior a fim de prejudicar a outra pessoa não é novidade – as tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TICs) fazem com que o impacto seja sentido de forma mais ampla. Em razão das várias mulheres afetadas pelo revenge porn on-line, o tema está agora no centro do debate feminista. Ao redor do mundo, todos os atores sociais - governo, setor privado e sociedade civil - têm desenvolvido iniciativas para discutir e propor alternativas para a erradicação ou minimização dos efeitos do revenge porn. Existem projetos de lei e legislações que responsabilizam autores da divulgação de imagens/vídeos, campanhas de conscientização da população e para oferecer apoio às vítimas, ou iniciativas de empresas de Internet para remover essa espécie de conteúdos. Não tem sido diferente no Brasil. No entanto, quando acompanhamos aqui este problema, deparamo-nos com uma situação peculiar: um caso em que adolescentes com idades entre 12 a 15 anos, moradoras da periferia de São Paulo, foram expostas on-line, em um fenômeno que ficou conhecido como o "Top 10". Entretanto, esse fenômeno não se encaixava na definição estrita de "revenge porn". A análise desse problema, combinada com um olhar mais geral para o que o governo pode fazer, oferece possíveis ideias sobre como criar políticas públicas para a violência contra as mulheres na Internet no Brasil e, nós suspeitamos, no resto do mundo.

The term “revenge porn” has become popular internationally for describing a virtual form of violence: the act of an ex-partner making private sexual images or videos public online. Strictly speaking, so-called revenge porn could victimise anyone, but it most involves the violation of women. The impact on the lives of victims of revenge porn can be devastating: some are forced to leave school, or a place of employment, or to withdraw from social life; others face depression and even commit suicide. While this form of violence existed previously – the act of circulating private information from a previous intimate relationship in order to harm the other person is not new – information and communications technologies (ICTs) allow the impact to be felt more widely. Because many women are affected by revenge porn online, it is now at the centre of feminist advocacy. Across the world, all stakeholders – government, business and civil society – have been coming up with initiatives to discuss and propose alternatives to eradicate or minimise the effects of revenge porn. There are bills and laws that punish those who upload private images and videos,1 campaigns aimed at building awareness and offering support to victims,2 and initiatives by internet companies that aim to block this kind of content.3 It is no different in Brazil. While monitoring this problem here, however, we were faced with a peculiar situation: a case where teenagers aged 12 to 15 years and living on the outskirts of São Paulo were exposed online, in a phenomenon that became known as the “Top 10”. However, this phenomenon did not fit the strict definition of “revenge porn”.4 The analysis of this problem, combined with a more general look at what the government can do, offers insight into how to design public policies for violence against women on the internet in Brazil and, we suspect, elsewhere in the world.

Muško nasilje prema ženama je fenomen star koliko i samo društvo. Ono nastaje kao posledica istorijski nejednakih odnosa moći između muškaraca i žena i prisutno je u različitim istorijskim razdobljima i različitim društvenim, političkim i ekonomskim uređenjima. U ovom radu ćemo nastojati da ukažemo na to kako neoliberalizam, kao ekonomsko-politički sistem u Republici Srbiji, utiče na to da muško nasilje prema ženama u digitalnom okruženju bude jedna od struktura perpetuiranja neoliberalnog neokonzervativnog patrijarhata te ćemo ukazati na njen međuuticaj sa drugim stukturama patrijarhata na način na koji postaje regulatorni mehanizam održavanja konkretnog društveno-ekonomskog sistema. To će biti učinjeno pomoću teorije patrijarhata Silvije Volbi primenjene na širi društveno-istorijski kontekst Republike Srbije.

Apstrakt: Cilj ovog rada je da problematizuje fenomen muškog nasilja nad ženama u digitalnom okruženju i prikaže ga kao deo kontinuuma rodno zasnovanog nasilja. Kroz analizu narativa ispitanica sa ovim iskustvom, biće mapirani i opisani različiti pojavni oblici muškog nasilja nad ženama u digitalnom okruženju, a konkretne situacije nasilja će biti analizirane. U skladu sa tim, biće ukazano na karakteristike ovog fenomena, a posebna pažnja će biti data prepoznavanju njegovih specifičnosti u odnosu na tradicionalno shvaćeno muško nasilje nad ženama, odnosno, ono muško nasilje koje se dešava u ne-digitalnom okruženju, a koje se javljaju kao posledica 'izmeštanja' nasilja u digitalno okruženje, u skladu sa samim specifičnostima ovog okruženja.

Ključne reči: rodno zasnovano nasilje, Internet, digitalno okruženje, iskustva žena, muško nasilje nad ženama, osvetnička pornografija

Abstract: Digital gender-based violence is a phenomenon which openly questions utopian notions about contemporary information and communication technology, including the idea of cyberspace as a locus of freedom and equality for all. Digitally facilitated violence is one of the practices that link together the digital and the physical world, which poses the question of the extent to which online violence impacts the everyday life of women. The paper stresses the importance of research on the various forms and aspects of digital violence against women; it insists that the understanding of this phenomenon includes, while not being limited to, other forms of interpersonal violence committed by men against women. Based on the personal testimonies of women respondents from Serbia who experienced digitally mediated violence, the final part of the paper problematises the influence and repercussions of these forms of violence on the everyday life.

Keywords: digital environment, digital structural violence, interpersonal digital violence against women, experiences and repercussions

Information communication technology has been made an essential part of school curriculums in India today. As per the guidelines of the, National Policy on Information and Communication technology (ICT) in school education, children must be taught the positive usage of the internet, the computer technology and digital communication technology. But internet is a double edged weapon: if it is used positively, it may yield positive results, if it is used negatively, it can create large scale devastation. It has been seen that children are often misusing the information communication technology. In the present age, children are growing up seeing their parents always armed with improved communication gadgets. It has become a regular ritual in families to provide young children with new mobile phones on their birthdays or on special occasions. Children also access social networking sites defying minimum age limit rules that have been set up by the internet companies.  In some families, modern age children may be the first generation internet users as their parents may not be computer literates, but had allowed the children either knowingly or unknowingly to have access to internet and own mobile phones which may or may not be smart phones. The biggest problem the children may face in this situation is unwanted exposure to the dark world of internet and digital communication technology.  Children may be groomed to consume and contribute to cyber crimes like child pornography or even graver crimes like phishing activities, they may pick up dangerous habits of cyber bullying and hacking as well. In this article I aim to analyse such types of cyber crimes targeting children as well as adults (teachers), where perpetrators may be children themselves or adults who may use the children for their own selfish gains. The article will analyse the reasons for the occurrence of such crimes from socio-legal perspectives and offers functional solutions. This article also offers a model policy guild line that can be adopted by the schools in India for directing students for positive usage of internet and digital communication mechanisms like WhatsApp.

This research investigates the Victorian Parliament’s Inquiry into Sexting. This Inquiry was
the first in Australia to investigate the phenomenon of sexting. This research explores how
the representation of the problem of sexting as being about young people expressing their
sexuality through Information Communication Technologies, leading to them being charged
with child pornography offences and registered as sex offenders was transformed into a
representation of the problem of sexting as being about the non-consensual dissemination of a
sext to third parties. Using Critical Discourse Analysis, the written submissions and oral
testimonies provided by actors who engaged with the Inquiry were analysed to explore the
way various actors represented and attempted to resolve the ‘problem’ of sexting by drawing
on existing and new ideas about child protection, technologically facilitated sexual violence,
and privacy. This analysis suggests that initially sexting amongst young people was
considered to be the problem that needed to be ‘solved’ by the Inquiry. However, this
understanding eventually gave way to a new representation of the problem, in which the
behaviour of people who disseminate a sext without consent became the focus of
concern. The significance of this research is in explaining how the Inquiry yielded
recommendations that problematise sexting as technologically facilitated sexual violence.

In a time of rapid technological advancement and the social networked society, the current legal standards put in place to protect our personal information and online data are becoming increasingly archaic. Even more dangerous for our privacy is the rate at which these standards are able to evolve, which is often far too slow or not at all. A rising threat to privacy due to the law‘s inability to keep pace with technology, especially for young digital natives, is intimate private made public content, better known as ‘revenge porn.’