Right of Withdrawal

RESUMEN: La dispersa y precaria reglamenta­ción de la resolución por incumplimiento, su­mada a la pretendida hegemonía que nuestra doctrina y jurisprudencia atribuyen al ejercicio judicial de la resolución, no armoniza con las actuales condiciones del tráfico jurídico. Los costos, falencias y discusiones asociados a di­cho modelo, provocan que, lejos de dar tran­quilidad al acreedor, sólo obtenga un pesar de incertidumbres mientras espera el resultado del juicio. Otras tantas desgracias sobrevienen al acreedor que, creyendo reforzar su crédito estipulando una cláusula de resolución automática, descubre que sólo conculcó su derecho de opción, empeorando la tutela de su derecho de crédito. Por ello, en este trabajo se postularán algunas ideas encaminadas a admitir, en nuestro Código Civil, el modelo de resolución por declaración unilateral y recepticia (o por cuenta y riesgo del acreedor).

SUMARIO:  I. INTRODUCCIÓN. II. EJERCICIO JUDICIAL DE LA RESOLUCIÓN. III. EJERCICIO EXTRAJUDICIAL DE LA RESOLUCIÓN: 1. Resolución automática o ipso facto por el hecho del incumplimiento; 2. Resolución extrajudicial por declaración unilateral y recepticia: i) Generalidades; ii) Una precisión previa: la extinción del contrato por declaración unilateral; iii) Nociones generales de la resolución por cuenta y riesgo del acreedor. IV. BASES PARA ACEPTAR LA RESOLUCIÓN UNILATERAL EN NUESTRO CÓDIGO CIVIL: 1. Los débiles argumentos de la resolución judicial como modelo por defecto; 2. El Código Civil sólo prohíbe la resolución automática; 3. Casos particulares de resolución unilateral en nuestro Código Civil: i) derecho de desistimiento (típico); ii) cesación inmediata del arrendamiento; iii) disolución de la sociedad colectiva por incumplimiento; iv) Derecho a exigir el retiro forzoso del socio colectivo; 4. Consagración de la resolución unilateral en leyes especiales: i) terminación y rescisión en el contrato de seguro; ii) derecho a excluir al socio o accionista; iii) resolución por comunicación en la compraventa internacional de mercaderías; 5. Es el modelo adoptado por el "Nuevo Derecho de la Contratación", estado actual en Derecho Comparado y Derecho Internacional Uniforme; 6. Las cargas del acreedor son impuestas por la buena fe; 7. ¿Y la fuerza obligatoria del contrato? V. CONCLUSIONES

A “right to withdraw” from research participation is an important mechanism
for ensuring voluntariness and respecting participant autonomy throughout a study. This right
often is expressed as an absolute, dictating that a participant can withdraw from research
at any time for any reason. However, it is more challenging to define a right to withdraw
when the interactions between a researcher and participant have ended but the researcher is
continuing to use biospecimens provided by the research participant. This issue is becoming
particularly complicated as researchers are generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)
lines for a broad spectrum of research applications, banking, distribution, commercial product
development, drug screening, and preclinical testing for cell-based therapies. The generation
of iPSCs from biospecimens presents particular challenges for informed consent and the right
to withdraw as researchers develop informed consent documents and as projects undergo ethics
review. Here we consider the reasons why a participant may want to withdraw donated
biospecimens from research, especially when considering the ethical landscape of withdrawal
from iPSC research in particular. We then suggest guidance to help policy makers and ethics
review bodies evaluate the issue of withdrawal in relation to iPSC research.

This paper offers a concise explanation of each of the ten most relevant legal and procedural issues, in their political context and in chronological order, that have arisen in the United Kingdom since the British voted to activate the EU's new and hitherto unused Article 50 TEU withdrawal clause. KEY WORDS: Brexit; Withdrawal from the European Unión; Article 50 TEU; United Kingdom, Negotiations. EL CAMINO HACIA EL BREXIT: DIEZ PROCEDIMIENTOS BRITÁNICOS PARA ABANDONAR LA UNIÓN EUROPEA RESUMEN: En este trabajo se ofrece una explicación concisa de cada una de las diez cuestiones jurídicas y procedimentales más importantes, en su contexto político y en orden cronológico, que han surgido en el Reino Unido desde que los británicos votaron activar la nueva y hasta ahora no utilizada cláusula de retirada del artículo 50 del Tratado de la Unión Europea.

Il professionista online trova nella chiusura dell'account uno strumento cui ricorrere qualora non voglia più contrattare con determinati clienti: questa misura nasce come reazione a comportamenti spesso poco corretti del consumatore, in particolare legati all'esercizio del recesso. Il rifiuto di contrarre, però, si colloca in un difficile equilibrio tra le esigenze di protezione del consumatore e i margini di libertà negoziale del professionista. In un contesto dove manca la possibilità di qualificare come "abusivi" i frequenti recessi del consumatore, ma dove manca altresì un obbligo di contrarre del professionista, l'unica via d'uscita sembra essere quella di affidarsi ai canoni di buona fede e di diligenza, che si impongono come regola comportamentale valida per entrambi i contraenti.

The trader finds delating the account a useful tool to terminate the contract with certain customers: this measure arises as a reaction to often incorrect consumer behaviors, in particular in relation to withdrawal. The refusal to contract, however, is placed in a difficult balance between the needs of consumer protection and the margins of the trader's negotiation freedom. In a context where qualifying frequent consumer withdrawals as "abusive" is not possible but at the same time it is not mandatory for the trader to contract, the only way out seems to be to rely on the canons of good faith and diligence, which impose themselves as a behavioral rule valid for both parties.

(Political Unity and «Secession» Beyond the State. Remarks on Brexit).
Starting out from considering the recent development of Brexit as secessionist movement, the essay investigates into the meaning of the right of withdrawal within a non-state federal community like the European Union. After having analyzed the difficulties raised in the discussion of art. 50 TEU about the right of withdrawal interpreted as constitutional right for the European Union, the essay shows why this right might have the positive function of enhancing the political plurality and of conceiving of a structurally plural political unity. To acquire this function, the withdrawal right requires to be decoupled from the concept of sovereignty and to be considered in its relation to the purposes which justify the creation of the federal union.

Throughout the history of uniform law for international sales, the rules governing the validity of cross-border sales contracts have proven particularly difficult to harmonize because they differ greatly between the various domestic laws. This dilemma inter alia resulted in the "validity exception" in Article 4 sentence 2(a) of the United Nations Convention for Contracts for the International Sale of Goods of 11 April 1980 (CISG) being adopted as compromise, a provision that supposedly excludes such matters from the scope of the uniform sales law. The present article attempts to demonstrate that this provision in fact provides little assistance in deciding which validity-related matters are governed by the Convention and which are not, and that the "validity exception" is therefore in truth irrelevant.

It continues by outlining a novel two-step approach to determining the CISG's scope with respect to validity issues. According to this approach, a domestic law rule (pertaining to validity matters or other issues) is displaced by the Convention if (1) it is triggered by a factual situation which the Convention also applies to (the "factual" criterion), and (2) it pertains to a matter that is also regulated by the Convention (the "legal" criterion). Only if both criteria are cumulatively fulfilled, the domestic law rule concerned overlaps with the Convention’s sphere of application in a way that will generally result in its preemption.

In the last part of the article, three issues that may be viewed as concerning the "validity" of international sales contracts are discussed, each in turn being viewed through the traditional lenses of Article 4 CISG and the alternative two-step approach. These issues are: Mistakes and their effect upon CISG contracts; Consumer rights of withdrawal; The so-called "button solution" under recent e-commerce laws.

Brexit highlights the significance of Article 50 TEU which regulates the unilateral withdrawal of a member state. This paper aims to analyze the issue of a member state’s withdrawal of the European Union, having regard to the situation before the Lisbon Treaty when the Community law did not regulate this option, and after the introduction of the so-called withdrawal clause to European Union Law. This means that pre-Lisbon legal era did not contain any opportunities for a member state to decide about its exit. Thus international law could fill this gap. As article 50 TEU established the legal framework for the exit, the United Kingdom’s withdrawal (the so-called Brexit) is going to proceed on the base of it. In this paper I compare the pre- and post-Lisbon way of the withdrawal using the example of Greenland as a previous solution, and the United Kingdom’s case, as an ongoing one.

Se trata de la tesis doctoral del autor, dedicada al derecho de desistimiento, regulado en la Ley 22/2007, de 11 de julio, de comercialización a distancia de servicios financieros a consumidores. Aunque el derecho de desistimiento se regula como institución protectora del consumidor en diversas leyes especiales y para determinados contratos -contratos a distancia, contratos de seguros, contratos suscritos fuera del establecimiento mercantil, etc.- es en esta norma donde la regulación alcanza una mayor definición. La obra, de carácter eminentemente práctico, desgrana los distintos aspectos del derecho de desistimiento, comenzando por su fundamento y naturaleza jurídica o los elementos personales, pasando por la forma y plazo de ejercicio, para concluir con los efectos de su ejercicio. Se analiza también los supuestos excluidos del derecho de desistimiento así como la regulación en otras normas ya vigentes y se avanzan algunas ideas sobre su futura regulación

Contents
I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
II. From sanctity of contract and contractual freedom to contractual justice as a genesis of consumer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786
III. The system of options .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 790
IV. Arab laws on consumer protection .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .792
1. Definitions .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 795
2. Information means power: the right to pre-contractual and contractual information .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 796
3. Right of withdrawal .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 802
4. Protection from unfair contractual terms .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .804
V. Concluding remarks .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  . 806