Rosaries

To the dismay and ridicule of protestants, the Catholic church after Trent heavily promoted personal devotion with rosaries, prayer beads, crucifixes, medals and small images. Across all layers of society demand of these sacramentals soared, especially for those objects that carried a blessing or indulgence. In Rome, popes indeed blessed rosaries and other devotional items in ever greater numbers for distribution among pilgrims, while sending them off by box loads to areas of confessional warfare and missionary effort. At the same time, the church was engaged in an ambitious reform

Publikace seznamuje se způsobem slavení Vánoc ve středověku se zaměřením na Ostravu a zároveň představuje soubor pozdněgotických kachlů s motivy vánočního příběhu (cyklus klanění), které byly v Ostravě nalezeny při nedávných archeologických výzkumech.

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of published archaeological sites with recorded rituals of depositing coins into graves from the medieval and modern period in the wider area of Croatia, as well as the results of archaeological investigations at the Saint Lawrence Church site in Crkvari, near Orahovica (northern Croatia). The location was continuously used as a burial site from the end of the Early Middle Ages to the 19 th century. The research included 599 graves and yielded 42 coins in both graves and layers. Twenty-seven coins were found in twenty-six graves. Twelve of these are medieval graves with (medieval) coins, while five additional coins were found in medieval layers. In modern period graves, two medieval coins were found in the backfills of two graves and 13 modern period coins were found in further 12 graves, especially in children's graves (placed under their heads). In addition, ten coins were found in modern period layers. Findings of coins in medieval and early modern graves and layers facilitated the chronological stratification of different grave or architectural units in terms of their dating significance as terminus ante quem non, although in most cases they cannot constitute a precise dating of the context itself.

Following diploma thesis is focused on decorative motifs of Achaemenid small-scale art. Borders of the Achaemenid Empire stretched from the river Indus to Bulgaria and from Egypt to the Black sea. It was associated with dynasty of Persian kings, who ruled over the empire between 559 - 331 BC. During its existence a characteristic art with its own style and iconography was formed. The main aim of the thesis is to present iconographical analysis of decorative motives appearing in Achaemenid small-scale art. Due to the vast range of decorative motives thesis is focused only on motives of animals. The analysis is conducted on diverse spectrum of objects included in studied collection. It consists of 397 objects namely jewellery, plaques, bracteates, toreutics, coins, stamp and cylinder seals and their impressions, horse-harness strap dividers, weapons, scabbards and scabbard tips and small scale sculpture. These objects are decorated with total of 822 animal motives, which are sorted in...

Die Kollektion beinhaltet vier kleine – Wallfahrtsmedaillen und ein Kreuz, aus dem 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. Trotz dem schlechten Zustand konnten ähnliche Stücke in den Museumssammlungen gefunden werden. Die erste Medaille hat das Motiv der Jungfrau Maria von Boleslav und des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk, die zweite Medaille das Motiv der Jungfrau Maria vom Heiligen Berg und das Christogramm IHS. An der dritten Medaille sind die Jungfrau Maria von Tuřany und die Jungfrau von Vranov abgebildet, die letzte Medaille zeigt den Jesus Christus als den Retter der Welt und die Jungfrau Maria.

V roce 2011 byla zahájena dlouho připravovaná rekonstrukce náměstí T. G. Masaryka v Příbrami. Souběžně s ní probíhal archeologický dozor, a na vybraných místech též výzkum. Jeho celkovou strategii a postup vypracovali Rastislav Korený a Veronika Machačová, pracovníci archeologického pracoviště Hornického muzea Příbram. Jmenovaní realizovali podstatnou část terénních prací, s ní spojenou dokumentaci a následné veškeré zajištění přírodovědných analýz a vyhodnocení. Jejich autory byli: Antonín Majer (geofyzika; Volyně), Tereza Šálková (archeobotanika; Archeologický ústav Filozofické fakulty Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích), Lenka Kovačiková (archezoologie; Katedra zoologie Přírodovědecké fakulty Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích), Erika Průchová (antropologie; Plzeň) a Jiří Děd ve spolupráci s Terezou Jamborovou a Jiřím Kmoškem (metalurgie; Ústav kovových materiálů a korozního inženýrství Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze).

Tijekom revizijskih arheoloških istraživanja benediktinske opatije sv. Mihovila Arkanđela u Rudini 2019. godine pronađena je, u Hrvatskoj, najstarija poznata sačuvana brojanica koju je moguće datirati na prijelaz 14. u 15. stoljeće. Ostaci su brojanice pronađeni zajedno s olovnom bulom pape Bonifacija IX. uz posmrtne ostatke starije ženske osobe, pokopane u opekom zidanoj grobnici u južnoj prigradnji opatijske crkve. Uz određeni oprez, na temelju rezultata antropološke analize, pisanih vrela i pronađenih pokretnih nalaza može se pretpostaviti kako je riječ o posmrtnim ostacima pripadnice plemićkog roda Podvrški – Margareti, kojoj je papa Bonifacije IX. 1397. godine izdao nama danas nepoznatu ispravu.

Arheološka istraživanja crkve Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije provedena su radi potreba njene potpune obnove. Tim povodom istražen je i prostor njene sakristije na kojem su utvrđena 53 groba. Riječ je o prostorno zaokruženoj cjelini na kojoj je jasno utvrdiv stratigrafski slijed omogućio analizu kronoloških odnosa i njihovu vezu s pojedinim obilježjima istraženih grobnih cjelina. Ponajprije je riječ orijentaciji grobova i položaju ruku pokojnika, zatim prisutnosti čavala, kamenih obloga ili tek ponekog kamena uz pokojnika. Na tim je temeljima, te uz analizu prisutnog pokretnog arheološkog materijala, omogućeno definiranje četiri faze ukopavanja grobova. Usporedbom s rezultatima provedenih radiokarbonskih analiza na uzorcima kostiju pokojnika iz odabranih grobova, pobliže je definiran raspon trajanja pojedinih faza ukopavanja. Podaci dobiveni tim postupkom stavljeni su u širi povijesni kontekst što je omogućilo razmatranje odnosa pojedinih faza ukopavanja prema određenim graditeljsk...

In het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden is in 2022 en 2023 een tentoonstelling te zien zijn over opgegraven kralen uit (vooral) Nederland, van de prehistorie tot en met de zeventiende eeuw. Waar de meeste van deze kralen als sieraad zijn gebruikt, zijn uit de vijftiende en zestiende eeuw juist veel gebedskralen opgegraven. In de marges van handschriften uit dezelfde periode zijn regelmatig rozenkransen en paternosters afgebeeld. In combinatie geven deze bronnen aan dat een rozenkrans veel méér is dan een snoer met kralen.

Kralen spreken tot de verbeelding. Ze zijn aantrekkelijk en persoonlijk vanwege hun kleuren, materialen, patronen en associaties. Je draagt ze op je lichaam, waar je ze voelt en anderen ze zien. Kralen zijn waardevol en verplaatsbaar, tegelijkertijd reizigers en souvenirs. Van begin 2022 tot 7 mei 2023 toont het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden op de afdeling ‘Archeologie van Nederland’ een kleurrijke tentoonstelling over opgegraven kralen van de prehistorie tot de 17de eeuw, gecombineerd met afbeeldingen van mensen die kralen dragen of gebruiken. Uit het heden zijn persoonlijke kralenverhalen en spectaculaire kralenkunst toegevoegd.

The renovation of the Church of St. George in Mateško Selo, southeast of Generalski Stol, included archaeological rescue excavations and
research from 1999 to 2001. They discovered and defined many phases of the church, characterized by the fact that it was built with numerous
recipients and lids of Roman stone urns, which served as very suitable and flexible building materials. 170 graves were uncovered: 29 inside
the church and 141 outside it. The earliest graves were dated to the late 12th century and the early 13th century, which is why the oldest phases
of the church were dated to the same period or a little earlier. The youngest graves were dated to the early 19th century, when the building
became a parish church and the burials were discontinued. Numerous finds around and near the graves turned out to be the remains of older,
destroyed graves: devotional objects (medals, crosses, rosary beads), parts of clothes (buttons, buckles, metal thread) and jewellery (fingerings,
beads, pins, earrings). These finds, 158 in total, are the main theme of this paper. Exploration of such graves from the Late Middle Ages and the
Modern Age is exceptionally important for dating the particular phases of the church by analysing the relations between graves and architecture,
but also for gaining knowledge about costumes and funerary rites of the inhabitants of this part of the Karlovac region.

Abstract: The article focuses on the processes of constructing and interpreting heritage and their use in legitimising ideological aims and creating a desired cultural identity of the town. Based on ethnographic records and accounts, news-paper and Internet sources, as well as recent archaeological investigations, the authors trace the positions attributed to St. Martin in the public (re)signifying of Dugo Selo, a small town in Croatia. They present St. Martin’s gradual evolution from a saint on the margin of Communism through a local symbol associated with a broader national framework, towards a symbol of the pro-European orientation of the local community in the period when Croatia was politically approaching the European Union.

Abstrakt: Příspěvek se zabývá doklady kožedělné produkce z královského horního města Jihlavy. Opírá se přitom zejména o movi-té artefakty, v menší míře pak i o písemné a ikonografické prameny. Zpracovaný soubor se skládá z nálezů vyzvednutých během pěti různých záchranných archeologických výzkumů, kdy nejstarší proběhl již v 70. letech minulého století, nej-mladší v roce 2010. Až na jedinou výjimku pochází artefakty ze zásypů zaniklých odpadních jímek, datovaných pomocí doprovodného materiálu do širokého časového rozpětí od konce 13. do počátku 15. století. Přibližně jednu polovinu nálezů tvoří neidentifikovatelný odpad, druhou samostatné dílce a fragmenty obuvi, pochvy, opasky a řemeny či okra-jově brašny a tobolky. V případě obuvi jde o tehdy běžně nošené tvary a střihy, oblíbené v Evropě ve 13. a 14. století. Vyzdvihnout lze např. téměř kompletní, ale notně obnošenou dětskou botu vyššího střihu se třemi řadami řemínků. Tento způsob upínání obuvi k noze-pomocí jedné a více řad řemínků − ostatně v souboru dominuje. Neméně zajímavá je také přítomnost většího počtu pochev, konkrétně na nože, pobočné zbraně či stylusy. V posledně jmenovaném případě jde o poměrně vzácný nález. Pokud bylo možné určit použitý materiál, jednalo se obecně nejčastěji o hovězinu a teletinu. Kožedělnou produkci ve městě dokládají i nálezy dřevěných kopyt a zejména rejstříky městské sbírky z 1. pol. 15. století, kde jsou jednotlivá řemesla pracující jak se surovou, tak již vyčiněnou kůží zmiňována. V některých případech lze pak oba zdroje − tedy archeologické nálezy a písemné prameny-alespoň teoreticky propojit. Abstract: The paper is focused on evidence of leather production in the royal mining town of Jihlava. It is based on movable artefacts, to a lesser extent on written and iconographic sources. The assemblage under review is composed of finds which were recovered during five archaeological rescue excavations where the earliest one was already carried out in the 1970s and the most recent one in 2010. Apart from one exception, all artefacts come from fills of defunct refuse pits, which are dated by the other finds to a wide period of time from the late 13th to the early 15th centuries. Approximately one half of the finds included unidentifiable waste, the other half comprised separate components and fragments of footwear, scabbards, belts and straps or marginally bags and capsules. Footwear of that time was represented by forms and designs which were widely used in the 13th and 14th century Europe. Among them is, for example, an almost complete but heavily worn child's boot with three rows of straps. This way of fastening the shoes on feet-with the help of one or more rows of leather straps-dominates the whole collection. Also interesting is the presence of numerous scabbards, specifically for knives, edged weapons or styluses. In the last mentioned case it is a relatively rare find. As regards the material used, it was generally mostly cow or calf hide. Leather production in the town is also evidenced by finds of wooden lasts and mainly by registers of the town collection from the 1st half of the 15th century, where individual crafts working with rawhide and tanned skins are mentioned. In several cases both these sources-archaeological finds and written documents-can at least theoretically be interlinked. 1. Úvod Doklady kožedělné produkce či artefakty přímo vy-robené z vyčiněných kůží 1 patří v našem archeolo-gickém prostředí k vzácným a nečetným nálezům. Není to však odraz reálného stavu v minulosti, spíše naopak. Tato řemesla patřila ve středověku k nejroz-šířenějším, byla součástí snad každé větší či menší sídelní aglomerace a jejich výrobky běžně náležely 1 Vyčiněná kůže se správně nazývá useň. Slovo kůže je však v našem prostředí bráno často jako synonymum. Useň se dále označuje dle způsobu činění na jirchu (činěno kamencem) či zámiš (činěno tukem).

Práce se věnuje vývoji brigantin ve středoevropském prostoru. Cílem práce je definování konstrukčních prvků brigantiny a srovnání nálezů z našeho území s nálezy evropskými. Konstrukce a funkční vlastnosti brigantiny jsou studovány nejen na materiálu archeologickém, ale i na pramenech obrazových. Posuzována je i otázka sociálního začlenění brigantiny a jejího sekundárního užití.

The Catholic rosary - the material testimony of piety – has a wide spatial distribution beginning during the 15th century.  A materially composite and complex object often made of bone, metal and glass, wood held an important place in their manufacture, despite its fragility and relatively poor preservation within archaeological contexts. Wood may also be considered a less noble material, at least when compared to bone metal and glass; but as used in these highly charged religious objects, this still the case?  While it is possible to determine that the pearls and crucifixes are made of wood, determining the species of wood used for these elements is not yet practiced.  Our questions are, therefore, to determine if the same species of wood was used throughout a rosary (for the pearls and crucifixes)?  Was the material used to make the pearls and crucifixes dependent on the environment (opportunism), or was a market logic followed, whereby mass-produced accessories were mounted on demand?  In order to answer these questions, we take a pluri-disciplinary approach in studying these these objects, where the xylologist and small-finds specialist work together "dissecting" the history of object.  Our data comes from a series of modern and contemporary French cemeteries, and allows us to converge paleoenvironmental and material analysis into an understanding of a common object that remains relatively unknown in its archaeological form.

Sveti Martin nad Dugim Selom u procesima simbolizacija prostora U ovom radu bit ć e riječi o sv. Martinu – svecu zaštitniku i titularu rušev-ne crkve koja se nalazi sjeverno od Dugog Sela, u zaseoku Prozorje na Martin-Bregu. Fokus rada je na procesima simbolizacije prostora u kojima je korišteno ime sv. Martina, odnosno njegove značajke. Rad se temelji na vlasti-tim arhe ološkim istraživanjima, na arhivskoj i novinskoj građi od sredine 20. stoljeća do danas, na sudjelovanju u recentnim proslavama te na intervjuima. 155 Studije koje se bave rekonstrukcijom slavenskoga sakralnog krajolika (Belaj V. i Belaj J. 2014) pokazale su da je sv. Martin ponegdje bio odabiran u procesu pokrštavanja Hrvata i Slavena uopće kako bi preslojio vrhovno slavensko božanstvo, gromovnika Peruna. U tom procesu bili su važni oni " poganski " elementi iz ž ivotopisa sv. Martina koji su mogli olakšati Slave-nima tranziciju iz stare u novu vjeru (npr. povezanost sv. Martina s mlinskim kamenom, svijetom mrtvih, vatrom, vukom, medvjedom, pastirima, njegova borba s vragom, činjenica da jaše na konju itd.). Položaj crkve sv. Martina na Martin-Bregu je osobit, s otvorenim pogledom na sve strane svijeta. Kako se tumači u spomenutim studijama, riječ je o svetom mjestu koje je nekoć " nasta-njivao " gromovnik Perun, o čemu se zaključuje na temelju prostornih odnosa prema drugim mjestima s relevantnim toponimima. Naime, u dugoselskom je 155 U ovom radu sažeto predstavljam uglavnom svoju dionicu jednoga drugog proširenog teksta, uz pristanak ostalih suatorica (v. Belaj et al. 2015).

Při archeologickém výzkumu hřbitova u bývalého kostela sv. Jiří v Tasově, přestavěného na faru, byly mj. odkryty dva hroby mužů s párem kruhových přezek. Na základě polohy v hrobu a srovnáním s ikonografic-kými prameny jsou tyto přezky považovány za součást upínání nohavic k opasku. středověk – odívání – nohavice – přezky – hroby Round clasps as part of men's attire in the Middle Ages. The archaeological excavation of a cemetery at the former Church of St George in Tasov, later converted to a rectory, uncovered also two male graves with a pair of round clasps. On the basis of their position in the grave and a comparison with iconographic sources, it is believed that these clasps were used to attach chausses to a belt.

In the region around the town of Dugo Selo another pre-Christian sacred space shaped like a triangle has been discovered: connecting Martin Breg – Veleševec – Trebovec. The similar mythical interpretative landscapes discovered so far have usually contained at least three distinct points. One was linked with the heavenly God Perun, the other with his opponent (Veles) and the third one with a female saint - substitute for Perun’s wife Mokosh. In the newly discovered case, St. Martin has, due to Christianization, taken up Perun’s place, Veleševac fits well the diagram as the place of the worship of Veles, Proto-Slavic god of the underworld and of cattle, grazing the rich underworld pastures, while Trebovec has obviously been the original place of sacrifice to the Mother (namely, *trêba in Proto-Slavic means sacrifice, and hence Trebovec could mean a place of sacrifice). Hence, we might have discovered another Slavic parish structured around the large pagan holy triangle.
Furthermore, there is another interesting relationship between toponyms which has attracted our attention – that between St. Martin and St. Brcko.
It seemed that the choice of St.Brcko as the church saint, was not primarily influenced neither by his life nor his character, observed outside the context of his relationship towards St. Martin. Seemingly, the choice of St. Brcko was an attempt to overcome a relationship which existed between pagan gods, between – as it looked – Perun and his son Yarilo.
The article discusses the possibility that those loci – St. Martin and St. Brcko with traces of churches build in the Romanesque period – together with an assumed position of the castle Božjako on the river of Zelina as the third locus, form yet another, smaller pagan sacred triangle.
It has been noted that all three points of this ‘smaller sacred triangle’ are situated on the Land of St. Martin, which was a preceptorate of the templar knights and after them the followers of St. John. Moreover, they are identical to the locations suggested for the possible ubication of domus (house, preceptorate headquarters) of knights, and archeological excavations have been undertaken on the locus of the church of St. Martin on Martin-Breg, in search of its remains. From this we could conclude that the orders of knights might have participated in the process of spreading Christianity, which definitely lasted over few generations, especially if we take into account the fact that the knights used to repossess the pagan holy loci on purpose.
Some other indications also support the assumption of the existence of the smaller triangle next to Martin-Breg. /
U dugoselskome je kraju utvrđen još jedan "trokutno" koncipiran pretkršćanski sveti prostor, Martin-Breg – Veleševec – Trebovec, u kojemu je prigodom pokrštavanja sveti Martin zasjeo na Perunovo mjesto. Istodobno pažnju na sebe skreće još jedan zanimljiv odnos među toponimima, odnos sv. Martin – sv. Brcko. U radu se razmatra mogućnost da je taj odnos preslojio dio još jednoga, manjega poganskoga svetog trokuta, s Božjakovinom kao trećom točkom. Uočeno je da se ove tri točke poklapaju s tri lokacije za moguću ubikaciju templarskoga domusa, za čijim se ostacima traga u arheološkim istraživanjima crkve sv. Martina na Martin-Bregu.

Nakon kraćega prikaza stratigrafije lokaliteta, izdvaja se horizont novovjekovnih grobova. Opisuju se bogatiji grobovi, te se pojedini nalazi analiziraju i interpretiraju. Na temelju analize odabranih nalaza i njihove interpretacije, nalazi se, a time i grobovi, kronološki smještaju uglavnom u početak 18. st. Pritom se koriste i podaci iz pisanih izvora: kanonskih vizitacija, matične knjige umrlih te župne spomenice. Problematizira se tumačenje novovjekovnih nalaza i potreba multidisciplinarnoga pristupa. U radu se posebna pozornost obratila osobitoj krunici iz groba 60, na kojoj su među zrnima visjeli i privjesci - simboli arma Christi. /
Following a brief presentation of the site stratigraphy, a horizon of postmediaeval graves is singled out. Richer graves are described and specifi c fi nds are analyzed and interpreted. Based on the analysis of the chosen fi nds and their interpretation, the fi nds, and thus also the graves, are chronologically attributed mostly into the beginning of the 18th century. Data are used from written sources in the process: canonical visitations, register of the dead and parochial memorials. The interpretation of Modern Age fi nds and the need for a multidisciplinary approach are discussed. Particular attention was given in the paper to a singular rosary from grave 60, on which, among the beads also hung pendants – the arma Christi symbols.