Routing Protocol

Owing to features of open medium, absence of infrastructure, dynamic network topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring and resource constraints, ad hoc networks are vulnerable to many kinds of attacks, among which wormhole attack is chosen as the topic of discussion. This attack, when launched during route discovery phase can percolate wrong route/topology information into the network thereby, defeating the purpose of routing algorithms. In this paper we propose a novel technique based on clustering and digital signatures for prevention against wormhole attacks without use of special hardware, time synchronisation or dependency on time or hop difference between colluding nodes to identify attacked routes. We employ independent algorithms to form clusters and to implement intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing of data packets. Simulation Results show that the method achieved high level of efficiency in isolating wormhole nodes in the network.

Summary form only given. It is well known that despite all of its advantages the digital revolution also leads to large variety of new risks. One principal issue in this context is the growing dependence of our modern information society from the availability and correct (proved) function of modern communication services. First, I'll give a short overview on threats in communication networks (grids, clouds, etc), protocols and secure personal devices. Then I'll discuss current network security approaches based on anonymous message exchanges within communicating systems. Cryptography was first used to ensure data confidentiality, it has been “democratized” by ensuring the safety of telecommunications services, thereby extending its scope to authentication of a person or device, or a message, non-repudiation, integrity but also the anonymity of transactions. The anonymity is sometimes quite important in the new telecommunication and mobile networks services, much more than just message confidentiality. The talk will focus on some examples and new approaches developed in our research laboratory to deal with anonymity in routing protocols for mobile communicating systems.

A reliable routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN) should be capable of adjusting to constantly varying network conditions while conserving maximum power. Existing Routing protocols provide reliability at the cost of high energy consumption. In this paper, we propose to develop an Adaptive Energy Efficient Reliable Routing Protocol (AEERRP) with the aim of keeping the energy consumption low while achieving high reliability. In our proposed protocol, the data forwarding probability is adaptively adjusted based on the measured loss conditions at the sink. So only for high loss rates, a node makes use of high transmission power to arrive at the sink. Whenever the loss rate is low, it adaptively lessens the transmission power. Since the source rebroadcasts the data, until the packet loss is minimized, high data reliability is achieved. By simulation results we show that the proposed protocol achieves high reliability while ensuring low energy consumption and overhead.

In recent time huge development going on in the field of the wireless sensor network and this network divided into two groups which are known as MANET and VANET. Our main work is to design an algorithm in such a way that the network parameter is optimized efficiently. So the cluster head can't communicate with other nodes. That the same time, the congestion will occur and packet can't be transferred to the nodes. It will take more time to complete the packet transmission. This approach illustrates that the proposed method is a routing protocol. The proposed research we have used no of connection in a group or cluster. Every cluster has a cluster head and the cluster head directly interconnects with the improper place. The results of the proposed method are a comparison with existing Leach Protocol. Here the base connection is located to equal distance of a cluster and it's directly communicating to the cluster connection. This method is increasing to life instance of a network. As compare LEACH and Proposed method, we have noticed proposed method-have better force, lifetime, less delay, better transmission and consumed less time. LEACH Protocol is based on the cluster to make a comparison of native parameters so that we design the proposed method cluster based. The cluster used no of the group to increase the performance. This consist of many advantages which are listed below. Existing Number of groups is low. We can analyze a number of groups here. Every group's stage check in this proposed research. Proposed method routing protocol has a better result as compared to LEACH protocol. As cluster-head dies, series is rebuilt to bypass the deceased node. So the initial topology is not affected. Head node receives all the aggregated data moreover transmits further to cluster-head.

ABSTRACT: Due to the increased use of mobile devices with the high demand for applications such as video application, most companies have tended to pay attention to Mobile Ad hoc Networks. This type of network is characterized by multi-hop wireless networks where data packets are sent in a "store and forward" manner from the source to an arbitrary destination via intermediate nodes. The mobile nodes are connected by multi-routes routing as the nodes in this network not only serve as hosts but also as routers where data is routed to and from other nodes in the network and therefore the mobile node not only sends its data packets but also sends data packets of other mobile nodes. The network architecture changes dynamically, mainly because of Mobility of nodes, so we need routing protocols to establish the connection. Routing protocols are categorized into proactive routing protocols, reactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols.
So in this research, we has been studied Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP ), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) routing protocols which is one of proactive routing protocols and hybrid routing protocols respectively on the basis of Throughput, Delay and Load..etc and evaluated the performance in a large mobile ad hoc network and in a small mobile ad hoc network as well as for different video resolutions, the OPNET 14.5 network simulator was used to obtain research results. It was found that the GRP protocol performs better for a small number of nodes whether the video resolution is low or high while its performance decreases when the number of nodes increases in the network but the OLSR protocol improves when the number of nodes is increased.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Networks, routing protocol, video application, OLSR, GRP.

Abstract: In view of the increasing use of mobile devices in addition to the high demand for the applications provided by these devices including video streaming, most companies have tended to pay attention to the mobile ad hoc networks and search for solutions to the problems and obstacles that hindered the process of sending video in this type of networks. One of the solutions discussed: Solutions at the level of video compression technology where many of the standards that were used in the process of video encoding and that provide good video quality by using a few bits in the coding process as provided us with acceptable bandwidth for the user and are flexible in handling with errors. These standards are: "H. 264/ MPEG-4 part 10".
There was also a solution at the level of routing during the transmission of video in real time over the mobile ad hoc networks so in this paper has been studied OLSR routing protocol that support the transmission of video on the basis of delay, network load and throughput and evaluated the performance by changing the model where the node is located (Node Placement Model) in a large network and in a small network as well as for different video resolutions.
Keywords: MANET, routing protocol, OLSR, video streaming, node placement models.

In this paper we give an overview of some routing protocols which can improve the efficiency and scalability of wireless sensor networks. The Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a network consisting of ten to thousand small nodes with sensing, computing and wireless communication capabilities. WSN are generally used to monitor activities and report events, such as pollution parameters, healthcare issues, fire info etc. in a specific area or environment. It routs data back to the Base Station (BS). Data transmission is usually a multi-hop from node to node towards the BS. This type of networks is limited in power, computational and communication bandwidth. The main goal of all researchers is to find out the energy efficient routing protocol which will improve considerably networks resources in term of prolonging lifetime of sensor nodes. Also we highlight the various routing protocol with advantages and limitations as well. 

International Journal on Cryptography and Information Security ( IJCIS) is an open access peer reviewed journal that focuses on cutting-edge results in applied cryptography and Information security. It aims to bring together scientists, researchers and students to exchange novel ideas and results in all aspects of cryptography, coding and Information security.