Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs)

This essay examines the philosophical considerations (Stokes & Wall, 2015) such as ontological, epistemological, axiological and paradigmatic basics in the context of management research by discussing and providing examples of inductive and deductive approaches.

This paper presents the results of a study conducted in 2011 in Sonora State, Northern Mexico, a regional environment populated by large multinational corporations and where small firms face many difficulties to innovate and participate in global value chains. The relation between trust and technological innovation in SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) is analyzed under the assumption that trust reduces uncertainty and transaction costs by replacing the incomplete information in the client-supplier relation. Trust has been classified in three dimensions: normative (based on honesty and good will), technical (based on technical skills) and strategic (based on leadership and prestige). Results indicate that the influence of normative and strategic trust is indirect since both are mediated by learning processes resulting from the client-supplier relation, meanwhile technical trust exerts a direct influence on innovation.

This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on their target market to the positive impact on the mind of the consumer, which in turn could improve modern scientific methods in SME to divide their markets into sub-market sectors.

To introduce e-commerce to rural entrepreneurs, we need to convey information according to their needs. This article explains the information needs for rural entrepreneurs in developing their marketing through e-commerce. The proceedings concerning information needs for rural entrepreneurs were obtained through a case study approach in Tegalmanggung village, Sumedang Regency, Indonesia. The primary data in the study was acquired through observation, Focus Group Discussion, and interview. The primary data is then processed to get a picture of rural entrepreneurs' information needs to enter e-commerce. Based on the description, we made a SWOT analysis, formulate each point of the entrepreneurs' information needs, and combine them with business models from secondary data. At the end of the analysis, we also include information needs that need to be provided by resourceful persons who will guide the rural entrepreneurs to start ecommerce. The result of this study is expected to be an input for policymakers and practitioners in helping rural entrepreneurs entering e-commerce.

Public procurement serves as one window through which public sector interacts with private sector. How such interaction is managed is very important in widening the base of participation by the private sector in public procurement. Though public sector contracts vary in size, some are undoubtedly within the capabilities of Small and Medium size Enterprises (SME). However, SMEs are sidelined from participating in public procurement despite their qualifications, sizes, level of production, comparative tallies of public contracts secured by SMEs in Afghanistan Public sector contracts against those secured by large enterprises are still very small. The study sought to investigate the factors affecting access to public procurement opportunities by SMEs in Afghanistan.

The objectives of this study were to analyze SME-specific preferential policies in Afghanistan National public procurement policy framework, as well as to find out the constraints, which effect participation of SMEs in public procurement.

From the thesis findings, it is clear that the existence of the current legal framework in Afghanistan makes it difficult for forthcoming SMEs to compete with the established players in public sector contracts thus discouraging their participation. Procurement regulations are still burdensome for SMEs, especially for those that have never before bid on government contracts and thus call for public revision and scrutiny. Lack of SME-specific preferential policies are also keeping SMEs participation limited. The findings also signify that the ethical aspect in procurement obstructs the SMEs from participating in public sector contracts, as there is lack of transparency in the process. The lack of finances for SMEs is also a limitation to them when participating in public procurement. The limited access to information has kept many SMEs to be in the dark concerning public procurement tendering opportunities, thus leading to their inability to bid winning tenders and therefore poor participation in public procurement, and tendering.

This study will be an important resource for practitioners in SMEs sector and at the same time guide those who formulate policies in ensuring that SMEs are encouraged and given a conducive environment to exercise their trade in public procurement in Afghanistan. Policy makers in the Government and procurement practitioners will also use this study to formulate and find the best possible way to incorporate SMEs in the public procurement. To the government this study has provided a road map on how to pursue the vision of inclusive and sustainable economic growth.

Respectfully,
A. Khalid Ahmadzai

This research aims at identifying the impact of excellence in drawing up the following four marketing mix strategies (Product, Pricing, Promotion and Distribution) of the small and medium enterprises in Jordan, in terms of their marketing performance in its dimensions (Sales Growth, Profit Growth, Customer Attraction and Customer Retention).In order to reach the results of this study, A total of (187) valid questionnaire surveys were collected from companies belong to the SME Association in Jordan. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) approach was used to analyze the collected data. The empirical results indicated there is a significant relationship between the building of marketing strategies of the marketing mix elements in the Jordanian SME and their marketing performance, by (sales growth, profit growth, customer attraction, and customer retention) dimensions. Consequently, decision makers in small and medium organizations need to choose strategies based on the...

Financial access is basic for the development of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). It enables business entrepreneurs to develop, improve productivity, extend to new markets and give a huge number of employments. However, in developing countries like Bangladesh, most of SMEs can't secure the financing they need to achieve their potential. In every part of the world, limited access to finance is considered a key constraint to private sector growth. But the contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the economy is well known. According to Bangladesh Bank, SMEs account for about 45 per cent of manufacturing value addition, about 80 per cent of industrial employment, around 90 per cent of total industrial units and 25 per cent of labor force. The contribution of SMEs to export earnings varies from 75 per cent to 80 per cent. It is evident that the SME sector is very important for the economy. But some constraints seem to be holding it back from reaching the optimal level. As per the Economic Census of 2013, the total number of enterprises in the country was 7.80 million of which 11 per cent were SMEs. About 60 to 65 per cent of all SMEs are located outside Dhaka and Chittagong. As they provide employment to people in these areas, SMEs are contributing to regional development and balancing industrialization. The Bangladesh government has taken various initiatives to help the SME sector. Very recently in national budget for FY20, BDT 100 crore allocated to provide start-up capital to promote youth entrepreneurship. Also, a new department has been established in Bangladesh Bank, named ‘SME and Special Programs Department’. Which is solely responsible for policy formulation, facilitating fund, monitoring and development of entrepreneurship in the SME sector.

Resumen
El concepto de interés social es la noción medular y fundamental del moderno derecho de sociedades porque es sobre la que se construye todo el marco institucional del contrato de sociedad y la configuración de los derechos y deberes de los socios y administradores. Por esta misma razón es también un concepto que ha sido largamente debatido y controvertido. En el presente trabajo se realiza una valoración crítica de los dos planteamientos teóricos doctrinales mayoritarios (contractualista e institucionalista) que han influido e informado a nuestra legislación societaria y a los tribunales desde los orígenes. Partiendo de la base de la problemática práctica e idiosincrasia concreta que presenta el mercado español (cuyo tejido empresarial son pymes y sociedades de carácter “cerrado”), este trabajo se propone contribuir a la reflexión de una teoría ecléctica y alternativa que armonice algunos planteamientos de las dos teorías dominantes sobre el interés social de modo que puedan satisfacerse mejor las necesidades y objetivos de las sociedades de capital.
Palabras clave: derecho de sociedades, interés social, junta de accionistas, órgano de administración. sociedades de capital cerradas
Abstract
The concept of corporate interest is the core and fundamental notion of modern corporate law because it is on which the entire institutional framework of the corporation and the configuration of the rights and duties of the shareholders and directors are built. For this same reason it is also a concept that has been long debated and controversial. In the present work a critical assessment is made of the two main doctrinal theoretical approaches (contractualist and institutionalist) that have influenced and informed our corporate regulation and courts since the beginning. Starting from the basis of practical problems and concrete idiosyncrasies presented by the Spanish market (where Small and Medium Enterprises which adopt the legal form of closely-held corporation are majority), this work aims to contribute to the reflection of an eclectic and alternative theory that harmonizes some approaches of the two dominant theories on corporate interest so that the needs and objectives of corporations can be better satisfied.
Keywords: Corporate Law, Corporate Interest, Shareholder´s Meeting, Board of Directors, Closely-held corporation

The marketing personnel play a very important position in market economy activity which enterprises engaged in. Aiming at the status of difficult to "stay" for the small and medium-sized enterprises, the paper uses performance appraisal theory systematically, analyses performance appraisal problems of marketing personnel for small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide relevant performance appraisal advices and effective measures for the marketing personnel of small and medium-sized enterprises, so as to cultivate talents, retain staff, play the role of talent and ensure the stability of the enterprise marketing team.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) contribute substantially to the economic development, income generation, poverty reduction, and particularly job creation for both developed and developing economies. However, compared with large firms, SMEs face several challenges related to their performance and competitiveness. The role of human capital (HC) and human resource practices (HR Practices) in enhancing SMEs competitiveness and performance is vital but understudied areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of HC development between the relationship of high-performance work systems (HPWS) and export-oriented SMEs performance. Quantitative strategy and cross-sectional survey method was used to collect data from 205 managerial staff through a self-administered structured questionnaire. HPWS had a significant positive impact on export-oriented SMEs performance. The findings of the study provide evidence that HC development plays a mediating role between HPWS and enterprises performance.

The main financial challenge facing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is access to affordable credit over a reasonable period. Despite the financial reforms aimed at improving SMEs, access to finance to improve their performance and growth, access to finance for SMEs remains a recurrent problem. This is even more pronounced for commercial loan financing and as long as banks apply the same lending
principles to SMEs as to big firms, small businesses will be deprived of key access to finance. The
structure and management of majority of SMEs is less developed with weak internal controls making
the availability of information for risk analysis by the banks and micro-finance lenders inadequate. This
research therefore led to an argument that the inherent weaknesses in the internal control structures of
SMEs deny them access to commercial loan financing. SMEs in Uganda, suffer from constraints that
lower their resilience to risk and prevent them from growing. Findings of the study indicated that the
soundness of the various internal controls was a significant predictor for access to commercial loan
financing. More specifically firms with sound asset control and an independent review stood a better
chance of accessing funding. It was thus recommended that; SMEs work on setting up or improving
their preventive and detective internal controls and risk management systems while ensuring that the
installed systems are appropriate to their size and organizational complexity in order to improve their
chances of accessing the much desired capital.

This buttresses the importance of financial sustainability a key factor in Sustainable Economy as to managing the pool of citizenry who need access to finance and loans. The article enunciates active business ventures and owners who need financial support and the availability to them. More importantly, is that it submits the impact of these financial accessibility from microfinance institutions to these individuals, micro-investors and the impending or positive effect on their businesses and ventures, highlighting the positive cum advantageous impacts relatively to economic sustainability from the activities of microfinance institutions by enunciating their different modes of operation. A perspective of microfinance and its contribution to SMEs and GDP in Nigeria