Spatial History

After the conquest of pagan Hungarian tribes towards the end of the ninth century, and their gradual occupation of the Carpathian Basin, in the year 1000 a major change has occurred. Stephen I, the first king of Hungary was baptized and crowned, and with his reign, the Christian state was born. The reorganization of settlement and power structures went hand in hand with the Christianisation, and so with it, the building of the local church system. Tracing this, however, is challenging, although the topic of Christianisation and so the conversion still considered as a ‘hot topic’ just as much as in archaeological, as in historical research.
In the present paper, we are approaching this issue also from a topographical point of view. Since this process went on in a relatively short period of time, the phenomenon that otherwise resembles much to the standard process of nucleation shows some specific elements as well. The coterminous use of field cemeteries and churchyards are interesting just as much from a topographical, as from a religious aspect. The role of the central secular power on the development of the local church system, and thus its (topographical) relation to early power centres and possibly to the early settlement system could give some alternatives on the problem on which written sources remain silent - the process of conversion and the development of the local church system, and its relation to the relocation of the cemeteries – their incorporation within the settlements.

The Spanish conquistadores' capture of the Inka emperor, Atawallpa, and massacre of many of his people in Cajamarca on November 16, 1532, was a tremendously consequential event. How does our view of such an event change, however, when viewed at a distance and from different places? Relying on Indigenous testimony, this article threads together the stories and actions of provincial folk, Andean lords, female intermediaries, fugitive Inka royalty, runner-messengers, porters, and slaves maneuvering beyond Caja-marca during this chaotic and confusing time. Reconstructing and mapping their activity demonstrates how Andean diplomacy, mobility, politics, and history made the conquistadores' survival in Cajamarca-and subsequent advance to Cuzco-possible. It also presents glimpses into how and why Andeans made the decisions they did and serves as a useful reminder that, to these actors in 1532 and 1533, nothing was inevitable. Cajamarca, November 1532 T he Sapa Inka, or peerless ruler, set out from the royal baths of Qonoq for Cajamarca on November 16, 1532. Atawallpa, the leader of the largest Indigenous empire in the Americas, traveled with such a large entourage that, when he arrived at the plaza of Cajamarca, some members of his procession had not yet left Qonoq, six kilometers behind. As the procession entered the plaza (see figure 1), Francisco Pizarro and some 167 compatriots waited in hiding in adjacent buildings. Friar Vicente de Valverde emerged from one of the buildings and approached the emperor. Eyewitness accounts differ about what happened next. The picture presented by the scribe Francisco de Xerez and other Spanish witnesses is one of a devastating yet carefully orchestrated attack.

Since 2017 three unusual yet similar historiographical works have been published in close succession. Similar in ambition, object and structure, these works are: Histoire mondial de la France, Storia mondiale dell’Italia and Historia mundial de España. All three share a sense of urgency as to the need to update historiographical tools and practices, in particular by critically reviewing the predominance of the national analytical framework in favour of a plurality of focal points capable of visu- alizing different spatialities, encompassing local, national and global. This article tests the limits and the potential of these approaches.
Key words: Global history, Spatial history, Global microhistory, World histories, Patrick Boucheron, Andrea Giardina, Xosé Manuel Núñez Seixas

This book presents a case study of one of Latin America’s most important and symbolic spaces, the Zócalo in Mexico City, weaving together historic events and corresponding morphological changes in the urban environment. It poses questions about how the identity of a place emerges, how it evolves and, why does it change? Mexico City’s Zócalo: A History of a Constructed Spatial Identity utilizes the history of a specific place, the Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución), to explain the emergence and evolution of Mexican identities over time.

Starting from the pre-Hispanic period to present day, the work illustrates how the Zócalo reveals spatial manifestations as part of the larger socio-cultural zeitgeist. By focusing on the history of changes in spatial production – what Henri Lefebvre calls society’s "secretions" – Bross traces how cultural, social, economic, and political forces shaped the Zócalo’s spatial identity and, in turn, how the Zócalo shaped and fostered new identities in return. It will be a fascinating read for architectural and urban historians investigating Latin America.

Based upon the use of travel and tour reports, as well as visuals for the early colonial period, this chapter looks at how 'interior' was as much a constructed as an encountered category of colonialism.
Knowing the interior was the crucial component of colonial administration, and communication, trade, and travel became the means of doing so.

This article introduces the dossier 'Spatializing Transnational History: European spaces and territories'. It examines the intersections between transnational history and the so-called 'spatial turn' in social sciences, and points at future directions in historical research. It reviews two main different methodological approaches to the problem of space in transnational, comparative and global history and examines recent contributions on the history of territory. Finally, it introduces the contributions to this dossier, which approach the history of modern Europe from a number of transnational and spatial perspectives. The dossier argues that incorporating a combination of spatial approaches, ranging from the examination of transnational spaces, to the interplay between different scales of analysis, and to the historicization of territoriality, into the practice of transnational, comparative and global history may contribute to a deeper, wider and more complex understanding of 'Europe'.

El artículo propone una alternativa teórica metodológica para estudiar el proceso de construcción socio-material de la Carretera Austral en la Patagonia Occidental (Chile) durante la dictadura cívica militar de ese país (1973-1990). A partir de la discusión bibliográfica, revisión de documentación oficial, publicaciones periódicas y material técnico, se argumenta que la ruta definitiva es el producto del ensamblaje de agencias humanas y no humanas

This article is an introduction to my virtual issue of Past & Present on Space, Place, and Scale in Past & Present. The entire issue is available, without subscription, until August 2016. You can access it here: http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/past/space_place_and_scale.html

Cet article comble une lacune dans les études religieuses en donnant un aperçu d'une pratique bouddhique dans la Corée des xiv e et xv e siècles, qui consistait, au sein des sociétés locales, à commander de petites sculptures bouddhiques en bronze doré, que l'on cachait ensuite sur les sommets des montagnes. Des études antérieures ont montré que la cour royale et les fonctionnaires du gouvernement central commanditaient des sculptures similaires ; mais, ici il s'agit de gens n'appartenant pas à l'élite centrale qui, néanmoins, étaient eux aussi les commanditaires d'un bon nombre d'entre elles. L'auteur met en évidence que des chefs de village, des aristocrates et des esclaves mettaient en commun leurs ressources pour la production et l'enterrement des sculptures. À travers une analyse du contexte spatial des enterrements, menée grâce à l'imagerie de Google Earth et des témoignages scripturaires, nous savons désormais que des groupes qui faisaient des pèlerinages à Kŭmgangsan 金剛山 pour vénérer le bodhisattva Dharmodgata (Pŏpki posal 法起菩薩)-une figure importante de la tradition du Prajñāpāramitā (Panya paramilta 般若波羅 密多)-enterraient des sculptures d'Amitābha (Amit'abul 阿彌陀佛) et de ses deux assistants, Avalokiteśvara (Kwanŭm posal 觀音菩薩) et Kṣitigarbha (Chijang posal 地藏菩薩), dans la partie sommitale des collines contiguës à celle dédiée à Dharmodgata, et ceci afin de maximiser leur chance de renaître en Terre Pure. Après le retour des pèlerins au village, les sculptures enterrées offertes à Dharmodgata maintenaient ainsi leur connexion avec la divinité et permettaient aux fidèles d'acquérir en permanence des mérites. La recherche présentée dans cet article contribue à approfondir notre connaissance des pratiques religieuses locales en Corée pendant la période d'occupation mongole à la fin du royaume de Koryŏ 高麗 (918-1392) jusqu'au début de la période du Chosŏn 朝鮮 (1392-1910). Elle souligne, en même temps, l'importance d'étudier le placement et le contexte spatial des sculptures bouddhiques pour comprendre leur fonction rituelle.

The history of the Antarctic is one of hypothesis and abstraction. Aristotle and James Cook, both prominent figures in Antarctic historiography, never laid eyes on the continent. Despite further exploration and accurate mapping of the continent during the ''Heroic Age'' of the early twentieth century, competing territorial claims continued to render Antarctica in the abstract. The continent became a space of contested ideology, serving as a canvas for both nationalist pride and imperial might. RÉ SUMÉ L'histoire de l'Antarctique est marquée par les hypothèses et les abstractions. Aristote et James Cook – deux figures marquantes de l'historiographie de l'Antarctique – n'ont jamais vu de leurs yeux ce continent. Malgré les explorations de l'« e `re héroı¨que » du début du vingtième siècle qui ont permis d'e ´tablir une cartographie précise du continent, les différentes revendications territoriales sur l'Antarctique ont continué de le représenter dans l'abstrait. Ce continent est devenu un espace d'affrontements idéologiques, une toile de fond pour l'expression des fiertés nationales et des ambitions impérialistes.

Tracing through the methodological and social theory trends of the latter half of the 20th century, this dissertation examines the origins of both the criticism and praise for the adoption of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the humanities and social sciences. Maps are by nature misrepresentative of reality, and blind acceptance of GIS cartography simply presents new ways to create old errors. Accepting and working with this criticism in human geography and history, however, researchers have integrated GIS into their work. Historical geography, in particular, has many examples of interdisciplinary collaborative research projects from the beginning of the 21st century. These historian-geographers have emphasized a grounding in humanities theory and thought, with the use of GIS and other digital technologies to assist in exploring new hypotheses and research questions. Growing understanding of maps as narratives has given rise to the study of the geographies of literature, through which scholars have introduced innovative methods of examining text and historical documents. Following this background, this dissertation examines the process by which these projects have been developed and produced with a proof of concept study. Richard Hakluyt’s Principal Voyages of the English Nation from the late 16th century offers a look at how GIS approaches are especially conducive to the travel narrative genre and the creation of imagined knowledge spaces in early modern England and the Americas. Limitations and future possibilities are discussed in reference to this specific text, space and time period. In conclusion, a discussion of ongoing projects that hybridize approaches of text, time and place are offered up as examples for the future of historical geography and GIS in the humanities. Moulding GIS to the specific needs and sources of humanities scholars will usher in a new era of innovative ways to explore the past.

A Cultural History of Sport in the Age of Enlightenment covers the period 1650 to 1800, a period often seen as a time of decline in sporting practice and literature. In fact, a rich sporting culture existed and sports were practised by both men and women at all levels of society. The Enlightenment challenged many of the earlier notions of religion, gender, and rank that had previously shaped sporting activities and saw the beginning of the commercialization, professionalization, and associativity which were to define modern sport.

Still, the eighteenth century did not simply prepare the way for the nineteenth century, as a modernization-theoretical perspective suggests. In various respects, it differed from the ensuing era: in many countries, there was—despite all the ambivalences, contradictions, and contemporary limits on Enlightenment thinking—a greater tolerance, a greater willingness to experiment, a more intensive international exchange, and a greater permeability for women who wished to participate than in the nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, we do not find an antagonistic, ideologically charged juxtaposition of sport and physical exercise, as is characteristic of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The first sports clubs were founded in England, while English authors also advocated physical exercise. Gerhard Ulrich Anton Vieth did not even make a distinction between competition-oriented sport and health-oriented physical exercise, and a differentiation on the basis of sporting disciplines can only be made to a limited extent from a contemporary perspective ...

This volume takes the reader into the world of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sport, which appears both foreign and familiar to us today.

Geospatial technologies are transforming the practice of the Digital Humanities, and these developments have direct relevance to the practice of scientifically oriented archaeology. The most recent " spatial turn " among digital humanists can be attributed to both the prevalence of tools like ArcGIS that facilitate such investigations as well as an interdisciplinary convergence upon theoretical models that conceive of socially constructed space. This article will briefly review the current state-of-the-art in the field of Spatial History as well as discuss a number of emerging trends such as deep mapping, digital storytelling and data visualization, utilizing examples from a variety of applications. Moreover, archaeologists can benefit from the substantial investments by the academy in the Digital Humanities, particularly in the United States and Canada. In sum, the article proposes that the scope of archaeological applications of geospatial technologies would be productively broadened through an increased engagement with the Digital Humanities.

Biran, M. (2021). The Mongol Imperial Space: From Universalism to Glocalization*. In Y. Pines, M. Biran, & J. Rüpke (Eds.), The Limits of Universal Rule: Eurasian Empires Compared (pp. 220-256). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108771061.008

The papers in this volume present final results of the research project founded by Croatian Science Foundation (2015-2019) and conducted at Croatian Institute of History (Zagreb) titled "Cities of the Croatian Middle Ages: Urban Elite and Urban Space" (URBES). (http://urbes.s2.novenaweb.info/en/)
At the centre of that project was the relationship between the space and the society (elites) in a medieval town, a relationship that in recent international historiography has been stressed as key to understanding of the urban history of the Middle Ages. The research was focused on selected medieval cities of two geographical regions of nowdays Croatia: (coastal region and interamnium of sava-Drava rivers), leaving out central so called “mountainous region of medieval Croatia” because of its specific types of non-agrarian settlements that deserve different kind of research attention. The foci of URBES project were selected medieval Slavonian towns that developed from the thirteenth century onwards as free royal cities: Gradec – nowadays Zagreb, and Varaždin (both politically and economically the most significant towns in medieval Slavonia) and selected Eastern Adriatic cities, from Istrian urban communes on the north to Dubrovnik in the south: Istrian urban communities of Labin and Rovinj; northern Adriatic island commune of Rab; Zadar, the civic centre of medieval Dalmatia; Trogir, the city with the longest urban continuity in Croatia; Šibenik, selected as new medieval town that developed from a castrum into a civitas; and finally Split and Dubrovnik, whose urban development began as late as early Middle Ages although their tradition went back to Antiquity. This project examined the period between the High and Late Middle Ages (midthirteenth to mid-sixteenth centuries).
The interdisciplinary analysis of this “elite-space” relation conducted by URBES used comparative methods to place cities of the Croatian Middle Ages in a broader European context. Although the cities of the Croatian Middle Ages are in the centre of URBES, we focused on the issues that go beyond the scale of individual towns in order to make comparisons of similar phenomena between cities and towns in a broader geographical and political context, and to trace residential mobility of the urban elites. For instance, URBES (in relation to development of urban space) followed strong liasions of urban elites of nowdas north-eatern Croatian cities with elite of nowdays Slovenian cities (Štajerska region); compared elite-space relation of Dalmatian and Istrian cities in broader context of Stato da mar; or Dubrovnik in comparison with Venice. The novelty of this project layed in the systematic investigation of archival sources with respect to urban development. The URBES project reconstructed and analysed the matrix of chosen urban elite families, households, properties and buildings in chosen cities of nowdays Croatia, and traced their evolution over time, gaining new insights into social and spatial structures and the agents and circumstances of urban change. URBES combined methodological tools of prosopography and social topography in order to reconstruct the most influential element of the urban society (elite), their personal relations, social positions and interactions with urban space.

Das Begriffspaar "Region" und "regional" ist allgegenwärtig. Was genau eine Region ausmacht, bleibt aber häufig unklar. Dieses Studienbuch führt in grundlegende Begriffe und Konzepte rund um "Region" in der Geschichtswissenschaft ein und skizziert Perspektiven, Methoden und Theorien der Europäischen Regionalgeschichte.
Den Kern dieser Einführung bildet eine Sondierung regionalhistorischer Themen und Zugänge: Politikgeschichte, Mikrogeschichte, Globale und Transterritoriale Geschichte, Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Kulturgeschichte, Umweltgeschichte, Stadtgeschichte, Religions- und Konfessionsgeschichte, Tourismusgeschichte, Migrationsgeschichte, Geschichte von Einzel- und Gruppenbiografien, Geschlechtergeschichte, Regionalgeschichte im schulischen Kontext.

מאמר זה מתחקה אחר דחיקת הזנות ממרכז העיר תל אביב לשולי העיר דאז-חופי תל ברוך. המשטרה והעירייה פעלו במהלך שנות השמונים להפריד בין מרחבי המגורים המהוגנים לבין המרחב המלוכלך. הם יצרו בתל ברוך 'פארק שעשועים לגברים', מה שנאסר וגונה בלב העיר, פרח בשוליה.

צור, הדס 2017, "זירת הזנות בתל ברוך- מרחב של מוסר חלופי בשולי העיר "הנקייה", תמרורות, פמיניזם ומרחב בישראל, בעריכת טולה עמיר, והצאת חרגול 2017, עמ' 153- 165

This study investigates the socio-spatial history of Sufism in Istanbul during 1880s. Drawing on a unique population registry, it reconstructs the locations of Sufi lodges and the social profiles of Sufis to question how visible Sufism was in the Ottoman capital, and what this visibility demonstrates the historical realities of Sufism. It claims that Sufism was an integral part of the Ottoman life since Sufi lodges were space of religion and spirituality, art, housing, and health. Despite their large presence in Istanbul, Sufi lodges were extensively missing in two main areas: the districts of Unkapanı-Bayezid and Galata-Pera. While the lack of lodgess in the latter area can be explained by the Western encroachment in the Ottoman capital, the explanation for the absence of Sufis in Unkapanı-Bayezid is more complex: natural disasters, two opposing views about Sufi sociability, and the locations of the central lodges.

[ITALIAN] Per gran parte d’Italia, la prima metà del Quattrocento fu un periodo di grandi trasformazioni. Mentre un numero sempre più ridotto di stati si espandeva su spazi sempre più vasti, gli interstizi che li dividevano furono progressivamente riempiti e gli stati stessi si trovarono ad affacciarsi l’uno sull’altro. Al nord, questo processo portò la repubblica di Venezia e il ducato di Milano a scontrarsi per il dominio sulla Lombardia orientale – specie le città e i territori di Bergamo, Bre- scia e Crema. Quando i Veneziani riuscirono finalmente a sottrarre queste zone al controllo dei Visconti, la frontiera fra i due domini fu spostata verso occidente e la geografia politica della regione fondalmentalmente ridisegnata. Non era che l’ultimo passo verso la costruzione dello stato veneziano di Terraferma. Il primo tassello di una vasta indagine sul tessuto spaziale dell’Italia tardomedievale, il pre- sente saggio considera le guerre e i processi di pacificazione attraverso cui Milano e Venezia negoziarono questi profondi cambiamenti. In questo contesto, l’articolo esamina i testi di trattati be noti (come quelli di Ferrara e Lodi) a fianco di una serie di fonti tratte degli archivi veneziani e milanesi. Così facendo, il saggio getta luce sui meccanismi attraverso cui i territori erano annessi e le frontiere spostate nell’Italia del tempo, e allo stesso tempo rivela la gamma di attori coinvolti, nonché le tecniche e i principi adottati durante i procedimenti.

[ENGLISH] For much of Italy, the first half of the Quattrocento was a transformative period. As fewer and fewer states came to expand their dominions over larger and larger spaces, the interstices between them were eventually filled up and the polities of the peninsula put in direct competition with each other. In the north, this process brought the Republic of Venice and the Duchy of Milan into conflict over eastern Lombardy – namely the cities and territories of Bergamo, Brescia and Crema. Once the Venetians were finally able to wrest these areas from the Visconti’s grasp, the frontier between two dominions was fundamentally shifted and the political geography of the region redesigned. It was but the final step towards the establishment of Venice’s Terraferma state. The initial product of a larger investigation into the spatial fabric of late medieval Italy, the present article considers the conflicts and peace-making efforts through which Milan and Venice negotiated these profound changes. It does so by examining the text of well-known treaties (such as those of Ferrara and Lodi) alongside several other records from both Milanese and Venetian archives. This is to shed light on the proceedings through which territories were annexed and frontiers moved in late medieval Italy, while also uncovering the range of actors involved, and the series of principles and techniques they adopted to accomplish their goals.

Micro-spatial history brings together the analytical perspective of microhistory and the methodology of global history. It views historical processes as the outcomes of multiple social practices across time, and across singular, yet connected places. This article argues that a micro-spatial approach implies the rejection of the concept of ‘scale’ and is based on the avoidance of the standard conflation between the type of analysis (micro/macro) and its spatial scope (local/global). Grounding social processes opens up historical studies to views that are alternative to the local/global, the agency/structure and the short-term/long-term divides. Moreover, it allows seeing the construction of scales as an object of historical research. An invitation to self-reflexivity on the epistemology and methodology of history, the micro-spatial perspective also offers new visions of the social role of the historian, foregrounds ‘usable pasts’ that subvert contemporary common places and accentuates the importance of scholarly co-operation.

Öz Kent mekânı daimi bir dönüşüm süreci içerisindedir ve bu süreç küresel ve yerel çeşitli ekonomik, politik, sosyal dinamikler ile kentli, yerel yönetimler ve yükleniciler gibi aktörlerin bu değişim karşısındaki tavırları doğrultusunda şekillenmektedir. Kentleşme sürecinde en baskın mimari ürün olan konut ise gündelik ha-yatın temel birimi olarak kentlinin kamusal alanla kurduğu ilişki biçimlerini tüm bu dinamiklerin etkisiyle sürekli yeniden kurgulamaktadır. Bireyin özel alanı olarak konut, kent ile sokak ve mahalle aracılığıyla kurulan ilişkinin ilk adımıdır. Aynı zamanda yapı stokunda önemli bir paya sahip olması nedeniyle kent-leşmenin önemli bir bölümü konutun gelişimiyle gerçekleşir. Bu nedenle konut alanlarında yaşanan dönü-şüm süreci hem kentleşmeden beslenen hem de kentleşmenin doğrultusunu belirleyen bir süreç olmaktadır. Bu durumda konutun gelişimini anlamak için kentleşmeyi, kentleşmeyi anlamak içinse konutu anlamak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada konut dokusunun ve kentin oluşum/değişim hikâyesi Kadıköy'de bulunan Feneryolu Mahal-lesi üzerinden irdelenmiştir. Bir mahallenin fiziksel yapısının tanık olunan andan ibaret olmadığını, geç-mişten bugüne ve geleceğe doğru bir akış olduğunu görmek açısından sadece mevcut durum değil, o du-rumu oluşturan süreç incelenmiştir. Seçilen alanda 175 parselin arşiv bilgilerinin detaylı analizi sonu-cunda mahallede bulunan farklı tarihsel süreçlerin ortaya çıkardığı konut katmanları tespit edilmiştir. Bu katmanların mekânsal analizi yapılmış, farklı dönemlerde değişen konut-bahçe-sokak ilişkileri irdelenmiş-tir. Sonuç olarak Feneryolu Mahallesi konut alanı olarak kullanılmaya başlandığı ilk andan itibaren sürekli değişmiş, ülkede gerçekleşen ulusal ve yerel ölçekte bütün gelişmelerle sürekli yıkılıp yeniden inşa edilmiş; bir yandan da geçmişin izlerini günümüze getirmiştir. Başlangıçta bir sayfiye banliyösü olan ve büyük bahçeli ahşap köşklerden oluşan Feneryolu Mahallesi zamanla modern villaların inşasına ve sonrasında kat mülkiyetli apartmanlara şahit olmuştur. En son dönemde ise güvenlikli apartman bloklarının oluşumun gözlendiği mahallede konut dokusu değişirken bahçe kullanımı azalmış, sokakla ilişki zayıflamış ve giderek içe kapalı, parçalı bir yapıya sahip olmaya başlamıştır. Çalışma esnasında tespit edilen, her dönemden ör-neklerin gözlendiği katmanlı yapısı, farklı dönemlere ait farklı konut-sokak ilişkilerinin gözlenebilmesine olanak sağlamıştır.

In der jüngeren Debatte um historische Räume wurde kaum über die Raumkon-zepte der Geschichtswissenschaften selber gesprochen. Das Fach verfügt seit dem 19. Jahrhundert über ein breites Instrumentarium an Methoden und Ansätzen, die jedoch einem Wandel unterworfen waren und zuweilen in Vergessenheit gerieten. Das erklärt die unterschiedlichen Urteile, die über die historiographische Raum-forschung gefällt wurden. Franz Irsigler gelangte 1987 zu dem Befund, dass die "Erforschung von historischen Räumen" schon "seit den späten 50er Jahren in der deutschen und der internationalen Forschung einen außerordentlichen Auf-schwung genommen hat." Damit pflichtete er Reinhart Koselleck bei, der die Ge-schichte von "Raum-Vorstellungen" als "gut untersucht" bezeichnete.

Doctoral thesis submitted at the University of Oxford in October 2018 and examined in January 2019 - the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) was formally awarded in August 2019. Supervisors: Professors John Watts & Nicholas Davidson - Examiners: Professors David Abulafia & Isabella Lazzarini. A revised version of the manuscript has appeared as a monograph in 2023, published by Oxford University Press.

“Territorial states”, “nation states” and “sovereign states” are used almost synonymously to describe the building blocks of the modern international landscape. Furthermore, this is seen as an integral part of the modernization of political structures and international relations. While the historiography of this process has focused on the territorialization and nationalization of the individual state, it has neglected the issue of the “other state”; the perception of foreign territorial states as international building blocks. In fact, the perception of international uniformity is almost taken for granted, and the history behind it has never been told. 
This research takes an initial step towards such a story by examining the cartographic depiction of new sovereign states in German Atlases between 1800 and 1939. Through the deconstruction of maps depicting states in their first two decades of their existence, I question the concept of uniformity and shed new light on the role of sovereignty and territoriality in the international landscape. This is done by using both quantitative methods, analyzing the number of maps depicting each state and the temporal change in these figures, and qualitative methods, examining the semiotic role of state symbols in the various maps.
Contrary to the general assumption that the territorial state had become prominent during the 18th and 19th centuries, this paper shows that even in the early 20th century the correlation between territoriality and sovereignty was an issue of the geopolitical standing of the state in question. Although states were important as actors in the international politics, they were not necessarily seen as the most important territorial entities. European, South-American, African, Arab and South-East Asian states were treated differently in German maps, and were given completely different cartographic roles, which were rarely the leading ones, as colonies, empires and sub-state regions were regularly seen as more crucial for the mapmaker.

Zum Inhalt: Auch Räume haben eine Geschichte. Geschichte findet zudem immer auch in Räumen statt. Was versteht man aber in der Geschichtswissenschaft un-ter »Räumen«? Und wie kann man sie historisch untersuchen? Susanne Rau gibt einen Überblick über die Geschichte abendländischer Raumkon-zepte, vermittelt interdisziplinäre Zugänge zum Phänomen »Raum« – von der Physik und der Geographie bis hin zur Philosophie und Soziologie – und erläutert, wie sich historische Raumanalysen methodisch-theoretisch konzipieren und praktisch durchführen lassen. Mit diesem Buch liegt erst-mals eine Einführung in die Theorie und Praxis der historischen Raum-analyse vor. Zur Autorin: Susanne Rau ist Professorin für Geschichte und Kulturen der Räume in der

This article examines the place occupied by garden culture in the mental landscape of Russia’s Muslims from the early nineteenth century to the late Socialist era. First taken from the Qur’an as a symbol of eternal salvation, the idea that gardens might embody both aesthetic and metaphysical values was further articulated by traveling missionaries with Sufi affiliations. This idea was afterwards absorbed by the generation of students graduated from Central Asian madrasas who, in the first half of the nineteenth century, brought the fashion for having gardens back to their home villages in European Russia. Gardens built or imagined by Muslims in European Russia had a history of their own, developing from the classical vision of heavenly gardens in Qur’anic exegesis into what became a central spatial category in Sufi tradition. In post-war Soviet Russia a place of piety was rethought as dacha—the entire process reflecting the evolution of Muslim subjectivity over the last few centuries.

Directly inspired by Philip Ethington's proposal on "placing history", my dissertation offers a spatial approach to the history of advertising in modern Shanghai (1905-1949). Based on various materials (press, archives, photos, sketches, graphs, maps, trees), this spatial trend aims to shift the gaze from mainstream cultural approach (focused on representations visible on press advertisements) to a spatial and material approach of advertising, with a genuine concern for the physical aspects of advertisements. The first part (chapter 1 and 2) is devoted to mapping and measuring the populations and territories of advertising in Shanghai, both in the local press (Chinese newspaper Shenbao and British North-China Daily News), as well as within the city. The second part examines the actors who made and inhabited these spaces, namely the emerging advertising profession (chapter 3) and the actors involved in the production or consumption of advertised products (advertisers/manufacturing companies, brands/products, markets/consumers) (chapter 4). Chapter 5 is devoted to advertising “landscapes” - a term that I used as an operative concept to replace the overused, and often misused, notion of representation - in order to cover every dimension of advertisements (their physical environment at various scales, the copy surface, the discourses they carried). Chapter 6 offers to take advertising spaces as an ideal observatory for examining tensions, conflicts and other forms of relationships surrounding advertising, as well as a "laboratory" for inventing urban modernity – that is, new ways of conceiving and living the city in modern Shanghai. As spatial approaches are often blamed for “freezing” history, my dissertation eventually attempts to trace the circulations and rhythmic patterns between the printed and urban spaces, within and outside Shanghai (chapters 7 and 8). Beyond the "terrain", my dissertation strives to take advantage of the new resources available to historians in the digital age. The digital platform MADspace (http://madspace.org/), which has been especially designed as a digital companion to this PhD project, makes the assumption that the digital ecology offers unexpected opportunities for renewing research questions and methodologies in the field of (Chinese, urban) history.

A map can take one from Point A to Point B.  Or it can depict where one “belongs” and where one does not.  What does it mean to be “lost?”  What’s on a map?  How are maps useful?  Are maps graphic depictions of something real?  If not, then why do we use them?  This course explores the meanings human beings have attached to “space” and “place” throughout the modern period, especially the ways in which spatial representations have been employed as forms of power in processes of colonization and decolonization.  Much of the course focuses on the legacy of European colonialism in parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.  It considers the effects of colonialism on the histories, geographies, and identities of “the colonized” and “the colonizer,” as well as those in between.  The course commences with readings on colonial and postcolonial theory and then focuses on the spatial practices of colonial powers and the anti-colonial movements they spawned.  It considers the spatial legacy of colonialism in formerly colonized territories to examine residual spatial practices of the colonial state and how postcolonial states have leveraged these practices for their own interests or established spatial practices of their own.  In addition to these more local forces, the course considers the spatial legacy of global capitalism and how Cold War competition affected it.  Finally, the course considers how societies have countered state spatial representations and other attempts to depict and control space and place, as well as the bodies and resources they contain.  Overall, the student should come away from the course with an appreciation for the ways scholars have wrestled with the complexity and contingency of colonialism in spatial terms, along with its effects on the lives of the human beings living in colonial and postcolonial spaces.  In short, taking this course should make the student more aware of the spatial discourses and practices in which power has been employed in the past and in the present.

This article examines lived experience during the Holocaust, focusing on Auschwitz, the most lethal Nazi concentration camp. It draws on spatial history, as well as the history of senses and emotions, to explore subjective being in Auschwitz. The article suggests that a more explicit engagement with individual spaces-prisoner bunks, barracks, latrines, crematoria, construction sites, SS offices-and their emotional and sensory dimension, can reveal elements of lived experience that have remained peripheral on the edges of historical visibility. Such an approach can deepen understanding of Auschwitz, by making the camp more recognisable and by contributing to wider historiographical debates about the nature of Nazi terror.

Ethnohistorians and other scholars have long noted how European colonial texts often concealed the presence and participation of indigenous peoples in New World conquests. This scholarship has examined how European sources (both texts and maps) have denied indigenous history, omitted indigenous presence, elided indigenous agency, and ignored indigenous spaces all while exaggerating their own power and importance. These works provide examples of colonial authors performing these erasures, often as a means to dispossess. What they lack, however, is a systematic means of identifying, locating, and measuring these silences in space and time. This article proposes a spatial history methodology which can make visible, as well as measurable and quantifiable the ways in which indigenous people and spaces have been erased by colonial narratives. It presents two methods for doing this. First, narrative analysis and geovisualization are used to deconstruct the imperial histories found in colonial European sources. Second it combines text with maps to tell a new (spatial) narrative of conquest. This new narrative reconstructs indigenous activity through a variety of digital maps, including 'mood maps', indigenous activity maps, and maps of indigenous aid. The resulting spatial narrative shows the Spanish conquest of Peru was never inevitable and was dependent on the constant aid of immense numbers of indigenous people.