Spatial deixis

The theme of this paper, which is divided into three sections, is deixis in the corpus of the Atlante Linguistico della Sicilia (ALS). In the first section, after a brief account of previous ALS studies on deixis, the network of survey centres (“pilot network”) is described, questionnaire input questions and the composition of the data corpus are illustrated. The second section is devoted to the illustration of the theoretical tools borrowed from cognitive linguistics and, in particular, from the semantics of conceptualization in order to define both the theoretical framework of deixis in metalinguistic discourse and the methodological apparatus useful for analysis and interpretation. The data constitute the focus of the third section, in which the deictic modes and typologies detected in the corpus are illustrated. This section opens with an explanation of the ALS theoretical tools used for analysis and
interpretation and the reasons for the importance of deixis within the corpus. The complex variables functionally related to the detected deictic types are illustrated and discussed.

Resumen

La presente investigación tiene como propósito el estudio de los aspectos más importantes de las nociones que emplean los hablantes del dialecto del Alto Perené de la lengua ashéninka para la orientación en el ambiente en cuanto al espacio y su relación con la distancia y la posición. La descripción y el análisis de estas estructuras que guían la orientación en el espacio están dentro de un enfoque sincrónico y están basadas en los datos recogidos entre 2014 y 2018 en tres comunidades nativas asháninka ubicadas en la provincia de Chanchamayo, en el departamento de Junín.

La deixis espacial en ashéninka se expresa a través de posposiciones adverbiales graduadoras de distancia, pronombres demostrativos y adverbios posicionales, incluyendo aquellas partículas que semánticamente tienen como puntos de referencia dimensiones naturales como el cielo, el suelo y el río; además de un verbo direccional que funciona como deíctico, permitiendo que el hablante se oriente dentro del ambiente donde habita. La orientación se origina desde la consciencia del emisor con respecto a su ubicación dentro del espacio, generándose al mismo tiempo un plano de referencia. Posteriormente esta noción se complementa con la consciencia del emisor sobre el ente referido, partiendo desde su ubicación, posición y distancia en la que este se halla desde el plano referencial del emisor o de otro referente; el segundo solo si fuera dentro de un contexto narrativo.


Abstract

The purpose of this research is the study of the most important and featuring aspects of the notions the speakers of Alto Perene dialect of the Asheninka language use for orientation in the environment regarding space and its relation to distance and position from a synchronic approach. The description and analysis of these structures that guide orientation in space are based on data collected between 2014 and 2018 in three native Ashaninka communities located in the province of Chanchamayo, in the department of Junin.

Spatial deixis in Asheninka is expressed through distance grading adverbial postpositions, demonstrative pronouns and positional adverbs, including those particles that semantically are related to natural dimensions such as sky, ground and river as reference points; moreover, there is a directional verb that works as a deictic. Every spatial deictic allow the speaker to orient himself within the environment where he lives. Orientation originates from the source’s consciousness with respect to its location within space, while generating a reference plane. Later, this notion is complemented by the source's awareness on the referred entity, starting from its location, position and distance in which it is from the source's referential plane or another referent’s; the latter only if it were within a narrative context.

Monticelli, D.; Pajusalu, R.; Treikelder, A. From utterance to uttering and vice versa. Multidisciplinary views on deixis. De l'énoncé à l'énonciation et vice-versa. Regards multidisciplinaires sur la deixis. Vol. II. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2006.

This paper presents a usage-based, Cognitive Grammar analysis of Place as a symbolic structure in signed languages. We suggest that many signs are better viewed as constructions in which schematic or specific formal properties are extracted from usage events alongside specific or schematic meaning. We argue that pointing signs are complex constructions composed of a pointing device and a Place, each of which are symbolic structures having form and meaning. We extend our analysis to antecedent-anaphora constructions and directional verb constructions. Finally, we discuss how the usage-based approach suggests a new way of understanding the relationship between language and gesture.

This paper deals with space deixis in the Baltic languages – Lithuanian and Latvian. The aim of this study is to overview the whole system of spatial deixis in spoken Lithuanian and in spoken Latvian: to present the existing researches on space deixis and to compare them with the data that was obtained by examining deictic expressions in actual speech events (recorded video material). As the most common deictics are deictic adverbs of space, demonstrative pronouns and verbal affixes of motion/verbs of motion, the following objectives have been identified to achieve the aim: 1) To provide the existing researches on space deixis in the Baltic languages: adverbs of space, demonstrative pronouns, deictically marked third-person pronouns, verbal affixes of motion and verbs of motion; 2) To analyse these expressions of space deixis in actual speech events from the perspective of pragmatics; 3) To compare the systems of space deixis in two Baltic languages and to provide a comprehensive space deixis system in the Baltic languages. The current analysis differs due its approach. In the previous researches space deictics is usually discussed by interpreting XX c. fiction texts/endophoric deixis. This study reflects the whole current situation of space deixis in the spoken Lithuanian and Latvian languages, as well as reveals the pragmatic aspect of the discussed demonstratives, which is crucial in the analysis of deictic words.

Deixis is the method of relating to the spatio-temporal context of an utterance. Deictic expressions or indexicals are among the first forms to be spoken by very young children, and are thus very fundamental to our notion. Deictic concepts are most easily understood by people. Among the various types of deixis, this paper focuses on application of Temporal and Spatial deixis concepts in solving mathematical word problems. A deictic expression is anchored to a deictic center, such that the evaluation of the meaning of the expression leads one to the relevant point. As deictic expressions are frequently egocentric, the center often consists of the speaker at the time and place of the utterance. Also, the deictic center may be transferred to other participants in the exchange, or to persons / places / etc. being described in a narrative. In language, we talk about time in terms of space. From the perspective of conceptual grounding, abstract temporal cognition is grounded in a more concrete spatial cognition. On a similar ground, this paper aims to apply these fundamental concepts of temporal deixis and deictic temporal elements, and project them to a spatial structure, and use the concept of deictic center shifting for solution of mathematical word problems which involve equations based on time-dependent variables. The projection of the temporal problem into a spatial structure simplifies the comprehension process for the student. This deictic approach improves the student's understanding of the problem at hand and increases the student's accuracy in solving such numericals of the same genre.

Deixis is a type of reference constituted by the meaning of a linguistic sign being
relativized to the extra-linguistic context in which the sign is used. The semiotic
nature of this kind of reference, its exact communicative prerequisites and
functions, its acquisition by children, and its processing have long puzzled linguists,
philosophers, psychologists, and anthropologists. This article presents an
introduction to some of the research that has focused on deictic signs and
meanings and their phenomenology.

La propiedad de los gestos de ser deícticos refiere a su capacidad de señalar en alguna dirección, a algo o a alguien: con el índice extendido, la mano, la mirada, la barbilla, los labios, la cabeza, etc. La variedad de formas que tenemos a nuestra disposición (y que usamos) para señalar hacia algo concreto o abstracto es considerablemente amplia. Sin embargo, parafraseando a Haviland (2000, p. 14), podría parecer que ‘señalar’ es un proceso simple en el que uno extiende su dedo índice (u otro articulador gestual) y refiere ostensivamente al objeto, lugar o persona del que se quiere decir algo. Nada podría ser más fácil de comprender y, no obstante, nada más alejado de la descripción de cómo funciona la deixis gestual.

Το παρόν άρθρο εκπονήθηκε στο πλαίσιο παρακολούθησης της Θεματικής Ενότητας: «ΕΓΛ 50 – Ελληνική Γλώσσα και Γλωσσολογία», η οποία υπάγεται στο Μεταπτυχιακό Πρόγραμμα Σπουδών “Ελληνική Γλώσσα και Λογοτεχνία” του Ανοικτού Πανεπιστημίου Κύπρου. Πρόκειται για μία ευσύνοπτη, αλλά όσο το δυνατόν εμπεριστατωμένη συγκριτική παρουσίαση των μηχανισμών πραγμάτωσης και των υποκατηγοριών δύο βασικών σημασιολογικών λειτουργιών, της Τροπικότητας και της Δείξης, στην Αρχαία και στην Νέα Ελληνική.

Abstract in English: This article was elaborated in the gulfs of the Module: «ΕGL 50 - Greek Language and Linguistics», which is part of the Post-Graduate Program “Greek Language and Literature” of the Open University of Cyprus. It is a succinct, but as detailed as possible, comparative presentation of the mechanisms and the subclasses of two basic semantic functions, Modality and Deixis, in Ancient and Modern Greek language.

Monticelli, D.; Pajusalu, R.; Treikelder, A. (eds.). From Utterance to Uttering and Vice-versa. Multidisciplinary Views on deixis. De l'énoncé à l'énonciation et vice-versa. Regards multidisciplinaires sur la deixis. Vol. I. Tartu: Tartu University Press, 2006

Nakh-Daghestanian languages have encountered growing interest from typologists and linguists from other subdiscplines, and more and more languages from the Nakh-Daghestanian language family are being studied. This paper provides a grammatical overview of the hitherto undescribed Sanzhi Dargwa, followed by a detailed analysis of the grammaticalized expression of spatial elevation in Sanzhi. Spatial elevation, a topic that has not received substantial attention in Caucasian linguistics, manifests itself across different parts of speech in Sanzhi Dargwa and related languages. In Sanzhi, elevation is a deictic category in partial opposition with participant-oriented deixis / horizontally-oriented directional deixis. This paper treats the spatial uses of demonstratives, spatial preverbs and spatial cases that express elevation as well as the semantic extension of this spatial category into other, non-spatial domains. It further compares the Sanzhi data to other Caucasian and non-Caucasian languages and makes suggestions for investigating elevation as a subcategory within a broader category of topographical deixis.

La dixi és un dels fenòmens primordials del llenguatge i la comunicació, però no ha estat suficientment estudiada a partir de corpus reals, els quals mostren una varietat d’usos molt interessant. En aquest article, analitzem els díctics espacials en un corpus de narracions orals procedent del Corpus Audiovisual Plurilingüe i diferenciem set tipus de dixi espacial: la dixi situacional, que assenyala l’espai de l’enunciació; la dixi textual, on el díctic assenyala el text com a espai i té un antecedent en el text; la dixi am Phantasma i la presentacional, on el díctic espacial no assenyala l’enunciació ni el text anterior o posterior, sinó que ens situa en l’espai de la memòria i el coneixement compartit; i tres usos, indefinit, expletiu i gramaticalitzat, en què el díctic no assenyala cap element lingüístic o extralingüístic, sinó que ocupa l’espai d’una expressió que no es troba o deixa sense concreció algun espai sintàctic o discursiu. L’anàlisi mostra que els díctics espacials constitueixen un mecanisme molt freqüent i variat en la construcció de la narració i permet observar tipus de dixi característics de la gramàtica de l’oral.

Language is more than a sign as it can function as a tool for communication among humans. This means that language can be learned by the humans. One of the fields that study the language is pragmatics. Pragmatics can be defined as the study of contextual meaning; therefore there should be a relationship between language and the context. However, this relationship can be recognized through deixis. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the types of deixis found in the novel of-A Tale of Two Cities‖ written by Charles Dickens. This paper uses descriptive qualitative method, because it analyzes the types of deixis found in this novel. The method of collecting the data is documentation. According to Levinson (1983), deixis is divided into five types: person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis. The data were taken from the novel A Tale of Two Cities published by Penguin (2003). The steps to analyze the data are reading the novel, finding the deixis, and classifying the types of deixis. The result shows that the total number of deixis in this novel is 510: social deixis 164 (32%), 125 person deixis (25%), 111 time deixis (22%), 74 place deixis (14%), and 36 discourse deixis (7%). The deixis that mostly used by the writer is the social deixis with the frequency of 164 (32%).

Latin had a rich system of demonstrative adverbs, which allowed speakers to distinguish three degrees of deictic localization and to express diverse spatial notions. These adverbs largely survive in Old Catalan despite some important modifications introduced during Late Latin. It is in that period that demonstrative adverbs passed from a three-way distinction (proximal / medial / distal) to a two-way distinction (proximal / distal) with the three-way distinction still operative in some contrastive contexts. In this situation, different spatial notions derive into distinctions based on the conceptualization of space as a point (ací, aquí and allí) or as an area (ça and lla). During the 15th century, such a system, which included also some residual adverbs, is considerably simplified. Subsequently, deictic distinctions evolve differently across varieties, so that some dialects display a two-way deixis and others a three-way deixis.


El llatí disposava d’un sistema ric d’adverbis demostratius que permetia distingir tres graus de localització díctica i expressar diferents nocions espacials. El català antic manté bona part dels adverbis llatins però amb algunes modificacions importants, producte dels canvis produïts durant el llatí tardà. De la dixi ternària, es passà a una dixi que diferencia bàsicament dos graus (proximitat / llunyania) però que permet una triple oposició en contextos contrastius. De les diferents nocions espacials, es passa a unes distincions basades fonamentalment en la conceptualització dels espais com a punts (ací, aquí i allí) o com a àrees (ça i lla). Aquest sistema, en què es mantenien també altres adverbis més residuals, se simplificà considerablement durant el XV i, posteriorment, evolucionà d’una manera diferent en el conjunt de la llengua, pel que fa a les distincions díctiques: en uns parlars es consolidà una dixi binària i en uns altres una dixi ternària.

This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the Blackfoot demonstrative system. Previous research on Blackfoot (Uhlenbeck 1938, Taylor 1969, Frantz 2009) identifies sixteen morphemes that make up demonstrative words in the language. I propose a demonstrative template that takes into account the fixed morpheme ordering observed in demonstrative forms. Based on the proposed template, I motivate the analysis of the suffix -ka as encoding motion towards the speaker as this accounts for its position together with the suffixes -ya, -ma, and -hka, each of which encode features of motion or visibility. In describing situational functions of each of the morphemes, I make use of Imai’s (2003) inventory of spatial deictic features. I present the first analysis of the morphologically analyzable, but heretofore undescribed suffix -o as encoding the geometric configuration feature [interior]. This thesis also offers the first explanation of the syntactic contexts that govern the two identificational suffixes -ayi and -ao’ka.
Earlier analyses of the Blackfoot demonstrative system focus on the spatial features encoded by situational uses of demonstratives to the exclusion of other pragmatic functions. As a result, the proposals do not address variations in meaning when used in non-situational pragmatic contexts. To address this gap in the literature, I examine non-situational pragmatic functions, as well as symbolic situational demonstrative uses (e.g. deictic projection, wider-context). The result of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the Blackfoot demonstrative system which takes into account both syntactic and pragmatic functions, providing new insights into the meanings of many of the morphemes that comprise the system. It also provides support from Blackfoot for Himmelmann’s (1996) claim that there are four universal pragmatic functions of demonstratives, and support for Diessel’s (1999) claim that situational uses are the basic demonstrative uses from which the others are derived.

En typologie, le terme de directionnel renvoie aux morphèmes qui indiquent une trajectoire associée au verbe de mouvement. Dans les descriptions de langues africaines, ce type de suffixe est souvent inventorié dans les descriptions des langues africaines.Dans cet article, nous voudrions montrer que sous ce terme se cache parfois des morphèmes qui encodent en fait d’autres valeurs, comme celle, en wolof, de « mouvement associé ».

日本語の指示詞に関しては非常に多くの研究があるが、一般言語理論的な観点から指示詞の記述をしたものはそれほど多くない。指示詞は談話、語用論の研究対象として扱われてきたため、統語論、意味論的に日本語の指示詞が扱われたことはほとんどないといえる。通常指示詞の使用法を記述するには、談話場に言及せねばならず、話し手、聞き手と指示対象との関係を述べなければならないと考えられてきたからである。このため、指示詞の意味的記述は、談話場を離れては不可能であると考えられてきた。たしかに人称詞であれば話し手を表す、聞き手を表すという意味記述をしなければならないため、談話場、対話場に言及せざるをえない。しかし、指示詞のあらゆる側面が話し手、聞き手という談話、語用論的概念に言及しなければ記述できないか否かは自明ではない。
本稿では、指示詞の意味論、統語論特徴づけがどのような形で可能かを考える。このため、まず、日本語指示詞に関して知っておくべき研究史を非常に簡単な形で概説し、指示詞の意味論的研究で草分け的存在である黒田(1979)の主張を紹介する。しかるのちに、黒田の意味論を踏まえ
て、指示詞の純統語論的性質を研究したHoji et al.(2003)の主張を紹介する。指示詞を意味論的、統語論的に扱うためには、いわゆる直示のソに関する現象が大きな障害として立ちはだかる。直示のソは、聞き手が存在しなければ使用不可能とおもわれ、通常「聞き手に近い対象を指示する」として特徴づけられる。このため、聞き手という談話場の要素に言及せざるを得ないように思われるからである。本稿では、最後に直示のソをHoji et al.(2000b)の枠組みでどのように扱えるかを考察する。

Text types and deixis: the function of spatial deixis in Hungarian folk songs
This paper uses a cognitive linguistics approach to investigate the operation of spatial deixis in a group
of Hungarian folk songs involving natural scenes. The occurrence of distal spatial deictics in a text
initial position presupposes direct interaction between speaker and listener on the one hand, and directs
the listener’s attention to a perceptually accessible object of nature, opening up new dimensions and
scenes in subsequent portions of the text. This operation removes the referential scene from the fictive
scene of attention in which spatial relationships may metaphorically refer to the speaker’s temporal
and socio-cultural distance as well. Spatial deixis, therefore, is an important means of the direction
of attention: it often initiates a chain-like process of several redirections of attention, a process that
constitutes an important semantic mechanism, or scenario, with respect to folk poetry. The results
of the study may contribute to a deeper understanding of natural scenes in Hungarian folk songs.

Keywords: spatial deixis, direction of attention, cognitive linguistics, folk song, folk poetry

Este trabajo intenta mostrar la existencia de clasificadores deícticos en  selknam, lengua perteneciente a la familia lingüística chon, y hablada al menos hasta la década de 1970 en la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego. Me baso en la única descripción gramatical de esta lengua hecha por un lingüista profesional hasta la fecha (2004) disponible, sa saber, la de Najlis (1973).

This article explores the origins and functions of the particle –ne in Mandarin Chinese. The seven different uses of –ne can be related to three different lexical sources. Three of the seven uses of –ne were derived from a deictic word meaning " like this/that " in Middle Chinese. I give a formal diachronic semantic analysis to show that such a deictic use can be transferred to the discourse domain and become a topic marker, which can be argued to correspond to the squiggle operator in focus semantics (Rooth 1985, 1992). Such an analysis in terms of the grammaticalization paths of –ne lends further support to Constant's (2014) synchronically-based proposal. I also point out the main differences between my proposal made in this article and Constant's (2014) arguments.

Rvmøn/Rvmøl [ɹəmɨn /ɹəmɨl], a variety of Rawang (a Nungish language) spoken in the Nokmong area of Kachin State in Myanmar, has never been documented before in a published paper. It has some distinct differences from Mvtwang [mətwɑŋ], the standard variety of Rawang, including the deictic system. And although Benedict (1983) and DeLancey (1980) have looked at deictics in Tibeto-Burman as a whole, not much has been said about deictics in Nungish.

THIS and THAT are indicated in Rvmøn by ya (proximal) and ku (medial or distal) respectively, giving a two-way distinction, whereas Mvtwang has a three-way distinction between ya (proximal), we (medial), and ku (distal). If a distal distinction is needed, ku is changed to high tone and other pragmatic signals are given to show the distance is greater than normal. Thus, the three-way system seems to have merged to a two-way system in Rvmøn.

In this paper, we will discuss the uses of THIS and THAT in Rvmøn in naturally-occuring narrative texts, and the pragmatic principles behind this usage.

We will also compare the Rvmøn deictic system with those used in other Nungish varieties and in Tibeto-Burman as a whole, partially corroborating Benedict‘s findings of a sound symbolism between i and THIS, and between u and THAT for Tibeto-Burman.

Works cited
Benedict, Paul K. 1983. <This> and <that> in TB/ST. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 7(2). 75–98.
DeLancey, Scott. 1980. Deictic categories in the Tibeto-Burman verb. Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University.

Previous analyses of Blackfoot’s demonstrative system by Uhlenbeck (1938), Taylor (1969), and Frantz (1971, 2009) share the same tendency to conflate the meanings of different functions of demonstratives into one overly broad meaning. I address this problem by analyzing only the situational uses of demonstratives in 25 stories from Uhlenbeck (1912) and additional data from Uhlenbeck (1938). My solution is built upon the framework outlined in Imai’s (2003) cross-linguistic study of spatial deixis and informed by the typological demonstrative studies of Dixon (2003) and Diessel (1999). I argue that Blackfoot’s demonstrative system encodes features of Imai’s four parameters: anchor, spatial demarcation, referent/region configuration and function.

В статье рассматриваются конструкции с вентивом и андативом в японском языке. Проверяется гипотеза о том, что функции, в которых конструкции обнаруживают наибольшую степень грамматикализации, развились в языке позже тех, в которых степень грамматикализации ниже. Сопоставление результатов эксперимента и диахронического анализа показывает, что гипотеза подтверждается только в рамках вентива и андатива как отдельно взятых показателей. Вместе с тем в ряде функций они могут рассматриваться как члены грамматической оппозиции в современном японском языке. Это свидетельствует о том, что грамматикализованность отдельно взятых единиц в синхронии, измеренная квантитативно, отражает закономерности их исторического развития, однако наличие парадигматических отношений между этими единицами в синхронии не означает параллелизма в их диахронической грамматикализации.

The aim of this paper is to formulate a method for solving mathematical word problems by using the concept of deixis in language. The main focus is to understand the pattern of the question presented and thereby correlating the deictic aspects in the problem formulation with the solution strategy. This paper particularly focuses on school-level mathematics problems, particularly those involving the concept of time.

Previous analyses of the Blackfoot demonstrative system (Uhlenbeck 1938, Taylor 1969, Frantz 2009) focus on situational uses of demonstratives and often conflate the meanings of multiple pragmatic uses of demonstratives into overly broad definitions. In this paper, I discuss the meanings of Blackfoot demonstratives in terms of their pragmatic functions. I follow Himmelmann's (1996) taxonomy of universal demonstrative uses as my criteria for delineating demonstratives into four categories: situational; discourse deixis; tracking; and recognitional. I demonstrate that recognizing the different pragmatic functions of demonstratives allows for a more nuanced description of their meanings and usage.

Proficient use of deixis in English demonstrates a certain intimacy with the language that allows text to appear not only more cohesive, but more natural and economical. Part six of reading in the Cambridge FCE is abundant with, and indeed places a focus on, deictic language and deictic reference therein. This paper will attempt to explain what deixis is and how learners can focus on deictic language proficiency in order to aid part six of reading in the FCE.

Šajā rakstā tiek analizēta vietas apstākļu vārdu pa kreisi un pa labi lietošana un nozīmes. Vispirms tiek aplūkoti latviešu literārās valodas dati, pēc tam – divu izlokšņu (Svētciema un Kalnienas) materiāls. Balstoties uz Svētciema un Kalnienas tekstu analīzi, var secināt, ka šajās
izloksnēs pa kreisi un pa labi vietā ir lietojamas prepozīciju konstrukcijas vai lokatīvi. Vispārinot semantiskus pētījumus latviešu literārajā valodā, pa kreisi un pa labi var raksturot kā speciālo pazīmju kombināciju, piemērām, pa kreisi = [ne jautājamais – ne kognitīvs – ne deiktisks – vienas puses – vertikālais – sāna – precīzs – kreisās puses].

The article reviews the introductory scene of Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus in search of deictic reference. The analysis of some uses of  the local, temporal and personal deixis as well as its social and emotional aspects reaffirms the main function of the prologue in the context of the whole tragedy.

Although adpositions commonly show spatiotemporal meanings and uses, they do not typically mark deixis. However, in a small number of languages found primarily in the Austronesian and Atlantic language families, it is possible to indicate spatial or temporal deixis with adpositions.

Although the adpositions do not form a homogeneous class cross-linguistically, they are nonetheless of interest, as the possibility of such constructions has only rarely been mentioned. This article investigates a heterogeneous group of languages and how deixis is marked in their adpositions.

Deux conceptions de la théorie de la personne je/tu/il s'affrontent en linguistique : la tradition logico-sémantique (que nous appelons théorie globale) héritée de la tradition antique d'Apollonius Dyscole, du HautMoyen-Age Priscien, reconduite pendant le classicisme par Beauzée (1767), Dumarsais (1769) et reprise par Gustave Guillaume 1943-44 : vol.10, p.11) ; opposée à la théorie relative de la personne instituée par Émile Benveniste (1974). André Joly (in : Pour une théorie générale de la personne, Faits de langues, n°3, Mars 1994) nous fait un compte rendu objectif de ces deux théories de la personne en mettant en évidence les limites de la théorie relative de Benveniste qui relève, selon lui, d'un côté, d'une mauvaise interprétation de la théorie globale, et de l'autre, de la non prise en compte de la mimésis aristotélicienne dans sa démarche. La théorie globale de la personne constitue le fondement de la théorie du Discours Egolocutif, Allocutif et Délocutif que nous avons présentée dans notre précédent ouvrage publié en 2014 et 2019 sous le format Broché, d'Amazon. Il s'agit, dans ce présent essai, de montrer les fondements logiques de cette théorie que nous avons construite autour de la notion de personne Je/tu/il. Il s'agit donc tordre le cou à la doxa qui veut que les pronoms « je » et « tu » soient des pronoms du discours pragmatique au sens benveniste, et « il », le pronom du récit, selon l'opposition discours/récit bien établie. Deux contextes s'opposent mais s'assimilent dans la mimésis aristotélicienne : le contexte pragmatique (du hic et nunc) et le contexte non pragmatique (coupé du hic et nunc) ; et les pronoms je, tu, il/ elle opèrent dans ces deux contextes en toute liberté, se réinvestissant. Ces pronoms en appellent à leurs alter ego forts : moi, toi, lui/elle. Quelle est la valeur ontologique de ces derniers et quels rapports entretiennent-ils avec leur alter ego faible je, tu, il ? Autant de questions que nous allons aborder dans cet essai qui nous permet de justifier les fondements de notre théorie du discours construite autour des pronoms personnels : je (discours égolocutif), tu (discours allocutif), il (discours délocutif). Les recherches menées par André Joly, notamment dans : « Éléments pour une théorie générale de la personne », Faits de langues, n°3, Mars 1994, nous serviront de support intellectuel et critique.

In the case of languages which make a two-way distinction between demonstrative terms the choice between spatial demonstratives has traditionally been assumed to depend on the referent's physical proximity to the speaker. However, recently this egocentric and speaker-anchored view has been challenged, and the addressee's role in demonstrative reference has been emphasized (Peeters & Özyürek 2016). This paper reports the results of a production study on the use of Hungarian demonstrative determiners. It is argued that though the traditional view cannot be rejected, it is not satisfactory in itself, i.e. besides relative distance from the speaker the establishment or lack of joint attention between speaker and hearer to the referent and the presence or absence of a pointing gesture are also decisive factors.