TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

The primary objectives of this study are to develop two roundabout entry capacity models using a regression-based multiple non-linear regression model (MNLR) and artificial intelligence (AI)-based ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system) model under heterogeneous traffic conditions. ANFIS is the latest technique in the field of AI that integrates both neural networks and fuzzy logic principles in a single framework. Required data have been collected from 27 roundabouts in eight states of India. To assess the significance of these models and select the best model among them, modified rank index is applied in this study. The coefficient of determination (R 2) and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient 'E' values are found to be 0.92, 0.91 and 0.98, 0.98 for the MNLR and ANFIS model, respectively. The ANFIS model is found to be the best model in this study. However, from a practical point of view, the MNLR model is recommended for determining roundabout entry capacity under heterogeneous traffic conditions. Sensitivity analysis reports that critical gap is the prime variable and shares 18.43% for the development of roundabout entry capacity. As compared with the Girabase formula (France), Brilon wu formula (Germany), and HCM 2010 models, the proposed MNLR model is quite reliable under low to medium ranges of traffic volumes. Roundabouts are a specialized form of an un-signalized intersection in which traffic moves in one direction around a central island. Direction of traffic, according to left-hand or right-hand driving rules, depends on the specific country. Roundabouts have been used as an effective intersection control measure to improve safety and operational performance under low to high circulating traffic flow conditions. As compared with other, signa-lized, intersections, roundabouts have several basic advantages, such as speed reduction of vehicles, less delay, pedestrian safety, aesthetics, and reduction of conflict points. A signalized intersection has 32 conflict points, whereas a roundabout with two circulating and entry lanes has 8 and 16 conflict points, respectively. Because of the increase in the use of roundabouts, an assessment regarding operational performance needs to be undertaken. Evaluation of capacity at roundabouts is an important aspect of operational performance that describes the present traffic scenario, level of service, delay, accidents, operational cost, and environmental issues. Under heterogeneous traffic conditions, vehicles of various kinds have varying physical and operational characteristics. In developing countries, driver behavior, vehicular characteristics (size, engine efficiency, and years of usage), and intersection geometric design vary significantly. The vehicle fleet is composed of heavy vehicles (HV), light motor vehicles (LMV), motor cycles/ scooters (MC/S), bicycles (BC) and human-drawn vehicles (HDV). These vehicles share the main carriageway without any physical or marked segregation. When there are vehicles of different types with varying static and dynamic characteristics, follow-the-lane discipline and the follow-the-leader concept become irrelevant. Under constraints of flow and space, small-sized vehicles try to move into the circulating area without following lane discipline. Also, HV forcibly merge into the circulating stream of traffic. These points reflect that the rule of priority is not respected under such a heterogeneous traffic condition. In these circumstances, the study of

Expansive soils undergo high volume change due to cyclic swelling and
shrinkage behavior during the wet and dry seasons. Thus, such problematic soils should be completely avoided or properly treated when encountered as subgrade materials. In the present study, the biomedical waste incinerator ash and lime combination was proposed to stabilize expansive soil. Particle size analysis, Atterberg limits, free-swell, compaction, unconfined compression strength, and California bearing ratio tests were conducted on the natural soil and blended with 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11% biomedical waste incinerator ash (BWIA). The optimum content of BWIA was determined based on the free-swell test results. To further investigate the relative effectiveness of the stabilizer, 2%, and 3% lime were also added to the optimum soil-BWIA mixture and UCS and CBR tests were also conducted. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests for representative stabilized samples were also conducted to examine the changes in microfabrics and structural arrangements due to bonding. The addition of BWIA has a promising effect on the index properties and strength of the expansive soil. The strength of the expansive soil significantly increased when it was blended with the optimum content of BWIA amended by 2% and 3% lime.

INTRODUCTION: Construction is a very vital stage in execution of civil engineering structures of any type, as much important as it is, it must not be trivialised as wrong construction of well-designed civil works may lead to poor safety and as well increase the cost of a specified project. Construction of standard quality roads require a lot of commitment, labour, good planning with good engineering and construction practices. Modern roads are engineered systems designed to spread or carry wheel loads on surface layer systems which are stiff down to the less stiff layers called the sub grade. The subgrade which is an important part of the road structure usually is considered to be a weak layer, since road construction is executed on the soil, different types of soils are met along the stretch of a proposed alignment, however, black cotton soil also known as expansive soils seem to be the most challenging type of soil encountered by engineers due to the presence of montmorrillonite which is a mineral that is highly unstable thus leading to shrinking and swelling of this type of soil on slight change in moisture content of back cotton soil. Since it is not only uneconomical to excavate soils with poor engineering characteristics and replace from borrow sites with soil having better engineering properties but as well constitute environmental hazards, the use of material wastes that would have constituted such environmental hazards to the society through indiscriminate disposal or wrong methods of incineration are put back into the soil to improve the engineering properties such as California Bearing ratio(CBR), Unconfined Compressive strength(UCS), plasticity, liquid limit, maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content(OMC) etc. The improvement of unstable soil is thus called soil stabilization. AIM: This research work is geared towards presenting a literature review on effect of agricultural solid wastes (ASW) on stabilization of expansive soil, putting in place the gap that needs to be bridged with more research on more (ASW). LITERATURE REVIEW ON SOIL STABILIZATION: Rice Husk Ash (RHA)

Planners are now trying to provide greener travel solutions to reduce fiscal, social, and environmental issues. This research, therefore, seeks to find significant reasons for urban transport to enhance the use of alternative transportation modes. This report seeks to establish the connection between influential metrics for urban mobility and regular travel trips from different parts of the world. Deployment of excellent non-motorized transport facilities for Walking and cycling is a good way to encourage the use of bicycles, thereby increasing the physical fitness of end-users. Past studies were thoroughly reviewed and found to be applicable for analysis and application in the real world. Anova's regression analysis is distinguished by a more comprehensive interpretation of the findings. At Rajkamal Intersection, Amravati district, Maharashtra the traffic volume counts were carried out. It is the focus of the transport congestion, which leads to a polluted atmosphere due to prolonged duration at the signals. In this research, it can be seen that with the use of Motorized transport the traffic density & air pollution will increase with time, and with the increase in the use of Non-Motorized transport, the traffic density decreases also the air pollution is at a steady pace. The current study shows the necessity, favourable conditions, and economic benefits of non-motorized sustainable traffic, in the Indian condition.