Time Budget

Two questions about the time budget and leadership behaviour of managers seem to be important but do not receive much attention in current leadership research: which time strategies and instruments constitute different leadership behaviours, and how do these leadership behaviours influence the time exposure of the followers? Since time management is one of the central dimensions of leadership behaviour, these

SECURITY VULNERABILITIES ASSESSMENT OF THE X.509 PROTOCOL BY SYNTAX-BASED ... Yves Turcotte Oded Tal and Scott Knight Thomas Dean ... National Defence Headquarters and Royal Military College ... 7k.s paper describes a methodology for syntax-based ...

Fish serve as hosts to a range of parasites that are taxonomically diverse and that exhibit a wide variety of life cycle strategies. Whereas many of these parasites are passed directly between ultimate hosts, others need to navigate through a series of intermediate hosts before reaching a host in (or on) which they can attain sexual maturity. The realisation that parasites need not have evolved to minimise their impact on hosts to be successful, and in many cases may even have a requirement for their hosts to be eaten by specific predators to ensure transmission, has renewed interest in the evolutionary basis of infection-associated host behaviour. Fishes have proved popular models for the experimental examination of such hypotheses, and parasitic infections have been demonstrated to have consequences for almost every aspect of fish behaviour. Despite a scarcity of knowledge regarding the mechanistic basis of such behaviour changes in most cases, and an even lower understanding of their ecological consequences, there can be little doubt that infection-associated behaviour changes have the potential to impact severely on the ecology of infected fishes. Changes in foraging efficiency, time budget, habitat selection, competitive ability, predator-prey relationships, swimming performance and sexual behaviour and mate choice have all been associated with – and in some cases been shown to be a result of – parasite infections, and are reviewed here in some detail. Since the behavioural consequences of infections are exposed to evolutionary selection pressures in the same way as are other phenotypic traits, few behavioural changes will be evolutionarily neutral and host behaviour changes that facilitate transmission should be expected. Despite this expectation, we have found little conclusive evidence for the Parasite Increased Trophic Transmission (PITT) hypothesis in fishes, though recent studies suggest it is likely to be an important mechanism. Additionally, since the fitness consequences of the many behavioural changes described have rarely been quantified, their evolutionary and ecological significance is effectively unknown. Potential hosts may also change their behaviour in the presence of infective parasite stages, if they adopt tactics to reduce exposure risk. Such `behavioural resistance', which may take the form of habitat avoidance, prey selectivity or avoidance of infected individuals, can be viewed as behavioural change associated with the threat of being parasitised, and so is included here. Actually harbouring infections may also stimulate fishes to perform certain types of simple or complex behaviours aimed at removing parasites, such as substrate scraping or the visitation of cleaning stations, although the efficacy of the latter as a parasite removal strategy is currently subject to a good deal of debate. The effects parasites have on shoaling behaviour of host fish have attracted a good deal of attention from researchers, and we have provided a case study to summarise the current state of knowledge. Parasites have been shown to affect most of the antipredator effects of shoaling (such as vigilance, co-ordinated evasion and predator confusion) and can also impair an individual's foraging ability. It therefore seems unsurprising that, in a number of species avoidance of parasitised individuals has evolved which may explain the occurrence of parasite-assorted shoals in the field. Parasitised fish are found more often in peripheral shoal positions and show a reduced tendency for shoaling in some fish species. Given the array of host behaviours that may be changed, the fitness consequences of shoal membership for parasitised hosts and their parasites are not always easy to predict, yet an understanding of these is important before we can make predictions regarding the ecological impact of infections on host fish populations. Clearly, there remain many gaps in our knowledge regarding the effects of parasites on the behaviour of host fish. We believe that a much greater understanding of the importance of infection-associated behaviour changes in fish could be gained from high quality research in comparatively few areas. We have completed our review by highlighting the key research topics that we believe should attract new research in this field.

Do we save time with our faster transport modes? The answer is, no. The authors answered this question after comparing the average daily per capita transport time-use based on the 1986/87, the 1999/00, and the 2009/10 Hungarian time-budget survey. The average time-use remained between 60 and 65 minutes, same as it was in 1977. During the period studied, the share of the motor/car time-use approximately doubled in the total transport time-use, while the other modes (walking, cycling, and public transports) decreased proportionally. In the same period, there was a wide distribution in the per capita daily transport time-use data influenced by geographical destination choice (in space and time)—and by demographic (age, gender), spatial (county, settlement status), and social (activity, qualification) variables. The paper analysed the effect of the latter explanatory variables on the heterogeneity of the transport time-use. The gender and activity variables can explain motor/car time-us...

Iain Barber1,2*, Daniel Hoare3 & Jens Krause3 1Fish Biology Group, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK; 2Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales Aberystwyth, Wales, UK; 3School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK; *Address ...

The capabilities of modern multifunction/mission Radar can be only fully realized by using new sensor control strategies and the most obvious sensor management imperative is the development of optimal realtime waveform scheduling algorithms. For this purpose, Thales is studying Intelligent Radar Time Resources management for Multi-mission extended air Defence radar used for both Air and Ballistic Missile Defence, based on

Summary The breeding biology, behaviour and diet of the Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides were studied throughout 110 hours of observation from nest-renovation until early in the nestling period, and by analysis of prey remains and pellets, at three nests in the New England region of northern New South Wales in 2006. Supplementary observations and collections of food remains were made

Summary The breeding biology, behaviour and diet of the Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax were studied by 156 hours of observation from nest-renovation to the post-fledging period, and by analysis of prey remains and pellets, at one nest in the New England region of northern New South Wales in 2005. Supplementary observations and collections of food remains were made at three and two other nests, respectively. Egg-laying occurred in June (n = 5 clutches). At one nest, incubation (by both sexes) lasted 43±2 days, the nestling period lasted 90 days to first flight from the nest-tree (with the young venturing to branches in the nest-tree from 78 days), and the post-fledging dependence period lasted 4 months. Sex- roles, parental behaviour and time-budgets in each phase are described and quantified, and juvenile growth and behavioural development are described. Fledgling productivity was 1.2 young per pair (1.8 per successful pair) in 2005 (n = 6 pairs), and 0.8 young per pair per year in...

Stuyck K., Luyten S., Kesteloot C., Meert H. and Peleman K. A geography of gender relations: role patterns in the context of different regional industrial development, Regional Studies. Feminist geographers state that gender relations produce spatial structures and that, in turn, these structures help to maintain these relations. In order to explore this idea, the paper considers the household role

Changes in behaviour have long been used both scientific and clinical assessment of welfare in livestock. The aim of this study was to investigate diurnal time budgets and activity patterns of Thai fighting cocks (Gallus domesticus) before and after fighting. Six mature Thai native cocks were raised and trained for fighting competition at Thammasat University, Rangsit Centre, Pathum Thani Province from 1 April to 31 May 2013. Each cock was kept individually in a 80-cm diameter, bamboo coop in a semi-open barn. The behaviour of cocks was individually recorded using scan and behaviour sampling methods by two trained observers between 06:00 and 18:00 h on the day before and the day after fighting. Fights were conducted during the intermediate day between 07:00 and 09:30 h, within single bouts lasting 22 minutes, with the six subject cocks matched against cocks of similar weight. Both before and after fighting, cocks spent the majority of time alert or resting (>60 %) following by preening (>10 %). In the period after fighting, cocks spent less time alert, drinking, crowing, alarm calling, scratching, raising hackles and wing flapping (P<0.05), and spent more time resting and walking than in the period before fighting (P<0.05). Cocks also tended to spend more time eating (P<0.10) after fighting than before. These results suggest that changes in fighting cocks’ behaviour, such as reduced alertness and frequency of crowing, may be indicative of post-fighting stress.

The capabilities of modern multifunction/mission Radar can be only fully realized by using new sensor control strategies and the most obvious sensor management imperative is the development of optimal realtime waveform scheduling algorithms. For this purpose, Thales is studying Intelligent Radar Time Resources management for Multi-mission extended air Defence radar used for both Air and Ballistic Missile Defence, based on