Ulrich Zwingli

Intenția acestui studiu este de a cerceta cu obiectivitate cauzele reale ale iz-bucnirii Reformei Protestante în Apus și de a descoperi importanța noțiunii de libertate pentru gândirea marilor reformatori, Martin Luther, Jean Calvin și Ulrich Zwingli. Care sunt implicațiile acestui deziderat teologic și social pentru acțiunea revoltătoare și organizatoare a acestora și în ce măsură gândirea teologică și în-treaga cultură a Occidentului este tributară gândirii acestor "noi deschizători de drumuri"? Textul de față încearcă și conturarea unui exercițiu de libertate și ana-lizarea acestui concept în contextul Reformei Protestante, a cauzelor și efectelor acesteia. Cum și în ce fel au putut apărea marii reformatori ai secolului al XVI-lea? Care sunt premisele gândirilor și orientărilor lor și care sunt caracteristicile specifice ale teologiei fiecăruia? Care sunt implicațiile și ce rol a jucat noțiunea de libertate în opera și, mai cu seamă, în activitatea acestora?

This book examines John Calvin’s sense of vocation.

1) It begins with an analysis of thinking on prophecy in early, medieval, and Reformation theology.

2) It finds Calvin within a non-mystical, non-apocalyptic prophetic tradition that focused on scriptural interpretation.

3) It argues Calvin believed his prophetic authority was the same as Isaiah and Jeremiah, and suggests that he may have held himself to be infallible in matters related to Christian doctrine.

4) It argues that starting from about 1555, Calvin began to conceive the idea of encouraging one of the French 'lesser magistrates' (the princes of the blood royal) to rise up in armed conflict against the sitting French king with the aim of taking the throne.

5) Thus, it argues that when that did happen in 1562 when Louis of Condé gathered troops in Orléans and declared their intentions to liberate King Charles IX from the evil councillors surrounding him, this had Calvin's fingerprints on it -- Calvin was to a significant degree responsible for this turn of events.

6) Calvin pursued this plan, I argue, as one of a number of approaches to winning France for the gospel. In this way, the volume explores Calvin's sense of vocation and the impact this had on his political thought.

The fact that both Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin felt compelled to write a refutation of the Schleitheim Articles of 1527, and to do so only seventeen years apart, establishes the importance of these texts, not only for Anabaptism but also for the history of the emerging Reformed tradition. Through a fresh reading of the primary sources, the following essay illumniates for the first time: 1) the steps leading up to Calvin’s ‹Briève Instruction› of 1544 within the larger context of the theology of John Calvin an William Farel; 2) details regarding the anabaptist movement in French-speaking Switzerland, which has not yet been adequately studied; and 3) the context surrounding the publication of the 1543 French Version of the Schleitheim Articles, which is no longer extant.

Η εργασία αυτή πραγματεύεται τις συνέπειες που προκάλεσε το κίνημα της Προτεσταντικής Μεταρρύθμισης στην Ευρώπη. Οι συνέπειες της επηρέασαν όλες τις πτυχές της ζωής των ανθρώπων της εποχής και επιγραμματικά εστιάζονται στους θρησκευτικούς πολέμους, στην Καθολική Μεταρρύθμιση, στην προαγωγή της εκπαίδευσης, στις αλλαγές στη φορολογία και τα δικαστήρια, στην αναμόρφωση του οικογενειακού δικαίου, στην προώθηση του ατομικισμού, στην εναντίωση στην απολυταρχική εξουσία, στη διάσπαση της ενότητας της Ευρώπης και στην ενίσχυση του επιχειρηματικού πνεύματος.

Ενδεικτική Βιβλιογραφία:

1. Serge Berstein, Pierre Milza, Ιστορία της Ευρώπης, Τόμος 1, Εκδόσεις Αλεξάνδρεια, Αθήνα 1997

2. E. Burns, Ευρωπαϊκή Ιστορία Εισαγωγή στην Ιστορία και τον Πολιτισμό της νεότερης Ευρώπης, Τόμος Α’, Εκδόσεις Παρατηρητής, Θεσσαλονίκη 1983

3. MerryE. Wiesner-Hanks, Πρώιμη Νεότερη Ευρώπη 1450-1789, Εκδόσεις Ξιφαράς, Αθήνα 2008

“This thoughtful book by Ismail Kurun builds upon earlier investigations of the religious foundations of modern social and political life. Kurun focuses in particular upon the theological and largely Protestant origins of liberalism. We must thank Kurun for his industry and courage in bringing into print an important work of such scope and circumspection.”
-- Michael A. Gillespie, Professor of Political Science and Philosophy at Duke University, and the author of The Theological Origins of Modernity (University of Chicago Press, 2008)

“The notion that the modern world is primarily a creation of secular Enlightenment thinkers has long been discredited. Yet it is a myth which continues to persist. By making a significant contribution to explaining Christian theology's role in shaping modernity, Ismail Kurun's new book will help readers see the surprising ways in which the modern world has been shaped by Christian thought and practice.”
-- Samuel Gregg, Ph.D., Director of Research, Acton Institute for the Study of Religion and Liberty

“Ismail Kurun’s book fills a gap in the literature on the emergence of liberalism.”
-- Benedikt Koehler, Ph.D., in Economic Affairs

"Kurun … furnishes a robust historical analysis of liberalism’s debt to Protestant theology.”
-- Thomas F. X. Varacalli, PhD, Anglican and Episcopal History

“Schmitt said 'All significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts not only because of their historical development but also because of their systematic structure.' This hypothesis is still controversial: however, Kurun valiantly follows several other major scholars in showing that it cannot be ignored if we want to understand the nature of liberal ideas.”
-- James Alexander, Assis. Prof. of Political Science, Bilkent University

This study recovers the voice of Johannes Oecolampadius (1482-1531) as a major contributor in the history of biblical interpretation.  Jeff Fisher focuses on Oecolampadius’s Hebrews commentary (1534) derived from his theology lectures at the University of Basel in 1529–1530, and compares it with the exegesis of more than twenty-five of the most relevant interpreters from the early church to the Reformation.  He labels Oecolampadius’s reading of Scripture as Christoscopic, demonstrating how it adapted the Alexandrian interpretive notion of Christ as the goal (scopus) of all Scripture.  Fisher shows that when describing the shifts in biblical interpretation at the time of the Reformation, it can no longer be overlooked that Oecolampadius’s approach served as an essential step in the development of the interpretative approaches used by John Calvin and others, and that Oecolampadius remains influential to the way the Bible is interpreted today.

Ulrich Zwingli combatted the radical Anabaptist assertion that the sacrament of baptism belonged only to those who could and do live without sin by developing the Reformed distinction between the external sign of washing with water and the internal washing away of sins. The two go hand in hand, yet they are never identical. He asserted that the Anabaptist expectation of perfectionism as a prerequisite to baptism was not only faulty, it was outright impossible. Zwingli’s understanding of baptism as a covenant sign was then adopted by other Reformed theologians and is the standard position for Reformed churches today, as seen in the Reformed Confessions.

In this paper I aim to sketch a picture of Luther’s constantly auto-altering (Neebe, 1997) ecclesiological doctrine in the period of the Marburger Religionsgespräch (1529), in the attempt to trace back some elements pertaining his Sacramental doctrine. My research hypothesis, as developing in my PhD research topic, is that the co-implication between specific representation models (Ecclesiology, as well as Historiography) and the Eucharist as the Christian way to think the Incarnation — which is the “presentification” of the Divine pro nobis through the Verbum, relating to which the Church is defined as “creatura” — might be a privileged place to investigate the topic of the Confessional identity. My purpose is to undertake a reconstruction of Luther’s heated debate with Zwingli, through the common thread of the rare Zwinglian occurrences of the term (ad)mirabile, the Ciceronian translation of the greek term paradoxon (Paradoxa stoicorum; De finibus bonorum et malorum), adopted by Augustine (Lettieri, 2001) and then by Luther as a technical term to confess the human impossibility to understand the divine inscrutability in the permixtio between elected and rejected. Showing a different reception of the common Augustinian background, in Zwingli’s work such term is systematically adopted to underline some supposedly captious features in Luther’s argumentations regarding the real presence of Christ (Verbum) in the Eucharist (De vera et falsa religione commentarius; Vorarbeiten zur Antwort auf Luthers Schrift Sermon wider die Schwarmgeister; Amica Exegesis, id est: expositio eucharistiae negocii ad Martinum Lutherum). Disclosing some Lutheran theological peculiarities concerning the topic of the outward appearance as well as the topic of the “carnality”, such leitmotiv might be useful to mirror and clarify the idea of a carnal Church, which does not differ from the spiritual Church, being nothing but the unavoidably external, real dimension of the spiritual Church itself.

Baden, 1526 és Bern, 1528.  Két hitvita, amely az 1523-as zürichi-disputa mellett a legnagyobb súllyal nyomta rá bélyegét Svájc reformációjának történetére.  Az első vereséget, a második győzelmet hozott a reformáció számára.  Míg a badeni vereség azzal fenyegetett, hogy Zürichet és Zwinglit kitagadják a svájci konfederációból, addig a berni győzelem megnyerte a reformáció ügyének a legerősebb városállamot az Alpoktól északra, lehetőséget adva a mai francia-svájci területek reformációjának, és így közvetve Kálvin János genfi működésének.
A két vita résztvevői közel ugyanazok voltak, a megvitatott tételek, a felhozott érvek szintúgy.  Mi állhatott, akkor a két vita ellentétes előjelű végkimenetele mögött?  Ilyen nagy súllyal esett volna a latba az első vitán Johannes Eck jelenléte és Zwingli távolmaradása, míg a másodikon éppen fordítva Zwingli volt jelen és Eck nem jelent meg?  Vagy a viták nem voltak többek, mint puszta színjátékok és a végleges döntés meghozatalát nem is befolyásolta a teológusok vitája, hanem a színfalak mögött lezajló politikai játszmák határozták meg azt? Ezen kérdések vizsgálatával foglalkozik ez a tanulmány.

Iconoclasm in the German engravings in XVI century

The role of the religious images, mainly discussed, in the polemic between catholics and protestants, under the historic and theological point of view, has been reflected in some German engravings, representing iconoclasm scenes.
The iconoclastic riots were denounced in some woodcuts from 1522, in the catholic work Von dem grossen lutherischen narren by franciscan Thomas Murner, part of longer contentious with Luther.
The pamphlet, illustrated by Dürer’s pupil, Erhard Schön, shows the moderate position of the Luthern side, where the sacred images are seen as unarmed and subordinate to the man will.
Heinrich Vogtherr’s engravings, trained at the Augsburg school, belong to the most radical Zwingli iconoclasm. These prints recall the historic example of the Iconoclasm in the Old Testament and in that Byzantine in VIII century, led by authority.

Kein Login? 1 Auf Titel klicken 2 Runterscrollen bis „Read text“. - Biographies of the Zurich theologians and scholars: how biography changed on the way to the age of the encyclopaedia -
In 1531, the Reformed Church suffered a double blow when Ulrich Zwingli was killed at the battle at Kappel and Johannes Oekolampad, his colleague in Basel, also died unexpectedly. Their successors commemorated the two reformers by publishing their exchange of letters. Compiled for the same reason, the first account of Zwingli’s life marks the beginning of an upsurge in publishing that transformed Zurich and its "high school" into a centre of Reformation biographical writing. This article is the first to look at the biographies of Zurich clergymen and scholars between the 16th and the 18th centuries from the viewpoint of biography as a literary genre. The focus lies on the largely forgotten social group of the Zurich theologians and local officials closely related to them. The publications of this group were distributed as authorized biographies among likeminded people in the Swiss Confederation and across Europe. By contrast, handwritten compilations of these biographies were intended to serve as encyclopaedic handbooks on the art of government. Thus, the early Zurich biographies bear witness to transformation processes with the underlying aim of both appropriating a literary genre for new purposes and safeguarding the Reformed heritage.
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1531 erlitt die reformierte Kirche einen herben Schlag, als nach dem Tod Ulrich Zwinglis in der Schlacht bei Kappel auch dessen Basler Amtskollege Johannes Oekolampad unvermittelt verstarb. Dem Verlust der beiden Fürsprecher der neuen Lehre begegneten ihre Nachfolger unter anderem mit der Publikation ihres Briefwechsels. Die dafür verfasste erste Biographie Zwinglis markiert den Anfang einer regen Publikationstätigkeit, die Zürich und seine Hohe Schule zu einem Zentrum der reformierten Biographik machte. Der Artikel untersucht erstmals die Biographien der Zürcher Geistlichen und Gelehrten des 16. bis 18. Jahrhunderts in gattungsgeschichtlicher Perspektive. Der Fokus gilt der weitgehend in Vergessenheit geratenen sozialen Gruppe der in Stadt und Landschaft schriftstellerisch tätigen Zürcher Theologen und ihnen nahestehenden Angehörigen des städtischen Regiments. Ihre gedruckten Werke dienten der Verbreitung autorisierter Lebensbeschreibungen unter Gleichgesinnten in der Eidgenossenschaft und in Europa. Handschriftliche Sammlungen waren dagegen auf die enzyklopädische Darstellung Zürcherischen Herrschaftswissens gerichtet. Die frühen Zürcher Biographien zeugen von Transformationsprozessen, die zugleich die Aneignung einer literarischen Gattung und die Erneuerung des reformierten Erbes zum Ziel hatten.

1600 wurde Johann Heinrich Waser  in eine gutbetuchte Zürcher Oberschichtsfamilie hinein geboren. Er wurde denn auch nach einer intensiven Ausbildung Zürcher Bürgermeister. Dabei hat er Zeit seines Lebens alles aufgeschrieben, was ihm wichtig erschien, Privates oder Politisches. Diese Schriften ermöglichen einen Einblick in die Welt der Zürcher Oberschicht von 1613 bis 1969.  (Source: SRF Player).

In this interview Martina Steinhauser and her guest Barbara Schmid are discussing the life of Zurich Mayor Johann Heinrich Waser (1600–1669). First recorded in 2008, it is now available via the online archive of the Swiss Radio Station SRF.

Il complesso tema della causalità secondaria nel XVI secolo si intreccia con l'intervento della Riforma nella discussione su libero arbitrio e predestinazione. Il tema è affrontato dal punto di vista delle Chiese Calvinista e Zwingliana. Ma a queste si aggiungono la spinta della cosiddetta Riforma Radicale (qui è esaminato il rarissimo libretto "Araneus" dell'italiano Celio Secondo Curione) e i tentativi di compromesso da parte di Erasmo da Rotterdam. La Scolastica continua la tradizione tomista e si precisa nella controversistica antiprotestante con Francisco Suarez. Giordano Bruno interviene con un testo minore e non direttamente impegnato nella questione, ma vi trapela la ricerca di soluzioni diverse rispetto a quelle messe a punto dalla teologia ufficiale.

In 1523 the Reformation was well on its way, when Peter Füssli, founder of churchbells and canons, left his native town of Zurich for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On his return he brought back a detailled report of his journey and several keepsakes of the holy land. Most remarkable among them was a rose of Jericho (Anastatica hierochuntica). In the 17th century, a descendant reassembled the memorabilia of Peter‘s life and travels. With his inventory and descriptions he continued  the family‘s tradition of commemorating their ancestor as a most pious and steadfast citizen and true founding father of this town.  –

Über das Buch: Im Rückblick scheint die Reformationsgeschichte schlüssig: Humanistische Kritik trifft populäre Revolte, Luthers öffentliche Anklage wird durch die Möglichkeiten des Buchdrucks zum Fanal, und mit dem Amtsantritt von Zwingli am 1. Januar 1519 beginnt auch in Zürich ein neues Zeitalter. Die Zürcher Reformation lässt sich als zielgerichteter Prozess verstehen, der zur Erneuerung und Eigenständigkeit der Zürcher Kirche führte. Die Ereignisse stellten aber viele Menschen auch vor Entscheidungen, deren Folgen nicht absehbar waren. Diese «kleinen» Geschichten sind ebenfalls Teil des epochalen Umbruchs.
Zum 500-Jahr-Jubiläum der Zürcher Reformation kommen in diesem Buch ungewohnte, wenig bekannte oder gar abweichende Annäherungen an die Reformationsgeschichte zur Sprache. Ausgehend von Bildern, Gegenständen, Schriften oder Bauten werfen sie überraschende und unterhaltsame Querblicke auf eine Geschichte, die uns nur scheinbar vertraut ist.

Mit Beiträgen von Boris Bauer, Roland Böhmer, Sebastian Brändli, Christoph Eggenberger, Rudolf Gamper, Daniel Gutscher, Erika Hebeisen, Jochen Hesse, André Holenstein, Peter Jezler, Hildegard Elisabeth Keller, Urs B. Leu, Michael Mente, Helmut Meyer, Rosa Micus, Peter Niederhäuser, Markus Schär, Barbara Schmid, Regula Schmid, Dölf Wild

Together with his brother Hans, Peter Füssli owned a Zurich foundry that produced churchbells, canons and firearms. He was also a mercenary and took part in the battles of Novara (1513) and Marignano (1515). While Hans has been considered the first follower of reformer Ulrich Zwingli, Peter stuck to the Catholic tradition. Both brothers were writers, as well: Hans Füssli, who corresponded with Heinrich Brennwald, Heinrich Bullinger and Johannes Stumpf, wrote a chronicle and political pamphlets. Peter was the author of an account of his pilgrimage to the holy land (1523) and of a description of the siege of Rhodes (1523). He also wrote an apology of his commitment to Zurich during the battle of Kappel, when Ulrich Zwingli died.