Women in Science

Статья рассматривает персональные, социальные и институциональные связи русско-бразильского психолога Е.В. Антиповой (1892–1974) с ее учителями и коллега-
ми в России и Швейцарии в общем контексте русско-швейцарских научных отношений в XIX–XX вв. В научный оборот вводится новый фактический материал из рос-
сийских, бразильских и швейцарских архивов, позволяющий существенно дополнить и переосмыслить многие эпизоды научной биографии психолога.

Workforce diversity refers to the composition of work units in terms of the cultural or demographic characteristics that are salient and symbolically meaningful in the relationships among group mem- bers. Although generally thought of as the purview of management research, the topic of workforce diversity draws from and is relevant to research from sociology and psychology. In this review, we

The question of how to efficiently and effectively manage ocean resources in a sustainable way has reached the forefront of discussion at an international level, but women's contributions to this process have been underestimated or unrecognized. Inclusive management plays a major role in the effective creation, use and adoption of environmental governance, necessitating efforts to measure, monitor and advance inclusivity. In many Pacific island states, there is a lack of disaggregated data collection and management to assist reliable and liable gender-responsive decision-making by national and regional authorities. This lack of information leads to unquantified female contributions and unexplored potential for women to actively contribute to sustainable ocean management as traditional leaders, researchers or science-based managers and in accordance with traditional customs, cultures and processes. This paper examines the contribution of gender-disaggregated data in both (1) effective management of natural resources and (2) measurement and monitoring of the active involvement of women in ocean management. We seek to shift the question from simply "(How) are oceans used by women?" to "How can we build a clear path towards inclusive oceans management using science?", drawing data mainly from gender and ocean management practices in Pacific Small Island Developing States. This work also seeks to ground in reality the increasing national and international evocations about social equity and avoidance of gender discrimination. Given the existing relationships of Pacific peoples with the ocean and the emerging status of ocean science-based governance, wider integration of science and women in marine management can make an interesting and positive impact in this region.

According to UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) data (2019), <30% of researchers worldwide are women. Long-standing biases and gender stereotypes are discouraging girls and women away from science-related fields. In particular, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) research is traditionally male dominated and women remain underrepresented. As UNESCO has highlighted, both science and gender equality are, however, essential to ensuring sustainable development. To change traditional mindsets, gender equality must be promoted, stereotypes defeated, and girls and women should be encouraged to pursue careers in STEM. Throughout history, the contributions of female researchers to scientific progress have been extremely important. Yet, whereas the extraordinarily talented Nobel laureate Marie Skłodowska-Curie is often mentioned as a role model, it is nowadays well-established that countless women such as Lise Meitner have received less recognition and acknowledgment for their research findings than their male counterparts [so-called Matilda effect (Rossiter, 1993)]. Also, women traditionally publish less than men according to the European Commission She Figures, the ratio of women to men among authors of scientific publications in the EU being on the average one to two (European Union, 2019), and recent surveys are highlighting a further drop in academic submissions from female scientists since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic early 2020. Role models are definitely extremely important to show to younger generations the growing impact of female researchers to science. Therefore, continuing the spirit of the International Day of Women and Girls in Science, Frontiers in Materials is proud to offer this platform to promote the work of female scientists across the breadth of materials science and engineering. This inaugural "Women in Science: Materials" collection (Figure 1) aims to highlight the impact of women researchers working in materials science and engineering. It gathers a selection of original articles with the lead author and/or corresponding author being a woman. A total of 32 contributions (three reviews, one brief research report, and 28 original research articles) present advances in theory, experiment, and methodology with applications to compelling problems, across almost all sections of the journal. The Guest Editorial team hope that this collection of papers will be the foundation of an international network of women researchers working in materials science and engineering, and a starting point for future collaborations and discussions.

La investigación se planteó como objetivo principal analizar las trayectorias académicas de varones y mujeres, observando las diferencias de género que existen. Para ello, el estudio se centra en docentes y en investigadoras e investigadores de las áreas de ciencias, e ingeniería de cinco universidades públicas de distintas regiones del país. Se aplicó una encuesta en línea que contestaron 713 docentes. Adicionalmente se realizaron 29 entrevistas en profundidad y dos grupos focales. Los resultados muestran que las docentes mujeres bordean el 20% del total y que su carrera académica atraviesa dificultades vinculadas a la discriminación sutil, la carga familiar y su autopercepción como mujer-madre que debe ocuparse de varias tareas. En los datos cuantitativos existen diferencias especialmente en las carreras de ingeniería (menos mujeres, menos puestos, más dificultades). Mayores diferencias entre varones y mujeres se expresan en la data cualitativa. Esta información permite conocer mejor los mecanismos de marginación que afectan a las mujeres a lo largo de su carrera académica.

La promoción de la igualdad de género en la investigación y la innovación es uno de los compromisos de la Comisión Europea, que insta a la integración explícita de la perspectiva de género en los proyectos Horizonte 2020. Sin embargo, esta recomendación frecuentemente se entiende y se aplica de una forma insuficiente. Desde el SIMReF, hace años que estamos trabajando para evidenciar la
necesidad y las ventajas de incorporar una visión de género y feminista en todo el proceso de la investigación. Además, continuamente establecemos redes con grupos que tienen líneas de metodología y de género como Copolis. La Unidad de Género de la Universidad de Barcelona nos ha invitado a diseñar e impartir el taller «¿Por qué y cómo llevar a cabo investigación en perspectiva de género?», por lo que nos hemos visto en la necesidad de crear un nuevo material en forma de preguntas para empezar a reflexionar sobre nuestras investigaciones. En este breve artículo, tras una introducción sobre las propuestas de la epistemología, las necesidades y las ventajas de la inclusión de
la perspectiva de género y feminista en la investigación, presentamos las recomendaciones legales al respecto y, para acabar, compartimos unas preguntas de autoevaluación de la investigación elaboradas para el curso.