- High-rise building (Architecture)

Since ancient times, Architecture have always been an environment sensitive field in their design approach which makes it deal with various obstacles present in the nature. The study of local climatic characteristics navigates the building design to a great extent which makes Architecture defining its own styles from one place to other. The hand in hand coordination of design with engineering has helped world witnessing the revolution in building cities across the globe. The approach has also changed from battle to cooperative over a period of time that makes it a more cohesive setting. With the advent of mega structures even engineering and technology are also discovering new horizons of their domain by bringing the reality to the creative ideas of Architects. Wind has been the most important aspects that needs attention while making new age structures of mega million projects reaching sky. The paper discusses various ways the wind and Architecture can together accommodate through ...

One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight sa...

This text examines the history of the skyscraper as a investment instrument and its current form, the typology of the pencil tower and investigates  - within the contemporary capitalist notion of architecture as an asset - possible alternative and novel building programs and typologies that can meaningfully contribute to the city's urban fabric, its ecology and its societal values and showcases design research projects from the 2015 MSD-AAD program at UPenn, putting them in a broader societal context.

In this article, the authors consider the socioecological problems that arise in the construction and operation of high-rise buildings. They study different points of view on high-rise construction and note that the approaches to this problem are very different. They also analyse projects of modern architects and which attempts are made to overcome negative impacts on nature and mankind. The article contains materials of sociological research, confirming the ambivalent attitude of urban population to high-rise buildings. In addition, one of the author's sociological survey reveals the level of environmental preparedness of the university students, studying in the field of "Construction of unique buildings and structures", raising the question of how future specialists are ready to take into account socioecological problems. Conclusion of the authors: the construction of high-rise buildings is associated with huge social and environmental risks, negative impact on the biosphere and human health. This requires deepened skills about sustainable design methods and environmental friendly construction technologies of future specialists. Professor M. Eichner presents in the article his case study project results on implementation of holistic eco-sustainable construction principles for mixed-use high-rise building in the metropolis of Cairo.

This study is concerned with reviewing and analyzing methods used in early design stages to mitigate wind effects on high-rise buildings. In order to mitigate wind effects on structures and specifically high-rise buildings, early stage aerodynamic design decisions are made. Architects try to mitigate the wind effects on buildings by choosing the right form configuration like tapering or setbacks, etc., or by making vital decisions in the early design stage. However, structural engineers utilize the structural system that can best counteract forces acting on the stability of the building. For both architects and engineers there are many tools which can be used in early design including advanced analysis methods, wind tunnel testing and wind studies combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This study reviews general architectural and structural design configurations performed in the early phases of the design process, for achieving structural stability, comfort and cost control. The research methodology depends on the study and analysis of different international building examples, and also by reviewing two local high-rise building cases in Amman, Jordan. The study concludes that there are many architectural aerodynamic configurations for the purpose of mitigating wind loads, which can be used as guidelines in the early design phases.

The performance study of high-rise towers has been attracting attention recently. Powerful analysis methods are used to assess local and global behaviour of tall structures. Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) is one the most powerful methods for accurate estimation of seismic performance of structures.
In this paper, IDA is applied on high-rise towers, specifi cally Tehran telecommunication tower. Three different fi nite element models have been developed. The fi rst model is a two-dimensional fi bre beam element model
on which IDA is applied. The other two models are fi nely meshed three-dimensional elastic and inelastic multiaxial-element-based models, which are used to investigate the validity of the two-dimensional model. Furthermore, the effi ciency of different Intensity Measures and Engineering Demand Parameters is investigated.
The results show that there is a good agreement between the results of two-dimensional and three-dimensional models in linear and nonlinear domains. It is also observed that Sa(T1) is more effi cient than peak ground
acceleration (PGA) as spectral acceleration is a structural specifi c intensity measure in comparison with, which is site-specifi c. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

During the last two decades, environmental awareness has grown in relation to building design, as a means of mitigating environmental problems, such as blatantly high levels of carbon emissions in the atmosphere. It has been found that the majority of these emissions come from buildings, particularly in extreme climates, where thermal comfort is provided by mechanical systems, either for heating or cooling. Moreover, with ongoing population growth, the demand for buildings, especially mega-buildings, is inevitable. In hot and humid climates, adaptive thermal comfort is a challenge to achieve in modern architectural styles without HVAC systems. Despite vernacular architecture having presented very good examples to follow, it is still completely ignored, which is clearly seen in architecture today. Due to the importance of natural ventilation in hot and humid climates as a passive cooling strategy, this paper therefore analyses the integration of two natural ventilation strategies into residential towers in Dubai. The first configuration is a central shaft and the second, a horizontal ceiling duct. The concept of both integrations is aimed at improving cross-ventilation performance – critical in hot and humid climates - in the simulated Test rooms. The results were obtained by modelling a residential tower on Design Builder software. A CFD tool was also used to determine internal air movement speeds in each room. Three periods were chosen for simulation and these were determined according to an analysis of weather data in Dubai. The results demonstrated that natural ventilation performed better in Configuration 2 (ceiling ducts) than in Configuration 1 (a central shaft). Furthermore, internal air movement speeds in Configuration 2 were double those indicated for Configuration 1. The results of Configuration 1 were in fact very similar to those found in the Reference rooms, which proves this Configuration is not feasible in the assumed context. On the other hand, the integration of ceiling ducts (Configuration 2) helped achieve thermal comfort at the beginning of summer, which was not achieved with the integration of a central shaft (Configuration 1). In addition, due to improved internal air speeds, the potential to achieve thermal comfort on humid days in spring or autumn appeared to be much higher in Configuration 2. Therefore, the results conclude that Configuration 2 was successful under the assumed conditions, although the corresponding results were not very significant for Configuration 1.

This study is concerned with reviewing and analyzing methods used in early design stages to mitigate wind effects on high-rise buildings. In order to mitigate wind effects on structures and specifically high-rise buildings, early stage aerodynamic design decisions are made. Architects try to mitigate the wind effects on buildings by choosing the right form configuration like tapering or setbacks, etc., or by making vital decisions in the early design stage. However, structural engineers utilize the structural system that can best counteract forces acting on the stability of the building. For both architects and engineers there are many tools which can be used in early design including advanced analysis methods, wind tunnel testing and wind studies combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This study reviews general architectural and structural design configurations performed in the early phases of the design process, for achieving structural stability, comfort an...

High-rise buildings have entered our lives every single day more with the effect of technological possibilities and needs. In the beginning of the century, this development occurred mostly in America continent with the economical improvements, and many high-rise buildings were constructed to meet the needs. This progress has brought about the problems related to high-rise buildings. One of the most important ones of these problems is the fire effect on high-rise buildings. High-rise buildings should be thoroughly planned in respect to fire safety due to limitation of escape possibilities, difficulty of fire brigade to reach fire and density of human. Fire experiences happening since the beginning of century has influenced the formation of fire safety tactics, codes and standards.
The development of the high-rise buildings in our country has been seen in the last thirty years. Therefore, standards and fire codes about high-rise buildings in our country have not yet attained to a sufficient level.
The aim of the study is to explain fire effect on high-rise buildings and to investigate development and current condition of fire protection in high-rise buildings in our country.
In the first chapter of the study, fire phenomenon is explained and fire-construction relation is considered. After fire classification is made, progress phases of fire and fire-heat relation are explained. The effects of fire on environment, construction, individual and material are examined. Fire safety tactics and active-passive fire safety are explained.
In the second chapter of the study, the effects of fire on high-rise buildings are explained. The development of high-rise buildings in the world and Turkey is explained after the definition of high-rise building is made. Structure and façade systems of high-rise buildings are examined. After the fire safety differences of high-rise buildings are explained, fire safety methods in high-rise buildings are examined with regard to structure, facade and planning.
In the third chapter, the fire statistics of high-rise buildings, published by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association), and examples from the high-rise building fires experienced in the world are examined. On the basis of all these examinations, the samples of high-rise buildings which become intense in Istanbul are evaluated.

"paradossalmente e con abbastanza plauso, non pochi architetti non resistono a trasformare qualche 'cellula di tessuto' (per vocazione, salvo momenti di rottura, opportunità inestimabili di una ricostruzione dell'anonimato) in oggetto singolare, o preteso monumento. Ma non può esserci monumento senza un tessuto compatto e ripetitivo. L'uno e l'altro valgono per il senso delle proporzioni, pietra di paragone dell'Architettura" (A. Siza). Questo volume si occupa proprio del tessuto compatto e ripetitivo della città europea, della regola piuttosto che dell'eccezione, della residenza più che dell'edificio specialistico. La scansione dello spazio urbano in isolati, che fin dall'antichità ha costituito lo strumento più efficace per lo sviluppo degli insediamenti umani, rappresenta oggi un antidoto sia al modello della città diffusa, diseconomica e insostenibile, sia alla crescita della città moderna, dove l'abbondanza di spazio pubblico a disposizione si è scontrata spesso con l'impossibilità di gestirlo in maniera efficace. Ma progettare l'isolato della città compatta vuol dire anche – e sempre più nei prossimi anni – lavorare sulla sostituzione, sul completamento, sulla trasformazione di manufatti dismessi, sulla densificazione e sull'innesto di nuovi frammenti nell'esistente, tutte pratiche che sono alla base dei processi di rigenerazione urbana. Dopo vent'anni di dissennato consumo di suolo la città europea torna oggi a trasformarsi prevalentemente crescendo su se stessa, riusando le proprie strutture, reinventandone gli spazi e gli usi.

One of the evocative structural design solutions for sustainable tall buildings is embraced by the diagrid (diagonal grid) structural scheme. Diagrid, with a perimeter structural configuration characterized by a
narrow grid of diagonal members involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance, has emerged as a new design trend for tall-shaped complex structures, and is becoming increasingly popular due to aesthetics and structural performance. Since it requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame, it provides for a more sustainable structure. This study focuses on the structural performance of a steel tall building, using FEM nonlinear analyses. Numerical comparisons between a traditional outrigger system and different diagrid
configurations (with three different diagrid inclinations) are presented for a building of 40 stories, with a total height of 160m, and a footprint of 36m x 36m. The sustainability of the building (in terms of structural steel weight saving) is assessed, together with the structural behavior.

In Bahrain as everywhere else, there is a widespread perception against the increasing tendencies towards creating high rise housing. This paper highlights various architectural attributes which influence such perceptions in Bahrain and proposes improvements to make them more acceptable. There are three main objectives of this research. Firstly, it is to study how different groups of people in Bahrain perceive vertical housing differently. Secondly, it is to determine the preferences and grievances of people with regard to high rise dwelling. Finally, it is to find ways to design better vertical housing systems based on perceptions within the community itself. The research presents outcomes of interviews with people, aimed at finding out people’s perceptions, preferences, grievances and expectations of high rise dwelling. Through this research, it has been found that, although most people living in apartments, complain of privacy issues and lack of space, they find vertical housing to be more convenient and affordable. Moreover, the younger generations are found to be more accepting of the idea of vertical housing in Bahrain.

In Bahrain as everywhere else, there is a widespread perception against the increasing tendencies towards creating high rise housing. This paper highlights various architectural attributes which influence such perceptions in Bahrain and proposes improvements to make them more acceptable. There are three main objectives of this research. Firstly, it is to study how different groups of people in Bahrain perceive vertical housing differently. Secondly, it is to determine the preferences and grievances of people with regard to high rise dwelling. Finally, it is to find ways to design better vertical housing systems based on perceptions within the community itself. The research presents outcomes of interviews with people, aimed at finding out people’s perceptions, preferences, grievances and expectations of high rise dwelling. Through this research, it has been found that, although most people living in apartments, complain of privacy issues and lack of space, they find vertical housing to be more convenient and affordable. Moreover, the younger generations are found to be more accepting of the idea of vertical housing in Bahrain.

In the last decades, several studies have revealed how critical the urban heat island (UHI) effect can be in cities located in cold climates, such as the Canadian one. Meanwhile, many researchers have looked at the impact of the city design over the urban microclimate, and have raised concerns about the development of too dense cities. Under the effect of the " Places to Growth " plan, the city of Toronto is experiencing one of the highest rates of building development in North America. Over 48,000 and 33,000 new home permits were issued in 2012 and 2013 respectively, and at the beginning of 2015, almost 500 high-rise proposals across the Greater Toronto Area were released. In this context, it is important to investigate how new constructions will affect the urban microclimate, and to propose strategies to mitigate possible UHI effects. Using the software ENVI-met, microclimate simulations for the Church-Yonge corridor both in the current situation and with the new constructions are reported in this paper. The outdoor air temperature and the wind speed are the parameters used to assess the outdoor microclimate changes. The results show that the new constructions could increase the wind speed around the buildings. However, high-rise buildings will somewhat reduce the air temperature during daytime , as they will create large shadow areas, with lower average mean radiant temperature.

Abstract:
The Topological City is a design concept for a three-dimensional city in China. To accommodate future populations, cities need to be dense, diverse and ecological. Minimising the physical dimension reduces the consumption of material and energy and the destruction of ecological and agricultural landscapes. Mixed-use cities reduce the time, energy and congestion of travel. The integration of natural systems improves environmental quality and supports biodiversity.

Ultimately however, the quality and functionality of contemporary urban life relies on dynamics of economic, social and intellectual interaction. The design form of a city must facilitate exchange between heterogeneous and changing programs while minimising energy and maximising habitat. High-rise construction is the dominant morphology of modern cities. Generated by an extrusion from the ground toward the sky, high-rise adds significant density but results in circulatory dead ends, structural inefficiency and habitat disconnectedness. High-rise is not interactive, energy efficient, or ecological.

The Topological City proposes an alternate configuration of the urban environment. Drawing on the theory of place and connection known as 'topology', it constructs a three-dimensional network of vertical and horizontal towers, connected and activated by circulation. The Topological City is dense, diverse, ecological and interactive, suggesting a potential new direction for sustainable urban form.

ABSTRACT   

Site sensitivity is one of the key factors in addressing issues pertaining to Sustainable Landscapes. Of special relevance is site sensitivity in residential high rise in an urban context due to a rapid demographic shift from rural areas, a current trend in Tier I and Tier II cities in India. Reduced building footprint which maximizes open space ratios within the site seems to favour vertical growth as planning approach towards multi dwelling units in the past decade. Less polluted environments at higher levels, security aided by single point access and privacy of exclusive lifestyle demands also tip the scale in support of vertical habitats. However, aesthetics of architectural visual grammar in present day milieu appear to be predominantly governed by expression of modern materials, encouraged by universal acceptance of contemporary style as the international language; irrespective of the physical, environmental and cultural context of the site. This paper aims to discuss and debate the notion of aesthetics in Sustainable landscapes in general and site sensitivity in particular, the holistic integration of the same within the ideation of the built environment.
Aesthetics of site sensitivity will be dealt with under subtopics of detailed analytics of preliminary site studies, factorial approach to assessment of comprehensive design methodologies addressing natural topography and integrating existing site features, visual perception of human and generic scale within vertical built environments, relevance of cultural landscapes, conservation of green cover and adherence to local bye laws. This paper will also attempt to review the architectural aesthetics of specific examples of multi dwelling residential high rise projects which have made a conscious effort to address site sensitivity through design delineation process inclusive of tangible and intangible benefits, commercial viability and  integrated marketing solutions and the relevance of the same in design pedagogy.
Keywords: Site sensitivity matrix, Vertical neighbourhods, Design methodology, Integrated marketing, Design pedagogy

West European cities like London, Paris, Rotterdam and Frankfurt am Main have seen impressive high-rise developments over the past two decades. The cities with a longstanding tradition of urban management, building regulations and zoning plans seem to feel the need for additional instruments to control the development of what is described by McNeill (2005) as "an extremely complex spatial phenomenon". It was only after the emergence of a new type of high building development in the inner cities and suburban centres in the early 1990s that the image of high buildings started to change for the better, not just in the Netherlands but also throughout much of Europe. Even now, high buildings evoke emotions and provoke controversies. This has led them to develop policies for regulating the planning and construction of tall buildings, high-rise buildings and skyscrapers within their territory.

This article presents a systematic approach for analysing the visual impact of high building development on a city and its surrounding region, using Rotterdam as a case study. This work is based on a previous analysis that included aspects such as architectural height, year of completion, location and functional use of high buildings in the city. It allowed us to compare the actual high building development with the urban policies in place. The showcase city of Rotterdam demonstrates that a considerable distance exists between policy and reality. The city struggles to deliver a consistent and integrated policy for high-rise urban areas, although the high building developments themselves seem to be ruled by a remarkable internal logic that is not fully recognised in policymaking. By studying the height and completion year, identifying the tall building cluster as it is perceived visually, and by conducting a GISc-based visibility analysis, it provides a context to tall building designs, making the assessment of individual projects more transparant and balanced, and removing some of the emotional elements that often enter into the discussions.

The following stage play features a fictional conversation between people of radically different cultural and social backgrounds on the question of living together in the collective high-rise housing of Paris’s banlieues. Its object is Les Espaces d’Abraxas (hereafter: Abraxas), a monumental neo-historic housing complex of about 600 apartments realized between 1978 and 1983 in the new town Marne-la-Vallée by the Catalan architect Ricardo Bofill and his office Taller de Arquitectura. Publicized as one of the first visible manifestations of postmodernism in France1 and subsequently used as a backdrop for several dystopian Hollywood movies—Brazil (1984), The Hunger Games (2015)— the associations related to this building range from a penal colony to a surreal dream. The main subject of this conversation, however, is not the building and its spectacular façade, but the transformation of collective housing during the social and political upheavals that occurred in France and other northern European countries after thirty years of welfare state provision came to an end.

Apart from being a postmodern icon, Abraxas is also an exemplary case of the consequences of the debt crisis that ensued in France after the neoliberal reforms of 1977. Its accelerated decline in less than a decade resulted from the mortgage credits with which it was marketed: their flexible interest rates led to the bankruptcy of Abraxas’s housing company in 1985. On the other hand, the building complex conveys intentions of welfare state policies of social redis- tribution and was built by procedures that emerged out of the logic of Fordist production. Its eclectic pillared façade made out of prefabricated concrete panels originates in the mass housing pro- duction of the postwar boom years; and its seemingly excessive monumentality can be traced back to the ambition of the Parisian new town planners of the 1960s to structure the Paris region with modern, thriving centralities that were to fulfill not only a right to housing, but also a the “right to the city. 

This play confronts the memories of Abraxas’s first generation of inhabitants—which I collected in narrative biographic interviews during a six-month stay in the building in 2012—with the cultural discourse that constructed it and which permeates its social spaces. Taking the lived experience of the inhabitants as a starting point and situating the discussion inside the building changes the viewpoint from which the narrative of the demise of the social housing high- rise is usually told. The resulting polylogue of testimony and stories as well as excerpts from publications explores the emancipatory potential of discourse, which occurs at the moment when this dis- course opens up towards what, for the sake of its functioning, has to be kept outside. Torn out of context, oral statements and fragments of sentences can lose their original meaning, but their reassembly creates new relations between otherwise often incommensurable registers of speech. I have left temporal incongruencies intention- ally unresolved: discursive utterings, which extend over a time span  of fifty years, remain in the present tense whereas the memories of inhabitants recalling in 2012 their experience of the 1980s and 1990s are narrated in the past tense. Finally, my own voice as an author is transmitted in the stage directions that transform Abraxas and the new town center of Mont d’Est into a stage set and thereby into a central agent of this piece. “Architecture,” then, becomes an instance that occurs in specific settings and exists only within the simultaneous entanglement of practice and representation within which it makes sense.

Windows are one of the weakest building components concerning high thermal losses. Traditional windows cannot adapt to external and internal environmental conditions. On the other hand, smart windows such as electrochromic (EC) windows do not emit greenhouse gases and adapt to environmental conditions and increase indoor environmental quality. The combination of EC windows and building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) is called photovoltachromic (PVC) windows. This paper aims to find optimal window to wall ratio (WWR) ranges of PVC windows in a high-rise office building model in four different cities in Iran. This paper uses several simulations to find the optimal WWR ranges of PVC windows using Radiance and EnergyPlus. First, the minimum acceptable WWR value in each climate condition was identified using several simulations without any optimization tools. Afterward, traditional windows were replaced with EC windows and results indicated that energy consumption of the building reduced up to 15.94%. In the next stage, BIPV was combined with EC windows, and results indicated that BIPV reduced energy consumption of the building up to 7.55%. Finally, simulation results showed that PVC windows reduced energy consumption of the building up to 16.31% in Kermanshah, 19.69% in Tehran, 18.59% in Yazd and 17.36% in Bandar Abbas. Also, the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in Kermanshah was 80-90%, while it was 70-80% in Tehran, Yazd and Bandar Abbas. Simulation results indicated that cooling degree days (CDD) of the site, where buildings were located, effected on the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in high-rise office buildings. An analytical approach was used to validate simulation results, and it showed that simulation results had 1.60-6.22% error.

In der Hochhaus-Studie wird ein endloser Zopf geflochten aus episodischen Beobachtungen, vorwiegend aus Frankreich stammen Theorieanleihen und ersten Ansätzen einer Soziologie der Kritik. Dieses Geflecht sollte auch in der Zukunft ein Stilmerkmal Potthastschen Denkens bleiben, ein Designmerkmal seiner Erzählarchitektur gewissermaßen.
In einer „Laborstudie“ der besonderen Art werden Beobachtungsepisoden zusammengetragen über das, was Architekten und Planer tun, wenn sie dem alltäglichen Geschäft des Designs in einem Hochhausprojekt nachgehen. Das Besondere dabei ist zum einen, dass eine ethnografisch angeleitete Methodik des „über die Schultern Schauens“ oder „Beschattens“, wie sie aus vielen Untersuchungen von Wissenschaftlern im Labor bekannt war, auf den außerwissenschaftlichen Kontext von Designpraktiken im Architektur-Studio übertragen wurde (vgl. Guggenheim in diesem Band). Zum anderen war diese Methodik, im Zuge einer „Heimkehr der Ethnologie“ nach Europa, in ein Studying-up zu verwandeln: in der zu betrachtende fremde Kultur stand der soziologisch-ethnografische Novize nicht mehr oder weniger hilflosen Stammesmitgliedern, sondern in vielfältiger Weise überlegenen architektonisch-urbanistischen Profis gegenüber.
Die theoretischen Anleihen kommen zumeist aus einer Auseinandersetzung mit einer damals wenig beachteten französischen Literatur, gerade im Augenblick eines beginnenden Siegeszuzugs von durchaus revolutionären und höchst irritierenden Überlegungen im Bereich der Science and technology studies (STS) um Bruno Latour und andere. Beginnend bei den Anfängen einer neuen Ethnologie um Claude Lévi-Strauss und Pierre Bourdieu werden regelmäßig Überlegungen aus dem Schriften von Bruno Latour, Luc Boltanski, Laurent Thévenot oder Michel De Certeau und deren Freunden in der STS-Forschung wie John Law oder Karin Knorr-Cetina aufgerufen – Überlegungen, die gelernten Soziologen noch einigermaßen fremd waren.
Kritik bleibt weitgehend mittelbar, in der Form von Überlegungen zu einer Soziologie der Kritik, vorgetragen. Getreu einem ethnografischen Ethos bleiben kritische Äußerungen zu zentralen Fragestellungen der Stadtsoziologie zurückgenommen und verhalten: Statt Hochhaus gut/Hochhaus schlecht zu sagen, werden die Experten des Feldes selbst belauscht. Man möchte sagen: Sollen sie, die Architekten und Planer, sich doch erst einmal selber kritisieren.

This study is concerned with reviewing and analyzing methods used in early design stages to mitigate wind effects on high-rise buildings. In order to mitigate wind effects on structures and specifically high-rise buildings, early stage aerodynamic design decisions are made. Architects try to mitigate the wind effects on buildings by choosing the right form configuration like tapering or setbacks, etc., or by making vital decisions in the early design stage. However, structural engineers utilize the structural system that can best counteract forces acting on the stability of the building. For both architects and engineers there are many tools which can be used in early design including advanced analysis methods, wind tunnel testing and wind studies combined with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. This study reviews general architectural and structural design configurations performed in the early phases of the design process, for achieving structural stability, comfort an...

House is the spatial correspondence of accommodation scope which is one of the basic requirem ents of the mankind. Together with advancement in technology, there have been differentiations in both house construction processes and formal search of houses. Constructions with high-rise have been a specific representation of prestige beyond the fact of being a living space. This fact has caused different searches to be made in formation of high-rise housing designs. The main unchanged matter in house designs is; house unit describing the functional construction and dimensions in parallel with requirements of the user. Under the scope of this study, the goal is to determine the principles providing formation and transformation of house units at different dimensions and shapes depending on the functional properties and under the frame of algorithmic design approach to develop a computer aided and rule based model to form unique formal alternatives. In parallel with this goal the method of the study has been mentioned as to determine data which affect formation of design of high-rise housing and to describe a design algorithm which shall produce new spatial alternatives in computer media. Formation rules which shall regulate the design algorithm have been determined by describing functional structure and dimensions of the house. It has been aimed to develop a model which is able to produce many high-rise housing alternatives in computer medium via rule based algorithm which has been designed under the scope of the study. This model m eans an approach to be used in developing formal alternatives which shall assist the designer during the conceptual design. As a result, it has been expected from the developed m odel to assist architects during both in producing alternatives and in decision making process.

The character of height and density of newly high-rise cities, along with the force of globalization, have jeopardized the character of dwellings once entailing a regional flavor. The critical regionalism which serves as a resistant medium against placelessness and lack of identity in the International Style has focused more on mid-rise or low-rise solutions rather than providing direct high-rise resolutions. Additionally, high-rise endeavors are not compatible with critical regionalism theories. This has happened partly due to critical regionalism theories multi-facet character inherent in its dialectic structure. Thus, to remedy the inadvertency of texts in the discourse of architectural regionalism, the present study seeks rethinking of critical regionalism by focusing on the pathology of high-rise buildings in the issues pertaining to place and identity. Finally, the architectonic articulation to place-making and identity-giving is discussed.