geschichte der Siebenburger Sachsen

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

Documents showing the Nazi-engagement of the "Deutsche Volksgruppe in Rumänein" in the year 1944.

This is the fifth series of documents concerning the history of the Nazi "Deutsche Volksgruppe in Rumänien" in the year 1944; the year 1945 will follow.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

This is an excerpt from "Weitere in den "Südostdeutschen Vierteljahresblättern" gefeierte ehemalige NS-Größen der deutschen Minderheit in Rumänien" in the volume "Vom NS-Volkstum- zum Vertriebenenfunktionär. Die Gründungsmitglieder des  Südostdeutschen Kulturwerks München und der Landsmannschaften der Deutschen aus Rumänien, Ungarn und Jugoslawien", by Dr. Johann Böhm and Klaus popa, Peter Lang Edition, Frankfurt am Main, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Warszawa, Wien 2014., 

This chapter presents the propagandistic activity of Heinrich Zillich, a notorious writer of the Third Reich after the Secon World War and the way in which he promoted former leading nazi journalists and literates  stemming from the German minority of interwar Romania.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

Mit der Wahl des Begriffs " Machtmensch " statt " Machtpolitiker " wird auf den einen Schwerpunkt dieser Analyse hingewiesen. Der andere liegt im Komplex des Karrierismus, der unter Bedingungen des NS-Totalitarismus besonders ausgeprägt war und in dessen Sog mancher " Volksdeutscher " aus Rumänien gelangte. Doch Volksgruppenführer Andreas Schmidt veranschaulicht wie kein zweiter, wie verheerend sich die Identifikation des einzelnen mit den NS-Idealen in der Konstellation von Großdeutschem Reich und " Deutscher Volksgruppe in Rumänien " (DViR.) auswirkte. In seiner Person verkörpert sich in radikaler Weise die Volksgruppendoktrin, die ihm persönlich, seinen engsten Anhängern und der Deutschen Volksgruppe in Rumänien die alleinige und absolute Vorherrschaft unter den deutschen " Volksgruppen " des europäischen Südostens gewährleisten und sichern sollte. Letzteres Projekt beruhte auf dem abwegigen Glauben, der Zweite Weltkrieg werde zu Gunsten des Hitlerreiches ausgehen und dass es von dem Dienstleistungsvolumen für die expansionistischen Ziele des NS-Staates abhänge, welchen Stellenwert das siegreiche Großdeutschland/Großgermanien als neue " Ordnungsmacht´ " den jeweiligen Individuen, Interessen-und " Volksgruppen " in seiner Rangordnung einräumen würde.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

Die Auflage lautete, einen Abriss der siebenbürgisch-deutschen Literatur zu verfassen. Nach einigem Besinnen gaben wir uns Rechenschaft, dass ein solches Unterfangen schwerlich zu einem guten Ende zu bringen würde sein, jedenfalls nicht im Rahmen einer so schmalen Arbeit, denn ein halbes Jahrtausend Literatur lässt sich nicht in –zig Seiten zusammenfassen, es sei denn, man lässt sich auf die Gefahr ein, wichtige Teile dieses literarischen Werdegangs der Siebenbürger Sachsen unberücksichtigt zu lassen.

Da kam uns die Idee, unseren Standort, Wien, mit dem gestellten Thema in Verbindung zu bringen: Die siebenbürgisch-österreichischen Literaturbeziehungen könnten der rote Faden der vorliegenden Arbeit werden, und zwar in allen ihren Facetten; es würden die Schriftsteller zu berücksichtigen sein, die, in Siebenbürgen geboren, einen Teil ihres Lebens in Österreich verbracht und da geschrieben haben, dann diejenigen Autoren, die in Wien oder anderorts in Österreich studiert und daselbst wichtige Impulse für ihr Schaffen empfangen haben; umgekehrt, Autoren, die in Österreich geboren und in Siebenbürgen gelebt haben; es werden auch Einflüsse österreichischer Autoren auf siebenbürgische Schriftsteller untersucht und auch solche angeführt werden deren Werke in Wien oder der österreichischen Provinz erschienen sind.

Desgleichen finden Autoren Beachtung, die in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Werke Themen mit Bezügen zu Österreich stellen, z. B. die Novellen, in denen das Ringen um die Vorherrschaft in Siebenbürgen zwischen dem österreichischen Kaiser Ferdinand und dem Fürsten Zápolya geschildert wird. Natürlich hätte solch eine austrozentrierte Darstellung ihre Lücken und Einseitigkeiten, deshalb werden in zusammenfassenden Passagen immer auch Übersichten über das literarische Feld in seiner Gesamtheit aus den entsprechenden Perioden gegeben. Literatur entsteht nicht im leeren Raum, deshalb erschien es nötig, jeweils den sozio-kulturellen Hintergrund zu beleuchten.

In diesem ersten Band wird die Literatur der Siebenbürger Sachsen von ihren Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1890 untersucht werden. In einem nächsten Band wird dann eine Übersicht über die Periode von 1890 bis in die Gegenwart gegeben werden. Weshalb das Jahr 1890 als Einschnitt in der siebenbürgisch-deutschen Literatur gewählt wurde wird an entsprechender Stelle erklärt werden.

Wir haben kein einheitliches Zielpublikum vor Augen, dasselbe ist vielmehr äußerst heterogen, sowohl was das Alter, als auch was nationale und soziale Herkunft anbelangt. Wir möchten gleichermaßen weniger junge Siebenbürger Sachsen erreichen, die sich in Österreich niedergelassen haben, als auch (um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen) die in der alten Heimat verbliebenen jungen Studenten. Andererseits ist die Arbeit nicht ausschließlich für Siebenbürger Sachsen geschrieben worden. So kommt es, dass für einige Manches vielleicht schon bekannt war, während es für Andere vollkommenes Neuland darstellte.
Arbeiten, die teilweise dasselbe Thema zum Gegenstand haben, wurden erst nach Fertigstellung dieses Abrisses eingesehen, und haben unsere Untersuchungen nicht beeinflusst.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

The anniversary of five centuries since the beginning of the Reformation in 1517 provides a good opportunity for some reflections on the history of the reformist movement and of its relations with the Orthodox Church in Central and Southeast Europe. In Transylvania, during the second half of the 16th century, we see the coexistence, in a spirit of tolerance, of five Christian churches and denominations: Orthodox, Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist and Unitarian (Anti-Trinitarian).
The present study is devoted to the confessional relations between the Orthodox Romanians and the Lutheran Saxons in Transylvania, from the conquest of the principality by the Habsburg Empire until the Revolution of 1848. These ethnic and confessional relations were influenced by a number of political factors as well as by the social, national, cultural, and conceptual transformations brought about by the Modern Era. Therefore, the investigated period has been divided into two: from the conquest of Transylvania by the Habsburgs until the reforms of Emperor Joseph II
(1688–1781), and from Joseph II to the Revolution of 1848.

The studies of this volume concern Polish-Hungarian and Polish-Transylvanian relations in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the first paper, with reference both to older scholarship and recent research on the history of borderlands, I analyze the character and role of the Polish-Hungarian borderland. I ask how it was influenced by the natural environment and how it shaped mutual relations between the countries on both sides of the Carpathian Mountains.  My conclusion is that this borderland was quite stable politically (despite the proximity to the turbulent Habsburg-Ottoman border) and remained a region of exchange, connected through numerous social, ethnic and economic ties. The western part of the borderland was a more easily accessible area (with more convenient mountain passes), cultivated and colonized earlier than the Eastern Carpathians. It influenced the number of trade routes and intensity of exchange. A special role was played by the Szepes (Spiš) region, which receives less attention here only due to the general character of the paper and many recent historical studies.
Three papers refer to two remarkable figures in Polish-Hungarian/Polish-Transylvanian relations in the early modern period: John Sigismund Zapolya (Szapolyai, 1540-1571), first Prince of Transylvania, and Stephen Báthory, his successor as a Prince of Transylvania, then King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576-1586). I examine the way in which they were perceived by contemporaries. In the case of John Sigismund Zapolya, I describe how the image of the ruler, who died young, was shaped by his followers in the first years after his death, that is, in the 1570s and 1580s, and how the commemoration served the emerging political identity of Transylvania in the context of close Polish-Transylvanian ties during the reign of Báthory. An essential factor was the religious (Protestant, especially Unitarian) motivation of the apologists. This was accompanied by their religious and political goals together with moral issues (e.g. the commonly used notions of fortune and loss through which the reign of John Sigismund was interpreted). The paper is based on a survey of historiographical and literary works mainly by Christian Schesaeus (neolatin epic historiography), András Valkai (popular historiographical poems in Hungarian), Demeter Csanádi, Jan Gruszczyński (moralistic, commemorative texts) and Johannes Sommer with references to other authors as well.
Subsequently, in a paper on King Stephen Báthory I show the contemporary polemics on his rule, in particular the controversies that arose in the years 1584-1585 and in the first years after the king’s death. In this period, Báthory was faced with serious criticism due to his harsh conflict with the Zborowski family. I argue here mainly with evidence of contemporary political journalism. The fact of the foreign origin of the king and his support for Hungarian compatriots in Poland-Lithuania was also raised, just as in the first years following Báthory’s death in 1586. This image changed only gradually later. In the next paper I show this process, using the example of literary texts known as “kings’ catalogues” (icones, imagines), which shaped popular historical knowledge until the 18th century. It was much because of this sort of text why the representation of the king evolved to result in an image of a brave and wise ruler, almost overwhelming in the Polish historical memory of the subsequent centuries. This image also contained stereotypes of Hungarians (appearance, character), partly derived from the ‘Hunnic’ tradition and the parallel between Báthory and Attila. Decisive was the impact of contemporary events, primarily the Polish-Muscovite wars of the 17th century.
To sum up, the papers contribute to a more nuanced history of the Polish-Hungarian relations and stereotypes, but refer to more general questions about the commemoration of a ruler (Herrschermemoria) in early modern Europe.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

The history of the Transylvanian Saxons and of their National Evangelic-
Lutheran Church from Transylvania is as a general rule less known in the Romanian historiography and in the cultural spheres from Romania. This is due to the fact that few historians, theologians and other scholars whether Romanians, whether Saxons have focused within their studies and volumes published in Romanian on the historical evolution of this numerically reduced Germanophone community from Transylvania. The present paper describes the life and the work of the superintendent Georg Paul Binder and also his interferences with the ecclesiatical and political leaders of the Transylvanian Romanians. Within the appendix of this material there is briefly copied the description of the G. P. Binder personal fund found in the collection of the
Sibiu County Direction of the Romanian National Archives.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East-Europe is an encyclopaedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in south-eastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 and beyond.

In the 18 th c., the imperial portrait was an important instrument of propaganda, not only as painting of different dimensions, but also as a medal. Sometimes imperial medals were Mounted in a necklace, the medals were used also as a sign of an official dignity. Among them, of a particular importance are the coronation medals, because they were conferred to the most appreciated high officials, usually just at the occasion of their presence at the coronation ceremony, but maybe also when they came to Vienna to pay homage to their sovereign. Aiming not only to express loyalty towards the Imperial and Royal House in the most obvious way, but also as a sign of the highest favour, they were sometimes depicted in the portraits of the representatives of the Transylvanian elites. To be remembered by their fellow citizens for their loyalty towards the Crown, the heads of the Transylvanian Saxon delegations sent to Vienna to pay homage to the new monarchs used to order portraits ďapparat, whose inscriptions mention these events, as well as the names of the donors.

This bio-bibliographical dictionary of the "völkisch" and nationalsocialist personalities of the Germans of South-East Europe  is an encyclopedia containing bio-bibliographical data of scientists, men of letters, journalists and politicians of German populist (völkisch) and nationalsocialist  orientation within the then German "Reich" and within the so called "Volksgruppen" in southeastern Europe (Slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania) until 1945 ans beyond.