ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No.

1, July 2010

Performance of quadrilateral relay on EHV transmission line protection during various faults
Harikrishna M
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India Email: harigpee@iitr.ernet.in
AbstractDistance relays have many characteristics such as Impedance, lenticular, Offset Mho, Mho and Quadrilateral characteristics. Quadrilateral characteristics provide highly suitable protection for Transmission line as compared to other characteristics. Quadrilateral relay provides flexible protection during high fault resistance of ground and phase faults. This is advantageous for protection of phase-to-earth faults on short lines, lines without earth wires, non-effectively earthed systems and feeders with extremely high tower footing resistance. This also provides fault impedance coverage for both phase to phase and phase to ground faults without effecting load encroachment. I explained factors impacting performance of Quadrilateral relay focusing on accuracy and speed of operation. In this paper Quadrilateral relay system and Bergeron model type transmission line are designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC analysis software to study the different type of fault at various fault resistances. A Fast Fourier technique is used to generate apparent impedance. The simulation result shows Quadrilateral relay are highly suitable for protection of extra high voltage transmission line during resistance faults. This scheme improves the sensitivity, and reliability. Index Terms Distance Protection, EHV Transmission line, High Resistance faults, PSCAD/EMTDC

A major objective of an electricity supply authority is to maintain continuity of supply to its customers. This is achieved by installing protection equipment capable of high speed, selective isolation of faulted sections of the power system. Rapid clearance minimizes the effect of system disturbance and provides maximum safety to the equipment and to people in the vicinity of the fault. Distance protection systems are used in most countries of the world for the protection of high voltage transmission lines. When a fault occurs on a transmission line, it is necessary to establish the location of the fault in order to trip circuitbreakers at each end of the faulted line section, and thus isolate that section from the power system. In this approach Quadrilateral characteristic has developed using PSCAD/EMTDC in order to avoid the undesirable effect of the fault resistance that causes an incorrect relay operation [3]. A. The European Disturbance According to the final report on the November 4, 2006 European disturbance, it was the result of a sequence of events that started after a scheduled manual disconnection of the double-circuit 380 KV Conneforde-Diele line (E.ON Netz). The N-1 criterion used in Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) was not fulfilled in the E.ON Netz grid and on some of its interconnections with the neighboring Transmission system operator(TSO)s. As a result of the switching, the power flow in some parts reached levels close to the established limits. The critical line was the 380 KV Landesbergen (E.ON Netz)-Wehrendorf (RWE TSO) line. Established limits was so close to the protection settings at the Wehrendorf substation (RWE TSO), that even a relatively small power flow deviation triggered the cascade of line tripping due to protection relay operation. Simultaneously, the current increased by 67A and the line was automatically tripped by the distance relays in the Wehrendorf substation due to overloading. As a result of the Wehrendorf relays operation, dynamic loading and out-of-step conditions led to the tripping of another thirty 400, 380 and 220 kV lines within a period of about 1 second [4]. B. The North American Blackout The largest North American blackout occurred on 14 August, 2003. It resulted in the loss of more than 70,000 MW of electrical load in some areas are Ohio, 1

I. INTRODUCTION An electrical power system consists of generators, transformers, and transmission and distribution lines. The system is designed and managed to deliver this energy to the utilization points to with both reliability and economy. If short circuit persists on a system for longer period, it causes damage to the important sections of power system. The short circuit has to be clear with in fraction of seconds. The quadrilateral characteristic is best suited for the protection of EHV/UHV transmission lines as it has the valuable property of possessing the least tendency for mal-operation due fault resistance. Its characteristics can be designed to just enclose the fault area of the line to be protected [1]. The recent trend of protective relay in power system protection is to detect the fault and send the trip signal to circuit breaker to isolate abnormal condition and protect the faulted section by considering important factors are selectivity, dependability, security [2].

2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.ijcsi.01.01.01

ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010 Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec .It is estimated that about 50 million people were affected. There are some reasons beyond this wide area block out 1. The loss of the 345 kV Sammis-Star line in Ohio, following the loss of other transmission lines and weak voltages within Ohio triggered many subsequent line trips. 2. Many of the transmission lines that tripped during this block out operated on Zone 3 impedance relays, which responded to overloads rather than faults on the protected facilities. Low voltage levels, combined with high load currents, and in some cases very high reactive flows resulted in the tripping of time delayed distance elements. The final sequence of events list showed that the trip of the 345 kV Sammis-Star transmission line was followed by the cascading failure of the electric power systems in parts of eight US states and two Canadian provinces. It included the trip of over 500 generating units and over 400 transmission lines and was completed in the next eight minutes. Most of the events actually occurred in the final 12 seconds of the cascade. The blackout was complete 2.5 minutes later It is clear that the operating time of the relay is not the only factor to be considered while selecting a distance protection for real-world transmission line applications .The setting of distance relays should ensure that they are not going to operate when not required (security) and will operate to trip when necessary (dependability). II. QUADRILATERAL RELAY ALGORITHM Before the advancement of comparator and microprocessors, most relays were based on a balanced beam structure or induction cup unit, which generate only continuous characteristics such as a circle or a straight line. Since quadrilateral characteristics are discontinuous its characteristics cannot generate by electro mechanical relays devices. With this type of characteristic, the tripping area can be arranged closely to enclose the desired tripping area. The ability to detect significant resistance associated with the restriction is important. With the ability to closely enclose the desired trip area results in a more secure application. Quadrilateral elements with plain reactance reach lines can introduce reach error problems for resistive earth faults where the angle of total fault current differs from the angle of the current measured by the relay. This will be the case where the local and remote source voltage vectors are phase shifted with respect to each other due to pre-fault power flow. This phase difference can be overcome by using a phase current for polarization of the reactance reach line. Polygonal impedance characteristics are highly flexible 2 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.ijcsi.01.01.01 in terms of fault impedance coverage for both phase and earth faults [5]. A.Zone Protection Throughout all transmission lines there will be three protection zones which are used to protect a line section and to provide backup for the remote section. These zones and typical settings are illustrated in Fig. 1 which shows zones at several locations [5]. Zone 1 is set for 80 to 90% of the line impedance GH operate instantaneous to ensure that there is no risk in the Zone 1 protection due to errors in the current and voltage transformers, inaccuracies in

line impedance data provided for setting purposes and errors of relay setting and measurement. Zone 2 is adjusted for 100% of the line GH, plus approximately 50% of the adjacent line HJ which operates through a timer T2.Zone 3 is Offset zone protection, 100% of transmission line GH as well as 120% of adjacent second line is protects by Zone 3 in forward direction which operates through a timer T 3 (T3>T2). Zone3

Figure 2. Quadrilateral Function Algorithm.

protection provides reverse reach, typically 20% of the protected line section in addition to its forward reach. This provides time delayed local back up protection for bus bar faults and close up to three phase faults not cleared by other protections [6]. B.Function and algorithm Distance relays generally requires fourteen input signals, namely, harmonic magnitude and phase of three voltages and currents signals each, zero sequence magnitude and phase current to obtain phase

ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010 quantities. In this work all the 14 signals are obtain from simultaneously taken samples of 6 signals namely three phase to ground voltages and three phase currents [7]. Ground impedance seen at relay point is calculated as ZPG=Vphase/ (Iphase+K.i0) Where K= (Z0-Z1)/Z1 (1) (2) modelled by using Bergeron model in PSCAD/EMTDC represents the L and C elements of a PI section in a distributed manner except that the resistance is lumped 1/2 in the middle of the line, 1/4 at each end. The transmission line contains total length of 300km and each section length of 100km. Base nominal base frequancy is 50Hz. The amplitude and phase errors of C.T. and P.T.are relatively small compared with effect of reactance of transmission line and may therefore be neglected. Transmission line parameters are specifyed in Appendix.A. Individual quadrilateral relay system are arranged separately to operate each circuit breaker. Although each section is set up with individual circuit breakers, for analysis purpose two circuit breakers are operated by quadrilateral relay system and remaining breakers are controlled manually during simulation process. Simulation run is duration of 0.5s. Voltage and Current signals reaches steady state condition with in initial duration of 0.06s. Simulation
TABLE I. Settings of Zones of protection

K=Degree of compensation, being a ratio of zero to positive sequence impedance of the transmission line that remains constant for all fault locations within the protected line Z0 =Zero-sequence impedance as seen from the location of the relay to the end of the protected zone. Z1 = Positive-sequence impedance as seen from the location of the relay to the end of the protected zone. The phase impedance at the relay point are calculated as ZPP= (Vphase1-Vphase2)/ (Iphase1-Iphase2) (3) ZPG and ZPP seen at relay point for each phase. Quadrilateral relay classified as an 'Impedance Zone Element', which checks a point described by R and X setting values, whether lies inside a specified region on the impedance plane. If a point defined by ZPG and ZPP is inside the specified region, The Quadrilateral relay produces an output 1 otherwise the output will be 0. Implementation of Quadrilateral relay function in PSCAD/EMTDC is shown in algorithm Fig. 2. C. Setting of Quadrilateral characteristics using PSCAD/EMTDC Quadrilateral relay is set to two zones to protect the transmission line. Two zone Quadrilateral characteristics used to protect transmission line are

results are carried out under different fault type, fault locations and fault resistance Chosen values for this study as follows: Total 11 types of fault are used for the simulation study: A-G, B-G, C-G, A-B-G, A-C-G, B-C-G, AB-C-G, A-B, A-C, B-C, and A-B-C. To analyse the secure operation of Quadrilateral characteristics of two zones fault is

Figure 3. Setting of Quadrilateral characteristics using PSCAD/EMTDC.

shown Fig. 3. Zone protection settings are explained Table I [8]. III. SOFTWARE MODEL IN PSCAD/EMTDC AND SIMULATION RESULTS A. Simulation diagram of a three phase transmission line A set of simulation tests was carried to test transmission system model which is joined with Quadrilateral Relay implemented using the PSCAD/EMTDC models. Transmission lines are 3 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.ijcsi.01.01.01

Figure 4. Simulation wave forms during A-B-C-G fault

applied in different locations. Simulation results are carried out for various conditions.

ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010 due to fluctuations in voltage and current at relay point. So, zone 1 is sending trip signal during removing fault. It is also observed that rate of change of active power at relay location is high during removing fault. Simulation waveforms,R-X diagram of Quadrilaeral relay are pictured in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

Figure 5. R-X diagram of Quadrilateral relay1 representing phase and ground impedance trajectory

B. Simulation of A-B-C-G fault A-B-C-G fault applied with fault resistance of 15 ohms at 81km from relay point on transmission line. Fault applied duration of 0.2sec. It is observed that during apperant impedance moving into zone1 slightly. So Quadrilateral relayperforming unsecure operation due o over reaching problem. In order to overcome overreach problem of zone-1 protection against resistance faults, first quadrant reactance line is set to decline with respect to the resistance characteristics. Simulation waveforms,R-X diagram of Quadrilaeral relay are pictured in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. C. Simulation of A-B-G fault A-B-G fault is applied with fault resistance of 38ohms at 151km from relay point on transmission line. Fault applied duration is 0.2sec. Simulation graphs resulting Applied fault is not detecting by Relay because apperant impedance is not entering into zone 1 and zone 2. But while removing fault manually at 0.4 sec, impedance suddenly get into zone 1 and zone 2 due to fluctuations in voltage and current at relay point. A-B-G fault is applied with fault resistance of 38ohms at 151km from relay point on transmission line.

Figure 7. Simulation wave forms during A-B-G fault with fault resistance 38 ohms location at 151km.

In Fig. 8, rate of change of active power during fault is shown by A. B shows rate of change of active power while removing fault. Faults are

Figure 8. Rate of change of Active power

temporary which may vanish any time. During disappearing of fault impedance seen at relay point may enter into enclosed characteristic zone leads to mal operation of protective relay. To overcome this threshold point is set to block operation of relay and algorithm to ensure rate of change of power is shown in Fig. 9. Threshold point can be determined by depending upon parameters of systems and depending upon fault level. D.Algorithm to Detect fault

Figure 6. R-X diagram of Quadrilateral relay1 representing ground impedance trajectory.

Fault applied duration is 0.2sec. Simulation graphs resulting Applied fault is not detecting by Relay because apperant impedance is not entering into zone 1 and zone 2. But while removing fault manually at 0.4 sec, impedance suddenly get into zone 1 and zone 2 4 2010 ACEEE DOI: 01.ijcsi.01.01.01

Figure 9. Algorithum to ensure Rate of change of power

ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010 E.Operating time of Quadrilateral relay Various simulation results are carried out results tabulated in table II. To evaluate the performance of quadrilateral zone 1 and zone 2 characteristicsvarious types of faults applied at location A and location B. where fault location A indicates 80kms away from relay point and fault location Bindicates 150kms away from relay pont. Many results were obtained and the findings of these evaluations are summarized in Table II. Type of faults and fault resistance are listed in columns includes the zone of operation, operating time and secure or insecure for each fault case. In summary Out of 80 manual faults with different fault resistance 64 secure operations( Relay operated in expected zone) 15 unsecure operations (Relay is operated in unexpected zone) and one missing operation.Further research is under progress in protection aspects, Quadrilateral relay can be implemented to protect Parallel Transmission line and 90% of transmission line to zone one protection. Adjustment of Quadrilateral characteristics needed to overcome overreach problem of the one-one distance Protection against resistance faults. Power swing blocking and Out of step trip setiing are required to block stable and unstable power swings.
V. CONCLUSION

TABLE II. ANALYSIS OF RELAY OPERATION DURING VARIOUS FAULT CONDITIONS.

In this paper 500kV, 300km typical two terminal Transmission line and The Quadrilateral relay model is tested, simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation package. the performance of quadrilateral characteristics evaluated at different locations at various types of faults with different fault resistance. Detecting small transients in voltage and currents improve reliability of Relay and secure operation can be found during two phase to ground and three phase faults. Main conclusion of this work are as follows Quadrilateral characteristics true for providing high resistance coverage during single phase to ground faults. It provides protection coverage in second quadrant during two phases to ground faults and three phases to ground faults. Means it is highly suitable for protection of Railway traction systems. By adjusting setting of Quadrilateral relay results in secure operation during high resistance faults and also overcomes over reach problem.

APPENDIX A

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ACEEE International Journal on Control System and Instrumentation, Vol. 1, No. 1, July 2010
REFERENCES [6] Craig Muller, P. Eng. Power system computer aided design users guide, Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, September 2005 [7] S.G.Srivani, Chandrashekar Reddy Atla, K.P.Vittal, Comparative evaluation of Adaptive and conventional Distance Relay for parallel Transmission line with mutual Coupling World Academy of science, Engineering and Technology 42, 2008. [8] Et al, Power Swing and Out-Of-Step Considerations on Transmission lines, IEEE PSRC WG D6, The Power System Relaying Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society, 2005. [9] D. Ouahdi, R. Ladjeroud, and I. Habi An approach in the Improvement of the Reliability of Impedance Relay World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology [10] Mr.Sathaporn sittiwong, An Enhanced Performance Of Distance Relay Algorithm To Prevent undesirable Zone 3 Operation During Load Encroachment, A Thesis Report, King Mongkuts University Of Technology, Orth Bangkok,2007.

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