Intro Optics - PPT V2part 05

N Source Interference 0
N Slit I nterference: The Diffraction Grating

Calculate the irradiance at an observation point P when we have a
superposition field from N sources (slits) an array of slits. We
make the usual assumption that the observation point is far away
from the slits or in the focal plane of a lens. Assume the slits are
equidistantly spaced by distance a.
The superposition field at P due to the array of N identical,
equidistantly spaced slits S1 SN is:
or
where |
i
is the phase change of the field in propagating from S
i
P.
We can write:
Calculate the phase differences |
i
- |
1
:
The optical path difference for neighbouring sources is A = nasinu or,
for the usual case in air (n=1), A = asinu . The phase difference
between fields from neighbouring sources is thus o |
I+1
- |
i
= k
0
A.
So, we have:
The series can be determined in closed form using:
with
This gives:
This result can be rearranged using:
So:
Thus, for the superposition field at P, we can write:
Define:
and
Then:
Note:
o = o /2 where o is the phase difference between field components
at P arriving from any two neighbouring sources.
|
0
is the phase change undergone by a field propagating from the
centre of the array of slits to P.
Now, given the field at P, the irradiance at P is determined by:
where, I
0
is the irradiance at P due to one slit alone and
for n = 1 (air).
Behaviour of the function:
Principal Maxima
Minima (Zeroes)
Principal Maxima (Bright Fringe)
For this value of o , the denominator sino 0. We evaluate the
function with LHopitals Rule:
Thus:
At a principal maximum:
For these values of
o , the irradiance at
P takes on its
maximum value.
Minima (Zeroes) (Dark Fringe)
For these values of o, the numerator of the function goes to zero as
the denominator remains finite. It can be shown that, for these
values of o , sino = sin(pt /N) = 0.
Looking at the possible values of o that give a zero, we see that
there are N-1 zeroes between adjacent principal maxima.
Example: N=3
sin(8t /3)
0 8t /3 2 2 Dark
sin(7t /3)
0 7t /3 1 2 Dark
0
0 2t - 2 Bright
sin(5t /3)
0 5t /3 2 1 Dark
sin(4t /3)
0 4t /3 1 1 Dark
0
0 t - 1 Bright
sino sinNo o p m Fringe
Example: N=3
Example: N=6
Note: There are N-2 Minor Maxima (separating the zeroes)
between adjacent principal maxima.
These can be located by the mathematical condition:
A Transcendental Equation very hard to solve!! (must be done
numerically or graphically).
Example: A graphical
solution for N=7.
The functions Ntano and
tanNo are plotted versus o
on the same graph.
Intersection points indicate
solutions to the equation
Ntano = tanNo and give
the corresponding values
of o .
o (degrees)
N Source Interference 17a
Check: Youngs Double Slit N=2.
For N=2, make use of the trig identity sin2o = 2sino coso to get
I = 4I
0
cos
2
o .
Another trig identity: 2cos
2
o = 1 + cos2o gives:
I = I
0
(1 + cos2o ) = I
0
(1 + coso ) = I
0
(1 + cos [k
0
asinu] )
(as before) where o = 2o is the phase difference in fields at P
from neighbouring slits.
N Source Interference 17b
Some irradiance patterns for N slits:
N=2
N=3
N=7
N=15
Recall:
The optical path
difference for
neighbouring sources is
A = asinu .
The phase difference
between fields from
neighbouring sources is
thus o = k
0
A.
N Slit Interference Pattern: Phasor Picture
To understand the irradiance pattern in the phasor picture, we can
rewrite the irradiance formula in terms of o :
Principal Maximum:
Zero:
Example: N=4
Example: N=4
Example: N=4
Example: N=4
Important Properties of the Grating
As N :
(1) Irradiance into a minor maximum 0.
(2) Width of a principal maximum 0
(ie bright fringes become narrow)
Principal Max:
Zero:
Important Properties of the Grating
Proof of Property (1): Irradiance into a minor maximum 0.
Choose N odd minor max midway between principal maxima.
Now:
is an odd multiple of t /2
is also an odd multiple of t /2 since N is odd.
Since sin[ odd multiple of t /2 ] = 1:
Thus:
This ratio 0 as N and the minor maximum disappears
(relative to the principal maximum). QED
Proof of Property (2): Width of a principal maximum 0
Take a measure of the width of the principal maximum to be the
separation (in o) between zeroes on either side of the peak:
QED
The Grating as a Spectroscopic Device.
Consider the case of large N when the grating is illuminated by
light consisting of two wavelength components:
01
and
02
Principal Max:
A grating (large N) illuminated by red and green lasers.
The Grating as a Spectroscopic Device.
Consider the case of large N when the grating is illuminated by
light consisting of two wavelength components:
01
and
02
Principal Max:
The grating can disperse constituent colours in a light beam:
a Grating Spectrometer.
2
02
/ a
2
01
/ a
02
/ a
01
/ a
2
nd
order
spectrum
1
st
order
spectrum
0
th
order spectrum
(non-dispersive)
1
st
order
spectrum
(again!)
G
r
a
t
i
n
g
L
e
n
s
Lens focal
plane
sinu
Grating illuminated by a white light source:
The two 1
st
order white light spectra are visible
and the central, non-dispersive , 0
th
order .
N Source Interference 30b1
Grating (600lines/mm) illuminated by a helium gas discharge
source:
The two 1
st
order spectra are visible and the
central, non-dispersive , 0
th
order .
Grating (600lines/mm) illuminated by a hydrogen gas discharge
source:
The two 1
st
th
order .
Grating (600lines/mm) illuminated by a neon gas discharge
source:
The two 1
st
th
order .
N Source Interference 30c
Some irradiance patterns for N slits illuminated by white light:
N=2
N=3
N=7
N=15
Reflection Grating Spectrometer.
Reflection Grating: strips etched out of a reflective surface.
2
nd
order
spectrum
1
st
order
spectrum
0
th
order
(specular
reflection)
The resolution (ie ability to separate constituent wavelengths)
improves with increasing N.
Small N blended
(unresolved) spectral
lines.
Large N distinct
(resolved) spectral
lines.
Grating Spectrometer with N=2 !
Irradiance patterns for
the two component
wavelengths.
Irradiance measured
by a wavelength
insensitive detector.
Grating Spectrometer with N=20 .
Irradiance patterns for
the two component
wavelengths.
Irradiance measured
by a wavelength
insensitive detector.
Grating Spectrometer.

Intro Optics - PPT V2part 05

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N Source Interference 0

N Slit I nterference: The Diffraction Grating

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