Machies Singly Excited

Electrical Machines I
Week 5-6: Singly Excited Systems

RECALL REMEMBER. !!
Energy stored in linear and non linear systems

Relationship between force and stored energy
in magnetic systems
Energy and Co-energy
Singly Excited Magnetic Field System: Force and torque
Linear system Rotational system
involves an object moving from one

involves an object rotating about an axis
point to another in a straight line
Force: Torque:
Distance (displacement): Distance (displacement):
Velocity: Angular velocity:
Mass: Moment of inertia:
Singly Excited Magnetic Field System: Force and torque

Linear system Rotational system
Power: Power:
Newtons law of motion: Newtons law of motion:

Opposing force due to Opposing force due to

spring and friction for load torque and friction
example for example
Singly Excited Magnetic Field System:
Previously we have calculated the force acting on a plunger as a function of the system
variables as follows:
1 2 dL Wm
Fe = i Fe =
2 dx x
It is our objective today is to calculate the force or torque acting on a single excited
reluctance machine in terms of system variables
A reluctance motor is an ac synchronous motor whose reluctance changes as a

function of angular displacement . Owing to its constant speed operation, it is
commonly used in electric clocks, record players, and other precise timing devices
The word synchronous actually mean existing or occurring at the same time and in
electric machines mean that the motor rotates with a speed that is related to the
supply frequency
Singly Excited Magnetic Field System: Reluctance
motor What is the
required
Excitation(field) winding torque to be
Rotor
Vs
axis
able to make
this motor
I rotate in terms
of system
variables?
Stator
m magnetic
axis
Rotor
Single phase, 2 pole reluctance motor
: Mechanical speed and is NOT EQUAL to 2

Singly Excited Magnetic Field System: Reluctance motor
1 2
QWm = Li
Wm Wm 2
Q Fe = Te =
x
We will study the rotor movement from 0 to 360 and started to plot the inductance and reluctance
variation with time
(a) (b) (c) (d)
max , Lmax , min , L , min , Lmin , max max , Lmax , min

motor
When the magnetic axes of the rotor and the stator are at right angles to each other (the quadrature or q-
axis position), the reluctance is maximum, leading to a minimum inductance. As the rotor rotates with a
uniform mechanical speed &' the inductance goes through maxima and minima
)
+* since this is
a two pole machine
Maximum inductance
= Minimum
reluctance
Minimum inductance
= Maximum
reluctance
One electrical cycle of half one mechanical cycle of

motor If we try to write the general equation of this inductance as a function of theta it will
be in the form of:
, 2 ,- / ,1 345 12
,. ,0
,1
1
Offset=shift Peak inductance value
2 is because 2
,. / ,0 complete rotations
,-
1 are made in the
360
, 2 -. 7 ,. / ,0 / -. 7 ,. ,0 345 12
, 2 -. 7 ,. / ,0 / -. 7 ,. ,0 345 12
Replace the variable

/8
Wm 1 2 L
Q Te = Te = i This is a Where 8 is the initial
2 mechanical
angle
position of the rotors
magnetic axis with respect
to the stators magnetic
axis.
1
QWm = L( )i 2
2
1 2 1
Te = i (Ld Lq )* 2(sin 2 )
2 2
Te = i (Ld Lq )sin 2( m t + )
1 2
2
Since the current is sinusoidal and can be expressed as:
If you assume it as a sin
i = I max cos s t function its totally correct as

well. It is preferred that we
assume that the supply voltage is
sinusoidal and since the coil is
Te = I max (Ld Lq )cos 2 ( s t )2( m t + )

1 2 inductive, current waveform will
lag the sinusoidal voltage by 90.
2 This means that the current will
be a cosine function
1
Q cos a = (1 + cos 2a )
2
2
Q 2 sin a cos b = sin (a + b ) + sin( a b)
sin 2( m t + ) 0.5 sin (2( s t m t ) 2 )

Te = I max (Ld Lq )
1 2
+ 0 . 5 sin (2 ( t + t ) + 2 )
4 s m
This big equation implies that for this reluctance machine to be able to
rotate the average value of the torque terms of this equation MUST NOT
equal to zero
1. First term: average is zero as it is periodical so no torque is produced by this term
2. Second term: if we are able to make , this term will be re-written as
0.5 sin ( 2 )
This condition will produce an average torque

sin 2( m t + ) 0.5 sin (2( s t m t ) 2 )

Te = I max (Ld Lq )
1 2
+ 0 . 5 sin (2 ( t + t ) + 2 )
4 s m
3. Third term: if we are able to make , this term is discard (same as the second term but with
a negative sign which does not imply)
Thus the condition which will successfully drive this motor will be represented as
Te = I max (Ld Lq )[sin (2 )]

1 2 Given that the machine
&' &5
8
Maximum torque
Te = I max (Ld Lq )[sin (2 )]

1 2 Given that the machine
&' &5
8
The torque sign depends on the value of , Average torque will be

if is (+ve), T will be (-ve) in this case, the equal to zero if
torque is opposite to the direction of ,. ,0
rotation. i.e. the machine acts as generator. This condition happens if
if is (-ve), T will be (+ve) in this case, the the rotor is cylindrical
torque is same direction of rotation. i.e. the (not salient)
machine acts as motor.
Maximum torque occurs when 59: 1; <, ; >7

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Electrical Machines I

Week 5-6: Singly Excited Systems

Energy stored in linear and non linear systems

involves an object moving from one

Distance (displacement): Distance (displacement):

Velocity:    Angular velocity:   

Mass: Moment of inertia:

Singly Excited Magnetic Field System: Force and torque

Power:  Power:  

Newtons law of motion: Newtons law of motion:

          

Opposing force due to Opposing force due to

A reluctance motor is an ac synchronous motor whose reluctance changes as a

Single phase, 2 pole reluctance motor

 : Mechanical speed and is NOT EQUAL to   2

(a) (b) (c) (d)

max , Lmax , min , L , min , Lmin , max max , Lmax , min

One electrical cycle of  half one mechanical cycle of 

Replace the variable

i = I max cos s t function its totally correct as

Te = I max (Ld Lq )cos 2 ( s t )2( m t + )

sin 2( m t + ) 0.5 sin (2( s t m t ) 2 )

1. First term: average is zero as it is periodical so no torque is produced by this term

2. Second term: if we are able to make    , this term will be re-written as

This condition will produce an average torque

sin 2( m t + ) 0.5 sin (2( s t m t ) 2 )

a negative sign which does not imply)

Te = I max (Ld Lq )[sin (2 )]

Te = I max (Ld Lq )[sin (2 )]

The torque sign depends on the value of , Average torque will be

Maximum torque occurs when 59: 1;  <, ;  >7

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Velocity: Angular velocity:

Power: Power:

: Mechanical speed and is NOT EQUAL to 2

One electrical cycle of half one mechanical cycle of

2. Second term: if we are able to make , this term will be re-written as

Maximum torque occurs when 59: 1; <, ; >7