Physics Investigatory Project: Balendu-Chandra-Shekhar

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
By
BALENDU-CHANDRA- SHEKHAR
XII „B
DTEA SR,SEC SECHOOL ,MANDIR MARG NEW DELHI-110001
AIM
To construct a Full Wave rectifier and
show that the (AC) alternating
current is rectified into a direct
current (DC).
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. AIM
5. MATERIALS REQUIRED
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. PROCEDURE
8. WORKING
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
DELHI TAMIL ASSOCIATION, SR.SEC
SCHOOL ,MANDIR MARG,NEW DELHI-110001
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that BALENDU-CHANDRA-SHEKHAR, a

student of class XII-B has successfully completed the
project titled “RECTIFIER” under the guidance of
Mrs.SHWETA SHEGHAL (Subject Teacher) During the
academic year 2018-19 in partial fulfillment of physics
practical examination conducted by AISSCE, Mumbai.
Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

(SHWETA SHEGHAL)
Signature of principal
(MRS.GAYATHRI V K)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many
people have best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all
the people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal MRS.GAYATHRI.VK, and physics teacher
MRS.SHWETA SHEGHAL, whose valuable guidance has
been the ones that helped me patch this project and make
it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has
served as the major contributor towards the completion of
the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who
have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance
has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the
project.
INTRODUCTION
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating
current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process
is known as rectification. Rectification produces a type of
DC that encompasses active voltages and currents, which are
then adjusted into a type of constant voltage DC, although
this varies depending on the current's end-use. The current
is allowed to flow uninterrupted in one direction, and no
current is allowed to flow in the opposite direction.
Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including
vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium
oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled
rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.
Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most
low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-phase,
but three-phase rectification is very important for industrial
applications and for the transmission of energy as DC.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Connecting Wires
2. A plug
3. Single Lead Wire- 2m
4. Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3cm length
5. Circuit Board
6. A Transformer (12V)
7. A Resistor
8. P-N Junction Diodes (4nos)
9. A LED
10. Insulation Tape, Blades, Soldering
Wax, Soldering Lead, Soldering Iron &
Sand Paper
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
B
D
C
PROCEDURE
Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the circuit board.
Attach the plug with the wire of desired length and connect it to
the transformer AC In. now, take four diodes and connect the 4
diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode D1 to the anode of
D2.
Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3.connect the cathode of
D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4 to cathode of D1.
The output of transformers should be connected to A and C. Now,
take two capacitor and connect its –ve terminal to –ve and +ve
terminal to +ve. And connect both the capacitors to B and D.
Connect a resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from
the capacitors and connect it to the output device.

WORKING
When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step down the 240V
main supply to 12V. It has a capability of delivering 700mA. The 12
volts AC appearing across the secondary is the RMS value. The four
diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two
diodes conducting current during each half cycle. The four diodes
labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half
cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes
D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load
as shown below.
The Positive Half-cycle

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4
conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch “OFF” as they are
now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the
same direction as before.
The Negative Half-cycle
In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above process are
repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that current flows through
the resistor in only one direction. Even though the voltage across
load is unidirectional it will still contains a few AC components. This
is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of
the AC current. A resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from supply and
resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple
circuit, two capacitors and one resistor are being used. The output
Direct Current and voltage light up the LED and other source
connected with it.

OBSERVATION & CONCLUSION
On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge circuit
12V current is coming.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

2. Solder the wire safely.
3. While soldering don’t touch the soldering tip.
4. Solder under adult supervision.
USES
Most electronic device cannot withstand very high voltage or
alternating current due to its intense high power. The use of
batteries in all devices is not practical as their replacement and
durability is a huge problem as the devise has to be dismantled each
time for such replacement. So these rectifiers are used in most of
the electronic devices like TV‟ s, Radios, Chargers and Lightings etc.
The common uses of rectifiers are to supply polarized voltage for
welding, detection of amplitude modulated radio signals.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. HELP FROM TEACHERS 2. HELP FROM INTERNET
3. NCERT TEXTBOOK
WEBSITES
www.google.com www.scribd.com
www.wikipedia.com
THANK YOU

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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

To construct a Full Wave rectifier and

show that the (AC) alternating

current is rectified into a direct

This is to certify that BALENDU-CHANDRA-SHEKHAR, a

Signature of external examiner Signature of physics teacher

people have best owned upon me their blessings and the

heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all

the people who have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete

this project with success. Then I would like to thank my

principal MRS.GAYATHRI.VK, and physics teacher

MRS.SHWETA SHEGHAL, whose valuable guidance has

it full proof success his suggestions and his instructions has

served as the major contributor towards the completion of

Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who

have helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance

has been helpful in various phases of the completion of the

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct

current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process

is known as rectification. Rectification produces a type of

DC that encompasses active voltages and currents, which are

then adjusted into a type of constant voltage DC, although

this varies depending on the current's end-use. The current

is allowed to flow uninterrupted in one direction, and no

current is allowed to flow in the opposite direction.

Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including

vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and selenium

oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled

rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor switches.

Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most

low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-phase,

but three-phase rectification is very important for industrial

applications and for the transmission of energy as DC.

diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode D1 to the anode of

Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of D3.connect the cathode of

D3 to anode of D4 and connect the anode of D4 to cathode of D1.

The output of transformers should be connected to A and C. Now,

terminal to +ve. And connect both the capacitors to B and D.

Connect a resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire from

the capacitors and connect it to the output device.

main supply to 12V. It has a capability of delivering 700mA. The 12

diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two

labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes

cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes

The Positive Half-cycle

The Negative Half-cycle

In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above process are

load is unidirectional it will still contains a few AC components. This

is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of

the AC current. A resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.

Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from supply and

resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple

connected with it.

On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge circuit

12V current is coming.

1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

1. HELP FROM TEACHERS 2. HELP FROM INTERNET

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