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    Power Supplies: Transducers AC and DC Diodes Capacitors

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    Jose C. Lita Jr
    The document discusses different types of power supplies and their components. It describes transformers, rectifiers, smoothing capacitors, and voltage regulators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each component works in a power supply.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Power Supplies: Transducers AC and DC Diodes Capacitors

    Uploaded by

    Jose C. Lita Jr
    119 views10 pages
    The document discusses different types of power supplies and their components. It describes transformers, rectifiers, smoothing capacitors, and voltage regulators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each component works in a power supply.

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    schematics

    Original Title

    Power Supply

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    The document discusses different types of power supplies and their components. It describes transformers, rectifiers, smoothing capacitors, and voltage regulators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each component works in a power supply.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    119 views10 pages

    Power Supplies: Transducers AC and DC Diodes Capacitors

    Uploaded by

    Jose C. Lita Jr
    The document discusses different types of power supplies and their components. It describes transformers, rectifiers, smoothing capacitors, and voltage regulators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each component works in a power supply.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Power Supplies

    Types | Dual supplies | Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing | Regulator

    Next Page: Transducers


    Also See: AC and DC | Diodes | Capacitors

    Types of Power Supply

    There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high
    voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronics
    circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series
    of blocks, each of which performs a particular function.

    For example a 5V regulated supply:

    Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

     Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC.


     Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.
     Smoothing - smooths the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple.
     Regulator - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed voltage.

    Power supplies made from these blocks are described below with a circuit
    diagram and a graph of their output:

     Transformer only
     Transformer + Rectifier
     Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing
     Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

    Dual Supplies
    Some electronic circuits require a
    power supply with positive and
    negative outputs as well as zero
    volts (0V). This is called a 'dual
    supply' because it is like two
    ordinary supplies connected
    together as shown in the diagram.

    Dual supplies have three outputs, for example a ±9V supply has +9V, 0V and
    -9V outputs.

    Transformer only

    The low voltage AC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and special AC
    motors. It is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a rectifier
    and a smoothing capacitor.

    Further information: Transformer

    Transformer + Rectifier
    The varying DC output is suitable for lamps, heaters and standard motors. It
    is not suitable for electronic circuits unless they include a smoothing
    capacitor.

    Further information: Transformer | Rectifier

    Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

    The smooth DC output has a small ripple. It is suitable for most electronic
    circuits.

    Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing

    Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator


    The regulated DC output is very smooth with no ripple. It is suitable for all
    electronic circuits.

    Further information: Transformer | Rectifier | Smoothing | Regulator

    Transformer

    Transformer
    circuit symbol

    Transformer
    Photograph © Rapid Electronics

    There is more information


    Transformers convert AC electricity from one about transformers on the
    voltage to another with little loss of power. Electronics in Meccano
    Transformers work only with AC and this is one website.
    of the reasons why mains electricity is AC.

    Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce


    voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the
    dangerously high mains voltage (230V in UK) to a safer low voltage.

    The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called
    the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils,
    instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron
    core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol
    represent the core.

    Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the
    power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up.

    The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio,
    determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large
    number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high
    voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output)
    coil to give a low output voltage.

    Vp Np power out = power in


    turns ratio = = and
    Vs Ns Vs × Is = Vp × Ip
    Vp = primary (input) voltage Vs = secondary (output) voltage
    Np = number of turns on primary coil Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
    Ip = primary (input) current Is = secondary (output) current

    Rectifier

    There are several ways of connecting diodes to make a There is more information
    rectifier to convert AC to DC. The bridge rectifier is the about rectifiers on the
    Electronics in Meccano
    most important and it produces full-wave varying DC. A website.
    full-wave rectifier can also be made from just two diodes if
    a centre-tap transformer is used, but this method is rarely used now that
    diodes are cheaper. A single diode can be used as a rectifier but it only uses
    the positive (+) parts of the AC wave to produce half-wave varying DC.

    Bridge rectifier

    A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also
    available in special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a
    full-wave rectifier because it uses all the AC wave (both positive and negative
    sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses
    0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes conducting, as shown
    in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum current they
    can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be
    at least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the
    peak voltages). Please see the Diodes page for more details, including
    pictures of bridge rectifiers.

    Bridge rectifier Output: full-wave varying DC


    Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over (using all the AC wave)
    the connections so the alternating directions of
    AC are converted to the one direction of DC.

    Single diode rectifier

    A single diode can be used as a rectifier but this produces half-wave varying
    DC which has gaps when the AC is negative. It is hard to smooth this
    sufficiently well to supply electronic circuits unless they require a very small
    current so the smoothing capacitor does not significantly discharge during the
    gaps. Please see the Diodes page for some examples of rectifier diodes.
    Single diode rectifier Output: half-wave varying DC
    (using only half the AC wave)

    Smoothing

    Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected


    across the DC supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output
    when the varying DC voltage from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows
    the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and the smoothed DC (solid line).
    The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC, and then
    discharges as it supplies current to the output.

    Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost


    the peak value (1.4 × RMS value). For example 6V RMS AC is rectified to full
    wave DC of about 4.6V RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with
    smoothing this increases to almost the peak value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V
    smooth DC.

    Smoothing is not perfect due to the capacitor voltage falling a little as it


    discharges, giving a small ripple voltage. For many circuits a ripple which is
    10% of the supply voltage is satisfactory and the equation below gives the
    required value for the smoothing capacitor. A larger capacitor will give less
    ripple. The capacitor value must be doubled when
    smoothing half-wave DC.
    There is more information
    5 × Io about smoothing on the
    Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C = Electronics in Meccano
    Vs × f website.

    C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F)


    Io = output current from the supply in amps (A)
    Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC
    f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

    Regulator

    Voltage regulator ICs are available


    with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V)
    or variable output voltages. They
    are also rated by the maximum
    current they can pass. Negative
    voltage regulators are available,
    mainly for use in dual supplies.
    Most regulators include some
    automatic protection from Voltage regulator
    excessive current ('overload Photograph © Rapid Electronics

    protection') and overheating


    ('thermal protection').

    Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs have 3 leads and look like power
    transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. They
    include a hole for attaching a heatsink if necessary.

    Please see the Electronics in Meccano website for more information about
    voltage regulator ICs.

    zener diode
    a = anode, k = cathode
    Zener diode regulator

    For low current power supplies a simple voltage


    regulator can be made with a resistor and a zener
    diode connected in reverse as shown in the
    diagram. Zener diodes are rated by
    their breakdown voltage Vz and maximum
    power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

    The resistor limits the current (like an LED


    resistor). The current through the resistor is constant, so when there is no
    output current all the current flows through the zener diode and its power
    rating Pz must be large enough to withstand this.

    Please see the Diodes page for more information about zener diodes.

    Choosing a zener diode and resistor:

    1. The zener voltage Vz is the output voltage required


    2. The input voltage Vs must be a few volts greater than Vz
    (this is to allow for small fluctuations in Vs due to ripple)
    3. The maximum current Imax is the output current required plus 10%
    4. The zener power Pz is determined by the maximum current:
    Pz > Vz × Imax
    5. The resistor resistance: R = (Vs - Vz) / Imax
    6. The resistor power rating: P > (Vs - Vz) × Imax

    Example: output voltage required is 5V, output current required


    is 60mA. There is more information
    1. Vz = 4.7V (nearest value available) about regulators on the
    2. Vs = 8V (it must be a few volts greater than Vz) Electronics in Meccano
    website.
    3. Imax = 66mA (output current plus 10%)
    4. Pz > 4.7V × 66mA = 310mW, choose Pz = 400mW
    5. R = (8V - 4.7V) / 66mA = 0.05k = 50 , choose R = 47
    6. Resistor power rating P > (8V - 4.7V) × 66mA = 218mW, choose P = 0.5W
    Next Page: Transducers | Studying Electronics

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    © John Hewes 2010, The Electronics Club, www.kpse

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