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Comparison of UPS Topologies: Line-interactive vs

Online vs Offline

Worton
Posted on May 29, 2020

An Uninterruptible Power Supply refers to a power system that provides emergency power to a load
when the input power source or mains power fails, regarded as near-instantaneous protection from
input power interruptions. The three general categories of modern UPS systems are online, line-
interactive, and offline. This article will make an objective analysis of these three common types of
topologies in views of their operating principles, functionalities, advantages & disadvantages, and
applications.

Line-interactive UPS vs Online UPS vs Offline UPS: Working

Principles

Offline UPS—Entry-level Power Protection

ONE-SENTENCE EXPLANATION FROM WiKi

In an off-line ("standby") UPS system, the load is powered directly by the input power, and the
backup power circuitry will only be invoked when the utility power fails.

Specifically speaking, the load is fed directly from the raw mains power rather than the inverter
output. The energy storage components—battery charger, battery, and inverter are off-line as far as
the load is concerned, although the charger and battery still remain connected to the mains power in
order to ensure the battery is always fully charged. When the mains power voltage fails or exceeds
the limits, the switch will immediately connect the inverter output to the critical load.
Line-interactive UPS—Intermediate Level Power Protection

ONE-SENTENCE EXPLANATION FROM WiKi

A line-interactive UPS maintains the inverter in line and redirects the battery's DC current path from
the normal charging mode to supplying current when power is lost.

In this smart design, the battery-to-AC power inverter is always connected to the output of the UPS.
When the input AC power is normal, the inverter of the UPS is in reverse operation and provides
battery charging. Once the input power fails, the transfer switch will open and the power will flow
from the battery to the UPS output. This design offers additional filtering and yields reduced
switching transients since the inverter is always on and connected to the output.
Online UPS—The Ultimate Power Protection

ONE-SENTENCE EXPLANATION FROM WiKi

An online UPS uses a "double conversion" method of accepting AC input, rectifying to DC for
passing through the rechargeable battery (or battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC
for powering the protected equipment.

In an online (aka double-conversion) UPS, the input AC is charging the backup battery source which
provides power to the output inverter, so the failure of the input AC won't cause activation of the
transfer switch. That is to say, if a power loss occurs, the rectifier will simply drop out of the circuit
and the batteries will keep the power steady and unchanged. No transfer time during the failure.
When power is restored, the rectifier will resume carrying most of the load and begin charging the
batteries, though the charging current may be limited to prevent the high-power rectifier from
overheating the batteries and boiling off the electrolyte.
Line-interactive UPS vs Online UPS vs Offline UPS: Functions
All of the above-mentioned three categories are invented to protect hardware and electrical
equipment where an unexpected power disruption may happen. However, influenced by various
working principles, their inherent capabilities are different.

Surge/Noise Protection

All the three UPS systems possess surge suppression and line noise filtering functions to shield the
equipment from damage caused by lightning, surges, and electromagnetic (EMI/RFI) line noise.
Particularly, the online UPS system offers superior protection on account of the double-conversion
operation that isolates equipment from problems on the AC line.

Transfer Time to Battery

During an outage, a break in power to a load of typically 2 to 10 milliseconds is inevitable in

offline/standby UPS systems, while line-interactive UPS systems typically transfer from line power to
battery-derived power within 2 to 4 milliseconds, faster enough to keep all but a small percentage of
the most power-sensitive equipment operating without interruption. Surprisingly, the online UPS
system does not have a transfer time, because the inverter is already supplying the connected
equipment load when an outage occurs.

Voltage Regulation

As is known, the voltage regulation is crucial, especially for low voltage conditions. Line-interactive
UPS systems use automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to correct abnormal voltages without switching
to battery. When voltage crosses a preset low or high threshold value, this type of UPS will detect
and use transformers to boost or lower the voltage by a set amount to return it to the acceptable
range. Online UPS systems adopt a more precise method of voltage regulation: continuous "double-
conversion" operation, isolating connected equipment from problems on the AC line, including
blackouts, brownouts, overvoltages, harmonic distortion, electrical impulses, and frequency
variations. When not operating from the battery, line-interactive UPS systems typically regulate
output within ±8-15% of the nominal voltage (e.g. 120, 208, 230, or 240 volts), whereas online UPS
systems typically regulate voltage within ±2-3%.

In fact, there are some common power issues that may occur in daily operations. The table below
will present whether the above-mentioned UPS system will protect against the anomalies:
Offline Line-interactive O

Power Failure ✔ ✔

Power Sag ✔ ✔

Power Surge ✔ ✔

Under-Voltage ✔

Over-Voltage ✔

Electrical Line Noise

Frequency Variation

Switching Transient

Harmonic Distortion
Line-interactive UPS vs Online UPS vs Offline UPS: Pros & Cons
When it comes to an apples-to-apples comparison, the analysis of their advantages and
disadvantages can't be ignored, which may help to make a wise decision among the objects. In the
following, the benefits and limitations of these three topologies of the UPS system will be presented
clearly.

Offline UPS

Benefits

 High-efficiency (The charger is not constantly on).

 User-friendly to operate.

 Affordable price.
Limitations

 Uses battery during brownouts, limited or no protection against power irregularities.

 The load is continuously exposed to spikes, transients, and any other aberrations coming

down the power line, resulting in the risk of loss or damage to sensitive equipment and data.

 Finite transfer time from mains power to inverter when the mains power supply fails.

Line-interactive UPS

Benefits
 High-reliability.

 High-efficiency.

 Reasonable voltage conditioning.

 Lower electricity consumption.

 Lower component count.

 Lower operating temperatures.

Limitations
 Impractical over 5kVA.

 Not protect against all forms of power irregularities.

 Do not provide power-factor correction or frequency regulation.

 Require frequent battery use in areas of extreme voltage distortion.

Online UPS

Benefits

 Better voltage regulation.

 Conversion time from DC to AC is negligible with no gaps in coverage.

 No fluctuations in the voltage, indicating stable voltage quality.

 The quality of the load voltage is free from distortion.

 Near ideal electrical output, highest protection against all power irregularities.
Limitations

 Complex designs requiring a large heat sink.

 Higher power dissipation.

 The overall efficiency of UPS is reduced (The inverter is always on).

 The wattage of the rectifier is increased (It has to supply power to the inverter as well as

charge the battery).

 Costlier than other UPS systems.

Line-interactive UPS vs Online UPS vs Offline UPS: Applications

Considering the previous benefits and limitations and combining the current situation with your
expectations, it's time to deploy the three topologies into practical applications. The applications of
these three topologies with different operating principles vary from small-size residential homes to
large-scale data centers.

Due to its higher energy efficiency and economical nature, offline UPS is most commonly-used for
households, small offices with low-budgets for power designs, and some fields that have relatively
low requirements for power supply quality. Best value for personal computers, and also suitable for
printers, scanners, emergency power supplies, and EPABX.

As one of the main choices, line-interactive UPS that meets the demands of high power reliability is
ideal for departmental servers, homes, small businesses, and medium enterprises. In some
infrastructure challenged areas where the AC line voltage is unstable, fluctuates wildly, or is highly
distorted, a line-interactive UPS may need to charge the battery once or twice a day or even more
frequently.
The most intelligent online UPS system, regarded as a default solution for providing back-up power
and protection to mission-critical equipment and servers at data centers, can also be applied in fields
like computer, transportation, banking, securities, communications, medical requiring a long-time
power supply. Specifically, for some induction motor drives and similar other motor control
applications, intensive care units, medical equipment, sensitive electrical appliances.

Line-interactive UPS vs Online UPS vs Offline UPS: Which to

Choose?
The table below summarizes some of the key points discussed before among the three designs.
Offline Line-interactive Online

Size Compact Typically large & heavy Typically small & light

Practical Power Range

0-0.5 0.5-5 5-5000
(kVA)

Voltage Conditioning Low Design Dependent High

Cost per VA Low Medium Medium

High High Low-Medium

Efficiency
(typically 95-98%) (typically 90-96%) (typically 80-90%)

Cost Low Medium High

Homes; Small Small and medium Telecoms; Communications; Banking; Transportation

Typical Application Fields
Offices businesses Environments

When considering a UPS solution, be aware of the UPS type and corresponding level of protection.
The key difference among online vs offline vs line-interactive UPS lies in their working principles,
which reflects in the diversities in their features, functionalities, benefits & limitations. Furthermore,
the internal design of the topology of a UPS will further affect how it will operate in various
application environments.