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UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

PROCEDURE FOR R/ADIOGRAPHG EXAMINATION OF WELDS

DOCUilEi{T NO. : UNSrRTr0l, Rev. - 3

DATE OF ISSUE REVISION DETAILS OF REVISION

30.12.2019 3 Revised as per ASME BPV 2019 edition

3A12-2017 2 Revised as perASME BPV 2017 edition
30.12.2415 1 Revised as per ASME BPV 2015 edition
30.06.2015 0 FIRST ISSUE

Prepared & Approved by

Authorized lnspector
?Di'*;fq
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No DESCRIPTION PAGE NA-

COVER PAGE 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 2

1. SCOPE 4

2. REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 4

3 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION 4

4 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION 4

5 TECHNIQUES 4

6 SURFACE PREPARATION 5

7 SYSTEM OF IDENTIFICATION 5

I LOCATION MARKER b

I RADIATION ENERGY 7

10 FILMS 7

11 SCREEN 7

12 BACKSCATTER RADIATION 7

13 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS I
14 EXPOSURE TIME I
15 IQISELECTION I
16 DENSITY VARIATION 10

17 IQI SENSITIVITY 10

1B CALIBRATION 10

19 EVALUATION 11

20 FACILITIES FOR VIEWING RADIOGRAPHS 11

21 ACGEPTANCE CRITERIA 11

22 REPAIR 13

23 EVALUATION BY MAN UFACTURER 13

24 DOCUMENTATION 13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
S.No DESCR'PT'ON
tvo.
25 TABLE 15.1 IQI SELECTION 15
26 TABLE 15.2 WIRETYPE IQI ID & DIMENSIONS 15
27 TABLE 15.3 MAXIMUM REINFORCEMENT 16
28 TABLE 15.4 EQUIVALENMT IQI SENSITIVITY 16
29 TABLE 15.5 HOLE TYPE IQI ID & DIMENSIONS 17
30 ANNEXURE I (RAD|OGRAPH|C TECHNTQUES) 18
31 ANNEXURE il (LOCAT|ON MARKERS) 21

32 ANNEXURE u ( CALTBRATTON OF DENSTTOMETER) 22

33 CHART 01 (ROUNDED |ND|CATIONS FOR 24
PRODUCTION WELDS)
34 CHART 02 (ROUNDED |ND|CAT|ONS FOR WELDER 33
QUALIFICATION}
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1.0 SCOPE:

1.1 Radiographic testing techniques documented in this proedure are for the
examination of butt welds in steel, Copper, Aluminium and Nickel with thickness
up to 200 mm.

1.2 ln addition to the requirements in this procedure, Customer requirements, if any

shall be met. The extent of additional radiography shall be as per the customer's
requirement.

1.3 This procedure is in accordance with the requirements of artide 2 of ASME

Section V, ASME Sec.1, ASME Section Vlll, Div 1 and ASME section lX.

1.4 The extent of radiography shall be as per referencing code and customer's
specifrcatftrn requ irement.

2.4 REFERENCE DOCUIIENTS:

Applicable edition & addenda of the following:

2.1 ASME Section V Article 2, Edition 2019

2.2 ASME Section Vlll Div.1 UW 51, UW 52 & Appendix4. Edition 2019
2.3 SNT-TC-1 A Edition 2016

3.0 PERSONNELQUALIFIGATION:
3.1 Radiographic Examination shallbe canied out by individualqualified &
certified to minimum Level I as per Written Practice in line with SNT-TC-1A.

3.2 lnterpretation and evaluation shallbe done by individual qualified & certified to
minimum Level ll as perWritten Practice in line with SNT-TC-IA.

4.0 PROCEDUREQUALIFICATION:
Demonskation of the Density and lmage Quality lndicator (lQl) requirements of
this written procedure on production or technique radiograph shall be considered
satisfactory evidence of compliance with this procedure.

5.0 TECHNIQUES:

5.1 The following techniques shall be used for the radiographic testing of welds:

5.1.1 Single wall single image (unidirectional) as per exposure arrangement shown in
Annexure - I Figure B, C and P.

5.1.2 Single wall single image (panoramic) as per exposure arrangement shown in
Annexure-lFigureA
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5.1.3 Double wall single image as per exposure arrangement shown in Annexure - |
figures 'D' and 'E'.

5.1.4 Double wall double image

fior pipe welds less than or equal to O.D 89mm as per
exposure arangement shown in Annexure - lfigure'F'-

5.1.5 Double wall double image super imposed as shown in Annexure-l Figure G
5.2 Whenever possible, single wall single image technique shall be preferred.

5.3 Radiographic technique sheets shall be prepared and approved by NDE Level ll/
lll and followed by radiographer during radiographic testing.

5.3.1 Example of radiographic technique sheet is given in annexure 'E'.

6.0 SURFACE PREPARATION:

6.1 Weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on both inside (where accessible) and
outside shall be removed by any suitable process to such a degree that the
resulting radiographic irnage due to any irregularities cannot mask or be confused
with the image of any discontinuity-

6.2 Base metal surfaces adjacent to the weld shall be oonditioned by any suitable
process to the extent that the surface inegularities cannot mask or create
confusion with the discontinuities.

6.3 The finished surface of all butt welded joints may be flushed with the base
material or may have reasonably uniform crowns with reinforcement not
exceeding that specified in the referencing code section.

7.0 SYSTETI OF IDENTIFICATION:

7.1 The following identification marks shall appear on each radiograph as
radiographic images / hand wriften permanent record using indelible ink.
However location markers shall be available on allradiographic images.

a. Manufacturer's name or symbol

b. Date
c, Project Number and Equipment Code
d. Seam Number
e. Location Marker
f. Repair Designation Where Applicable
g. Welder No.
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7.2 After every repair, the radiograph shall bear a lefter 'R' along with identification
number- A segment, which is repaired for the first time, shall contain the letter
'R1' along with the other identification details. A segment, whach is repaired two
times, shallcontiain the letter'R2'and so on.

8.0 LOCATIOIII MARKERS (As per Annexure - ll):

Location markers which mark appear as radiographic images on the film shall be
placed on the part, not on the exposure holder lcassette. Their locations shall be
permanently marked on the surface of the part being radiographed when
permitted by the Code or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on
a radiograph to be accurately traceable to its location on the part, for required
retention period of the radiograph.
The placement of location markers for dffierent tectrniques shall be as follows:

8.1 SingleWallViewing:
8.1.1 Source Side Markers
Location Markers shall be placed on the source side when radiographing the
following:

a) Flat components or longitudinaljoints in cylindrical or conical components.

b) Curved or sphericalcomponents whose ooncave side is toward the source and

when the source to material distance is less than the inside radius of the
component.

c) Curved or sphericalcomponents whose convex side is towards the source.

8.1.2 Film Side Markers

Location Markers shall be placed on the film side when radiographing the
following:

a) A curved or spherical component whose concave side is towards the source

and the source to material distance is greater than the inside r:adius of the
component.

b) As an alternative to source side placement (5.1.1 a) location marker may be

placed on the film side when the radiograph shows coverage beyond the location
markers to the extent demonstrated by Annexure-ll, sketch (e)-

Either Side Markers

Location markers may be placed on either the source side or film side when
radiographing either curved or spherical components whose @ncave side is
toward the source and the source to material distance is equal to the inside
radius of the component.
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8.2 Double-Wall Viewing

For double-wall viewing, at least one location marker shall be placed adjacent to
the weld (or on the material in the area of interest) for each radiograph.

8.3 Mapping The Placement Of Location Markers

When inaccessibility or other limitations prevent the placement of markers as
stipulated in 5.1 and 5.2 a dimensional map of actual marker placement shall
accornpany to radiographs to show that full coverage has been obtained.

9.0 RADIATIO]II ENERGY (SOURCE}:

9.1 Either Gamma radiatinn source (lridium 192 I Cobalt 60) or X ray radiation is
used for any of the techniques provided density and lmage Quality lndicator (lQl)
requirements of this procedure are achieved.

1O.O FILHS:

10.1 Approved lndustrial Radiographic films are as indicated in the following table:

Sr. Film Brand Designation

No.
1 KODAK MX 125,T 200,AA 400
2 LASER Dz[, D5, D7
3 AGFA D4, D5, D7
4 FUJI 50xD,80xD, 100xD

11.0 SCREENS:

11.1 Lead intensrffing screens shall be used for exposures, the fiont and back
screens shallbe 0.1mm thickness.

12.O BACK SGATTER RADIATION:

12.1 Effects of scattered radiation shall be avoided by using lead screens and backing
lead sheets. As a check on the back scattered r:adiation a lead letter 'B'
measuring a minimum dimensions of 13 mm height and 1.5mm thickness shall be
attached to the back of each film cassette during each exposure-

12.2 lf a light image of the 'B' as described in 12.1, appears on a darker background of
the radiograph, protection from backscatter is insufiicient and the radiograph shall
be considered unacceptable. A dark image of the 'B' on a lighter background is
not cause for rejection.
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13.0 GEOIIETRIC UNSHARPNESS:

13.1 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS DETERMINATION

Geometric unsharpness of the Radiograph shall be determined in accordance with:

ug = Fd'D
where,

Ug = Geomekic unsharpness
F = Source Size: Maximum proiected dimension of radiation source (or
Effective focal spot) in the plane perpendicular to distance D from
the weld or object being radiographed.
D = Distance from source of radiation to weld or object being
Radiographed.
d = Distance from source side of weld or object being radiographed to
the film.
D and d shall be determined at the approximate centre of the area of interest.

13.2 GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS LIMITATIONS:

Recommended maximum values for geometric unsharpness are as mentioned below.

thickness
illaterial Ug taximum

Under 50 mrn (2 inch) 0.51mm (0.020inch)

50 mm - 75mm (2 lnch through 3inch) 0.76 mm (0.030 tnch)

75 mm -100mm (Over 3 lnch through 4 inch) 1.02 mm (0.&10 lnch)

100 mm (Greater than 4 lnch) 1.78 mm (0.070 tnch)

MaterialThickness is thickness on which the lQl is based.

14.0 EXPOSURE TIIiE:

14.1 The exposure time for Gamma radiation shall be calculated using Exposure
calculator.

14.2 The exposure time for X ray radiation shall be alculated by using Manufacturers
exposure chart. / Calculator.
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15.0 |MAGE QUALTTY |ND|CATOR (tQt) SELEGTTON:

15-1 lQls shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as
identified in SE-1025, or SE 747, as applicable, orfrom an alloy material group or
grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radir4raphed.
15.2 The designated Hole lQl or essential wire shall be as specified in table 15.1
Thinner or thicker hole type lQl may be substituted for any section thickness
listed in table 15.1, provided an equivalent lQl sensitivity is maintained as per
table no 15.4.
a) Weld with reinforcement: Thickness on which the lQl is based is nominal
single wall thickness plus estimated weld reinforcement not to exceed the
maximum permissible value given in Table No 't5.3. Backing rings or strips shall
not be considered as part of thickness in lQl selection. Actual measurement of
reinforcement is not required.
b) Welds without reinforcements: The thickness on which lQl is based is nominal
single wall thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be considered as part of
weld thickness in lQlselection.

15.3 Refer table 15.2 for wire lQl designation, wire diameter and wire ldentity

15.4 One lQl shall be used for each radiograph. ln case of radiography using
panoramic technique, a minimum of 03 IQls shall be placed 120'apart.

15.5 lQl shall be placed on the source side of the object as far as possible. lQl shall
be placed adjacent to the weld such that they do not interfere with the area of
interest.

15.6 Only when inaccessibility prevents hand placing the lQl on the source side, lQl
may be placed on the film side of the part and a lead letter'F'at least as high as
the identification number shall be placed adjacent to or on the lQl.

15.7 A shim of material radio graphically similar to the weld metal shall be placed
between the part and the lQls, if needed, so that the radiographic density thmugh
out the areas of interest is not more than -15% frorn (lighter than) the
radiographic density through the tQls. The shim dimensions shall exceed the lQl
dimensions such that the outline of at least three sides of the lQls image shall be
visible in the radiqraph.

15.8 Wire type lQls shall be placed on the weld so that the lengfth of the wires is
pependicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers and, when
used, the lead letter 'F' shall not be in the area of interest, except when geometric
configuration makes it impractical.

Hole type lQls may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The identffication
numbers and, when used, the lead letter'F' shall not be in the area of interest,
except when geornetric configuration makes it impractical.
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16.0 DENSITYVARIATION:

16.1 For Gamma Radiation: The density of the radiograph shall be between 2 and 4.
When the density of a particular area of the radiograph varies by more than
minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the lQl, radiograph
shall be retaken.

16.2 For X rav Radiation: The density of the radiograph shall be between 1.8 to 4.0
When the density of a particular area of the radiograph varies by more than
minus 15o/o a( plus 30% from the density through the body of the lQl, radiograph
shall be retaken.

16.3 When shims are used with hole type lQls, the plus 30% restriction may be
exceeded and minimum density requirements mentioned in 13.1 and 13.2 do not
apply for lQl, Provided required sensitivity mentioned in 14.00 is met.

17.4 rct SENSTT|V|TY:

17.1 Required Sensitivity: Radiograph shall display designated hole lQl image and 2T
hole, or essentialwire lQl. Radiographs shall also display lQl identrfying numbers
and letters.

17.2 Equivalent Hole -Type Sensitivity: lf thicker or thinner Hole type lQl than listed in
table 12. 2 is used, an equivalent lQl sensitivity, as specified in table 12.5 shall
be achieved.

18,0 CALIBRATION:

18.1 Verification of Source Size: Equipment manufacturer's publication such as

technical manual, decay curyes or written statement documenting the actual or
maximum source size or focal spot, shall be acceptable as source size
verification.

18.2 Densitometer calibration and verification: Densitometer shall be calibrated at

least every 90 days and periodically verified as per proedure No: Annexure lll.

18.3 lQl Size Verificatirn: lQl size verification shall be done on the basis of
manufacturefs certificate as per SE 1025 or 5E747 as applicable.

19,0 EVALUATION

19.1 QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS:

The exposed films shall be processed under controlled cpnditions of time and
temperature as perthe recommendations of the film manufacturer.
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All the radiographs shall be free from the mechanical, chemical, or other
blemishes to the eltent that they do not mask and are not confused with the
image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the object.
Some of the blemishes are mentioned below
a) Fogging
b) Processing defects like streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains.
c) Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, or tears
d) False indications due defective screens.

2O.O FACIL]TIES FOR VIEVtflNG OF RADIOGRAPHS

20-1 Viewing facilities shall provide suMued background lighting of an intensity that
will not cause reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph that interferes with
the interyretation process. Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation
shall provide a variable light source sufficient for the essential lQl hole or
designated wire to be visible for specified density range. The viewing conditions
shall be such that light from around the outer edge of the radiograph or coming
through low densifi portions of the radiograph does not interfere with
interpretation.

21.$ ACCEPTANCE GRITERIA:

A} FULL RADIOGRAPHY:
Following acceptance criteria shall be applicable for radiographs interpreted &
evaluated as perASME Sec.l, Sec. Vlll Div. 1 & Div. 2 & ASME B 31.1/ B 31.3

Following types of imperfections are unacceptable:

i) Any indications characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration

iD Any other elongated indication on radiograph which has a length greater

than:

a) 6.00 mm (7." lnch) fo/t' upto 19.00 mm {Til

b) 1/3 tfor't'from 19.00 mm to 57 mm (3/i to2'/i lnchl
c) 19 mm (3/i lnch) fot'f over 57 mm (21/." lnch)
where'f is the thickness of weld excluding any allowable reinforcement.
For a butt weld joining two members having different thickness at the
weld,'t' is the thinner of these two thicknesses. lf full penetration weld
includes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
included in't'.
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iii) lntemal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density or image
brightness change as indicated in the radiographed is not abrupt. Linear
indications on the radiograph at either edge of such conditions shall be
evaluated in accordance with i) & ii)

iv) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate lengith greater
than 't' in a length of l2t,except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceeds 6L where 'L' is the length of the longest
imperfection in the group.

iv) Rounded indications in excess of that specified by the acceptance

standard given in CHT/OI

B) SPOT RADIOGRAPHY:

Weld in which indications are characterized as cracks or zones of

incomplete fusion or penetration shall be unacceptable.

ii) WeHs in which indications are characterized as slag inclusions or cavities

shall be unacceptable, if the length of any such indications is greater than
2/3t where't'is the thickness of the weld excluding any alkrwable
reinforcement. For a butt weld joining any two memberc having different
thickness at the weld,'f is the thinner of these two thicknesses. lf full
penetration weld indudes a fillet weld, the thickness of the throat of the
fillet shall be included in't'. For allthicknesses, indications less than 6 mm
are acceptable & indications ,more than 19 mm are unaccepltable.

Multiple aligned indications meeting this acceptance criteria, the ueld shall
be judged acceptable if the sum of the longest dimensions of indications is
not more than't' in a length of 6t (or proportionately for radiographs shorter
than 6t.) and if the longest indication considered is separated by at least
3L from adjacent indication , where 'L' is length of the longest indication.

iii) Rounded indications are not a factor in the acceptability of welds not
required to be fully radiographed.

C) For welder performance qualification: As mentioned CHT/02.

22.4 REPAIR:

A) FULL RADIOGRAPHY
Any unacceptable indication in the weld joint shall be removed by mechanical
or thermal gouging processes, re-welded and again radiographed as
mentioned above.
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B) SPOT RADTOGRAPHY
When a spot radiographed as required above, discloses indications, which are
unacceptable, two additional spots shall be radiographed in the same weld
increment at locations away from the original spot. The locations shall be
decided by the Authorized lnspector or by Rl with prior permission from
Author2ed lnspector.

lf these two additional spots are acceptable, then the entire weld increment
represented by three radiographs is acreptable provided the defects shown
by the first of the three radiographs are removed, repaired by welding and
again radiographed as per the above requirements.
lf either of the tuto addilional spts examined shows unacceptable indications,
the entire weld increment shall be rejected. The entire relected weld ioint shall
be removed and re-welded or at the option of Rl, the enlire increment of weld
represented shall be fully radiographed and only defects need be corrected.
Repair welding shall be perfonned using qualified procedure and in a manner
acceptable to the Authorized lnspector.
The rewelded joint or the weld-repaired area shall be spot radio graphically
examined at one location in accordance with the above requirements.

23.0 EVALUATION BY UANUFACTURER:

Manufac{urer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation and
acceptance of the completed radiographs to assure compliane with requirement
of Article 2 and the referencing Code section. Radiographic technique
documentation required by clause 22 shall be completed prior to the evaluation.
Radiograph review form required shall be completed during evaluation. The
Radiograph technique details and the radiograph review form documentation
shall accompany the radiographs. Acceptance shall be completed prior to
presentation of radiographs and accompanying documentation to the lnspector.
24.O DOCUTIENTATIO]T:
Following docurnents shall be prepared:
a) Technique Sheet (as per Annexure E)
b) Radiographic Examination Report (as per Annexure F) wtrich shall provide
the following information as a minimum:
i ) ldentification, e.9., Project Number (contract number), Equipment Code,
ii) Dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with 5.3.
iii) Number of radiographs (exposures),
iv) X - ray voltage or isotope type used,
v) X - ray machine focal spot size or isotope physical sources size,
vi) Base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement
thickness, as applicable,
vii) Source - to - object distance, (D)
viii) Distance from source side of object to the film. (d)
ix) Film manufacturer and manufacture/s typeldesignation,
x) Number of film in each film holder/cassette,
xi) Single or double wall exposure.
xii) Single or double wall viewing.
xiii) Thickness of Screen used.
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TABLE 15.1

IQI SELECTION

rClr
NOMIilAL SOURCE SIDE FILM SIDE
SINGLE.VVALL Hole-Type Ytlire-Type Hole-Tyrpe Wire-Type
UATERIAL THrcKilESS Designation Essential Designation Essential
R,ANGE, MM ITire YVire

Up to 6.4,incl 12 5 10 4
Over 6.4 thro'9.5 15 6 12 5
Over 9.5 thro' 12-T 17 7 15 6
Over 12.7 thro' 19.0 2A 8 17 7
Over 19.0 thro'25.4 25 g 2A 8
Over 25.4 thro' 38.1 30 10 25 I
Over 38.1 thro'50.8 35 11 30 10
Over 50.8 thro' 63.5 4A 12 35 11
Over 63.5 thro' 101.6 50 13 4A 12
Over 101.6 thro' 152.4 60 14 50 13
Over 152.4 thro'203.2 BO 16 60 14
Over 203.2 thro' 254 100 17 80 16
Over 254 thro' 304.8 120 1B 100 17
Over 304.8 thro'406.4 160 20 fia 18
Over 406.4 thro' 508 200 21 160 20
TABLE 15.2

UTIRE IQI DESIGNATION, UVIRE DIATETER, AND U'IRE TDENTITY

SET A SET B
WIRE DIAMETER WIRE IDENTITY WIRE DIAMETER WIRE IDENTITY
(mm) (mm)
0.08 1 o.25 6
0.1 2 0.33 7
0.13 3 o.41 I
0.16 4 0.5{ 9
0.20 5 0.64 10
0.25 6 0.81 11

wlRE IQI DESIGHATION, WIRE DIAIIETER, AND }YIRE IOEiITITY

SET C SET D
WIRE DIAMETER {mm) WIRE IDENTTTY WIRE DIAMETER WIRE IDENTITY
(mm)
0.81 11 2.il 16
1.02 12 3.20 17
1.27 13 4.06 18
1.60 14 s.08 19
2.03 ,5 6,35 20
2.il 16 8,13 21
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TABLE 15.3

iIA)(IHUTT REINFORCEUET{T PERTUIITTED

Material Nominal Thickness{mm} *laximum Reinforcements (mm)

GategoryB&CButtYYeld Other llYelds
Less than 2.4 2.4 0.8
2.4to 4.8 incl. 3.2 1.6
Over 4.8 to 13 ,incl. 4.0 2.4
Over 13 to 25 ind- 4.8 2.4
Over 25 to 51 incl. 5 3.2
Over 51 to 76 incl. 6 4
Over 76 to 102, incl. 6 6
Over 102 to 127 , incl- 6 6
Aver 127 8 I
Note: The thic*ness of the weld reinforcement on each face shall not exceed the above.

TABLE 15.4

EQUIVALET{T HOLE TYPE IQI SEI{SlTlvlTY

Hole Type Designation Equivalent Hole Type Designation

2 T Hole I T Hole 4 T Hole
10 15 5
12 17 7
15 20 10
17 25 12
2A 30 15
25 35 17
30 40 20
35 50 25
40 60 30
50 70 35
60 80 40
80 120 60
100 140 70
't20 160 80
160 240 124
200 284 140
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TABLE 15.5

HOLE TYPE IQI DIiIET{SIONS

rQl rQr 1T 2T 4T
Designation Thickness Hole Diameter Hole Diarneter HoIe Diameter
(mm) (mml (mm) (mm)
5 0.13 4.25 0.51 1.02
7 0.19 o.25 0.51 1.O2
10 0.25 4.25 0.51 1.42
12 0.32 0.32 0.64 1.27
15 0.38 0_38 0.76 1.52
17 4.44 o_44 0.89 1.78
20 0.51 0.51 1.42 2.O3
25 0.64 0.64 1.27 2.54
30 0.76 0.76 1.52 3.05
35 0.89 0.89 1.78 3.56
40 1.42 1.O2 2.03 4.06
45 1.14 1.14 2.29 4.57
50 1.27 1.27 2.il 5.08
60 1.52 1.52 3.0s 6.10
70 1.78 1.78 3.56 7.11
80 2.43 2.O3 4.06 8.13
100 2.il 2.54 5.08 10.16
120 3.05 3.05 6.10 12.19
140 3.56 3.56 7.11 14.22
160 4.06 4.06 8.13 16.26
204 5.08 5.08 10.16
24A 6.10 6.10 12.19
280 7.11 7 -11 14.22
 Doc, UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revbion 3
EXAMINATION OF UIIELDS Date 30.12.2A19
Page 17 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

ANNEXURE I

SINGLE _ WALL RADOGRAPHIC

Source-Weld Film Anangement tQt Location

Pipe Exposure Radiograph Penetrameter Marker
o. D. Technique Viewing End View I Side Mew Selection Placement Placement

Source
Side
12.5
Any Single-Wall Single-Wall 12.1Fa
2_1.2 12.3 Either
Side
and 5.1.3

Table- Film Side

12-2,12.3 12.6
Erpoerc&rrqaarr-A

Source
Side
12.5
Any Single-Wall Single-Wall 12.1Ta
2.1.1 12.3 Film Side
5.1.2
and
Film Side
;*n Table. 12.6
12.2,12.3
Erysr.rAfiten'll*-g

Soure
Side
12.s
Any Single-Wall Single-Wall 12.1Ta
2.1.1 12.3 Source
Side
and
Film Side s.1.1(b)
Table- 12.6
12.2,12_3

Grgcur Atragrnrll
- C
 Doc. UNSIRT/01
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAMIT.IATION OF UYELDS Date 34i2.2015
Page 18 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

DOUBLE _ WALL RADOGRAPIIIC UES

Source-Weld Film Arrangement lQr Location

Pipe Exposure Radiograph Penetrameter Marker
o. D_ Technique Viewing End View I Side View Selectlon Placement Placement

Double-Wall Source
2.',1.3 Side
at least 3 12.5
Any Exposures Single-Wall 12.1To
120 deg. To 12.3 Film Side
each other 5.1.2(a)
for complete and Film Side
coverage 12_6
Tabls.
12"2,12.3
Expof,lr! lrrutgBmcfil - O

Double-Wall Source
2.1.3 Side
at least 3 12.5
Any Exposures Single-Wall 12-1Ta
120 deg. To 12.3 Film Side
each other 5.1.2(a)
for complete and Film Side
coverage 12.6
Table'
Erpoarn rarngcrnrat * E
12.2,12.3

Double-Wall
2.1.4
3% at least 2 Source
ln. or Exposures Double' 12.1Ta Side
Less 90 deg. To Wall 12.3 12.5 Either
each other (Ellipse) Side
for complete Read offset and 5.2
coverage Source
Side and Table-
Film Side 12.2,12.3
lmages
Ergotm rrurgernmt-F
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAIIINATION OF YYELD$ Date 34.12.2A19
Page 19 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

DOTIBLE _ WALL RADOGRAPTTIC TEC UES

Source.Wdd Film Arrangement tQr Location

Pipe Exposure Radiograph Penetrameter Marker
o. D. Technique Viewing End View Side View Selection Placement Placement

Double-Wall
2.1.5
at least 3 Source
Exposures Double- 12.1To Side
60 deg-or Wall 12.3 12.5 Either
120 deg. To Read 12.6 Side
3Y" each other Super and 5.2
ln" or for complete lmposed
Less coverage Source Table.
Side and 12.2,12.3
Film Side
lmages
Eryorr..nmgrrrar-G' Flln

SINGLE _ WALL RADOGRAPHIC TECHhIIQUES

Source-Weld Film Arrangement tQr Location

Plate Exposure Radiograp Penetrarneter Marker
Thick Technique h End View Side View Select Placement Placemen
ness Viewinq ion t

Source
12.1 Side
To 12.5 Source
12.3 Side
Any Single'Wall Single. 5.1.1a
2.1.1 Wall and

Table. Film Sid€

12.2.1 12.6
1
Exposure Tecinique Figure - P
 Doc, UNS/RT/01
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAIIIINATION OF UUELDS Date 30.12_2019
Page 20 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

ANNEXURE II

LOCATION TTIARKER

Flm ddr
ufrlcc.pt*b

Cundconpooatr sfttraaHor rqttl to

Frt co[rpo.r.nt or longlt dn l !.stt fur eaoe hl thrrr radur of ernAoaom
tscc rtrt{s lc}iordtrrnrr,
hl tb)

Sorrcr

arra ccnfrr*1{! g
ru*ocr Crrd cunporruu,l$ rdhdon rotrc to
arunm
likn drtmor grcacrrtm ndur ol
(e) (d)

alxraa.trltr&fi
thmt{gtrla,--Jm
t r lel nafirl2t
r, d&idie.hr,o5la
a.t$d- rbteilr rl,
r. -ltrl.j.ln
,t hrS.botlliEbilml
'
Oda6ti?drirfD rflor a.rt.
D sEloffilaffr-
' ala&cr*n
 Doc. UNS/RT/01
PROGEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAHINATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2A19
Page 21 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

ANNEXURE III

PROCEDURE FOR CALIBRATION OF DENSITOMETER

1.0 scoPE:
This procedure covers the mlibratinn of transmission densitometerc using a Step
Wedge Calibration Film.

2.0 PURCHASING REQUIREUENTS OF STEP WEDGE CALIBRATION FILM:

2.1 Step Wedge Calibration Film shall be purchase from reputed film rnanufacturers
like AGFA or Kodak with foltolrving requirements

2.2 Step Wedge Calibration Film shall be traceable to National Standard Step Tablet
having at least five steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0. Step
Wedge Calibration Film shall have been verified within last year by comparison
with a National Standard Step Tablet unless, prior to use, it was maintained in
original light tight and waterproof sealed package as supplier by Manufacturer.
Step wedge calibration film may be used without verification for one year upon
opening, provided it is within manufacturer's stated shelf life-

2.3 A Calibration certificate shall be available with the Step Wedge Calibration Film
ind icating the following:
a. Tablet lD & recorded value for each step density.
b. Conformance of tractability of NIST insfumentation used in the
calibration process.
c. Applicable ANSI stiandard used.
d. Verification of measurement on Agfa's / Kodak's Structurix Denstep
e. lD Number of the Agrfa's / Kodak's Structurix Denstep-
f. Calibration date of Step Wedge Calibration Film.

2.4 Transmission densitometer with digital read out display specially manufactured
for the purpose of measuring the range of film densities described in Para 2.1
shall be used.

3.0 REQUIREi,IENTSOFDENSITOTIETER

Densitometer capable of measuring optical density in the range of 0 to 4 shall be used.

4.O CALIBRATION:

4.1 Densitometer shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use.

4.2 The Densitometer manufacturer's Step by Step instruction for the operation of the
densitiometer shall be followed.
 Doc. UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
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Page 22 ol 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

4.3 Density step closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 on step wedge calibration film shall
be read.

4.4 The densitometer is acceptable if the density reading do not vary by more than +
0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the Step Wedge Calibration
Film or on the calibration certificate. lf any of the recorded density values vary
more than + 0.05 density units ftom density values on the step wedge calibration
film, the linearity of the instrument is out of trolerance & should be mnected-

5.0 RECORDS & ASSOCIATION DOCUi,IENTATION:

5.1 Note & record the calibration reading required by the Para 4.1, in the Calibration
Register or Calibration Report.

6.0 PERIODIC VERIFICATION:

6.1 Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in para

4-0 at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hours of continuous use or after change
of aperture, whichever cornes first.

6,2 lf the verification reading is within + 0.05 of the values marked on step wedge
calibration film, the equipment is ready for use. lf not, recalibration is required &
shall be accomplished as detaited in para 4.0.

6.3 These calibration verification reading need not to be recorded.

6.4 lf the calibration verification readings are more than + 0.05, then all radiographs
examined since the last acceptable daily density check shall be subject to a re-
verification for density after densitometer has been recalibrated.

7,4 CALIBRATIONIDENTIFICATION:
A sticker shall be affixed on the instrument with the following data;
a. Date of last calibration.
b. Next due date of calibration.
c. ldentification of indMdual perfonning the calibration
 Doc. UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
TXAtrilINATION OF YYELDS Date 30.12.2A19
Paqe 23 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

CHART No. CHT J 01

ROUI{DED INDICATIONS CHARTS

ACCEPTANCE STANDARD FOR RADIOGRAPHIGALLY DETERMINED ROUNDED
INDICATIONS IN WELDS
(ldentieal to Appendix4 of ASiIE Seetion Vlll. Division-l)

1.0 APPLICABLITY OF THESE STANDARDS

These standards are applicable to fenitic and austenitic materials.

2.OTERMINOLOGY

2.1 Rounded lndications.

lndications with a maximum length of frtree fimes the width or less on the
radiograph arc defrned as rounded indications. Ihese indications may
circular elliptical, conical or irregular in shape & may have tails- When
evaluating the size of an indication, the tail shall be includd. The indication
may be from any imperfection in the weld, such as porosttyr, slag or
tungsten,

2.2 Alignedlndications.

A sequence of four or more rounded indications shall be considered to be aligned

when they touch a line parallel to the length of the weld drawn through the centre
of the two outer rounded indications-

2,3 Thickness Y

t ' is the thic{<ness of the weld, excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joint two members having different thickness at the weld, 't'is the thinner of
these two thickness. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet vueld, the thickness
of the throat of fillet shall be included in' t '.

3.0 ACCEPTA},ICE CRITERIA

3.1 lmage Density

Density within the image of the indication may vary & is not a criteria for
acceptance or rejection.

3.2 Relevant lndications (See Table Below.)

Only those rounded indications which exceed the following dimensions shall be
mnsidered relevant.
1110 t for't' less than 3 mm (1/8 in.).
1|il in.for' t' from 3 mm to 6 mm (118 in. la 114 in) incl.
1132in. for' t ' greater than 6 mm. to 5O mm (114 in. to 2 in.), incl.
1116 in. for't'greater than 50 mm (2 in.)
 Doc. UNS/RT/01
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXATfiNATION OF VI'ELDS Date 30.12.2A19
Page 24 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

3J Maximum Size of Rounded indication. (See Table Below)

The maximum permissible size of any indications shall be 114 t, or 4 mm (5/32 in.),
which ever is smaller; except that an isolated indication separated from an adjacent
indication by 25 mm (1 in.) or more may be 113 t, or 6mm (% in.), whichever is less. For t
greater than 50 mm (2 in.) the maximum permissible size of an isolated indication shall
be increased to 10mm (318 in.).

3.4 Aligned Rounded lndications.

Aligned rounded indications are acceptable when the summation of Diameters of
The indications is less than't' in a length of 12 t. See Fig -4.1-The length of
groups of aligned Rounded indications & the spacing between the groups shall
meet the requirements of Fig4.2.

3.5 Spacing
The distance between adjacent rounded indications is not a factor in Determining
aceptance or rejection, except as required for isolated lndications or groups of
aligned indications.

3.6 Rounded lndications Charts.

The rounded indications characterized as imperfections shallnot exceed that
shown in the charts. The charts in Figs. 4.3 through Fig - 4.8 illustrate various
types of assorted, randomly dispersed & dustered rounded indications for
different weld thicknesses greater than 3 mm (118 in.). These charts represent the
maximum acceptable concentration limits for Rounded indications. The charts for
each thickness rttnge represent full -Scale 6-in radiographs, & shall not be
enlarged or reduced. The distributions shown are not necessarily the patterns
that may appear on the radiograph, but are typical of the conentration & size of
indications Permitted.

3.7 Weld thickness't'less than 3 mm (1/8 in.).

For't' less than 3 mm (1/8 in.) the maxirnum number of rounded lndications shall
not exceed 12 in a 150 mm (6 in.) lengfih of weld. A Proportionately fewer number
of indications shall be permitted in welds less than 150 mm (6 in.) in length.

3.8 Clustered lndications,

The illustrations for clustered indications show up to four times as many
indications in a localarea, as that shown in the illustrations for random
indications. The length of an acceptable duster shall not exceed the lesser of 1
in. (25mm) or 2t.Where more than one cluster is present, the sum of the lengths
of the clusters shall not exceed 25 mm {1 in.) in a 150 mm (6 in.) length weld.
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAHIHATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2019
Page 25 ol 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

ilaximum size of Acceptable Maximum size of

Thickness't'
Rounded lndication {mm} Itlon-relevant
{mm} Random *solated indication(mm)
Less than 3 1 t4t 1 l3t 1t10t

3 0.79 1.O7 0.38

5 1.19 1_60 0.38

6 1.60 2.11 0.38

I 1.98 2.U 0.79

10 2.31 3.18 0.79

11 2.77 3.71 0.79

13 3.18 4_2V 0.79

14 3-61 4.78 0.79

16 3.96 5.33 0.79

17 3.96 5.84 0.79

19 to 50 lncluding 3.96 6.35 0.79

Over 50 3.96 9.53 1.60

 Dm. UNS/RT/01
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAT'IilATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2019
Page 26 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

I
-t t

I
{ )

T j
S
.3 I
D

I
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b
d
fl
t't I -,€'E
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tr c
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5 o a Eli$
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at
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ct
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ct
lr, T
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5
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CD
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€ 8 { 6 P
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 Doc. UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAiTINATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2419
Page 27 ot33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

FlG. +3 CHARTS FOR a EqUAL TO }t h. ro k *r. (3 lttlt ro 6 mn,. ntcluslvE

,.'. .,... j ' ] .t .. l'.iS.r.., ,. t '. r.i.,l'

lrl nn'doa iouo&l hdlc.tl6 t3.G lloie ltll

. ! .. a '.'.. t ii " -:ifx

El Lou.dhdcdqrl8.ltaot tAl (g Cllrr.t

tlotE*
(11 TVplorl concrtradon rd airo pormilhd in eny O iu llSO mml l.'teth ot rrkL
fi{ l,lr*num tlrc p.r rlut t}1.

FlG. /t{ CIiARTS FOR IOYER h ln roI hu G mrro lO nn), I}lCurStVE

..'rll,.'.' t 7'--,
,'.1:- .,' rt .'.t. .'t.. .i a .,'. :

k R.ndmRllrrtdrdhdceml6roibt ltll

) .t -'
:1i::...i.
..;:'.
o .a O
^
.:' .' .a.'-
'-
. ....f.t_ 1 ....

&l ho,ltd ladorlm ICor f{cr. llll kl Cturtrr

rl()lE*
{11 nnkd oommrrbr rd rhr Fdtd h.fl, A h. fiaO rrrt hr{ft oil Ead.
t2l il0.llll,m&.r|'tbbal.
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAT,IINATION OF }VELDS Date 30.12.2019
Page 28 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

FlG. l-5 CI|ARTS FoR ,o\rER I n to 7r h. u0 mn ro t9 nun), lilCLUstvE

a al
a
al rt ,,
rta
loa
! r
.a-._
r ' .t'i'
a aa It
a
t
a all
r"a' a ,
I
r.
a

t.l .rlr. . , r.r

.t t

H fuem Eourdrd his.tlffi lg.| t{ot (t[

.o
a t,
ltqr
ta
a t. '
.
aaa
. .:r'l i.:,.ii;i
)i.:.::
ol a ja:
1.,",,r'r-,, -l l. rr"or* -J

bl hohbdkrdic*hn llt . itor.|,,l lel C&rrrrr

itolE&
(ll T}?|.d concrrrd:r.l-a-.F n rr$rcd h .ny 0 h. {r$ mrrs r.ruth or *dd
El UrrlmumrhoprTrbbr}l.
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAI'INATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2019
Page 29 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

FtG. a6 CIARrS roR tovEB ? tr to 2 ln tl9Em bfl]nmt, I[cLUslvE

t-".r aU
' ' ,, O e
,.t a. .. a
f l a ^

trl Brrdoor hundod Hlcrdom lSrr ibf. lt tl

a a^-- 2t

a ,;;, a
1,, o , '
t. o l'
a a..a
l.'.'r. a -'a'l

tl bdH h*crfron l!!r l.o,rr t ll lcl Clustrr

Itl Typilerl orrrnrr$ht nd drc pcm{ttod lo m, C tt, ltlo ltrnl L.reilt ot to|d.
til llsdmsm rlr. Flt bli 4.t.

l
 Doc. UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGR^APHrc Revision 3
EXATINATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2A19
Page 30 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

fIG. +7 CHARTS FOR , OVER a kL to { IrL (5(, nnr to lflt rnrn}, I}|CLUSIVE

ataa.- .l? t
a rat .a
It
t-tt
a. a. )
t al' a t t'^ . 'l
att a 'o a a
a
l . .

t ) eO tota"t
rt ' a a
rtt

t l B-d..r Aou-d li&d..r ta.. ia6 lf lt

a .-.. tr
) lf
,a
5-
o
tt
.,

l.r r* rr"--rJ
&t L.ad hil..rto.t&. fd. Selt lcl Gtrdr

N(''E&
lf l Tyelcd cono.tulon arld llz. Dormln.d ln mv O k.ltso rilfrt t ngrlr otrc!d.
lill Milbnom dr. p.rTrbb ra-t.
 Doc. UNS/RT/o1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAtrI|IHATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2019
Page 31 of33
UA,,QUE NDT SERY'CES

FlG. 4"8 CIIARTS fOR rOVE8 4ln (100 rmn)

a,
a )
, oe
'o ta a
a
a
tl trt a a
t. I a ) 'a)
l1 a '
,i la

.:1 a
.. a

o
a)ltO
', a . 'ra I
t
a
a
rt a
a
a

(dFa&m t{l

a
aaa
a, ,0
). -
o | , ), 'r,a
t- 'l
tf O, o, . ''
'"j'
'.0'a-a
at '-
, ,t'
of
)'
t
t
a
a,
")'. 1.'

I;-------.ii-i
,*,.,.,-r,, I I rrn.r2immr I

OIMB{mltr]ld.elt lcl Ctsgtr

ilOTEB
tfl T}{od urcanta}gt ad J.. F mhfd ftr srv C h. lf60 mml hogtlr otwold,
Ql llrrlmurn du nrr TrDlc rl.l-
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR R^ADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAMINATION OF WELDS Date 30.12.2419
Page 32 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERV'CES

CHART No. GHT / 02

RADIOGRAPHIC ACCEPTAT.I CE STANDARD FOR I,UELDER PERFOR}IANC E

QUALIFICATION

1.0 TERTINOLOGY

1.1 Linearlndications.
Cracks, incomplete fusion, inadequate penetration, and slag are represented on
the Radiograph as linear indications in wtrich the length is more than three times
the width.

1.2 Roundedindications.
Porosity and inclusions such as slag or tungsten are represented on radiograph
as rounded indications with a lengrth of three times the width or less. These
indications may be circular, elliptical or inegular in shape; may have tails; and
may vary in density.

2.4 Acceptance Standards.

Welder and welding operator performance tests by radiography of welds in test

assemblies shall be judged unacceptable when the radiograph exhibits any
imperfections in excess of the limits specified below.

2.1 Linear indications.

2.1.7 Any $pe of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.

2.1.2 Any elongated slag inclusion which has a length greater than:
a) 3.0 mm (1/8 in.) for t up 10.0 mm (3/8 in.), inclusive
b) 1/3 t for t over 10.0 mm (318 in.) to 57.0 mm {Z%in.\, inclusive.
c) 19.0 mm (To in,) for t over 57.0 mm (2T.in.l

2.1-3 Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length greater than t
in a length of 12 t, except when the distance between the succ-essive
imperfections in exceeds 6L where L is the length of the longest imperfection in
the group.

2.2 Rounded indications.

2.2-1 The maximum permissible dimension for rounded indication shall be 20o/o ol t or
3.0 mm (1/8 in.) whichever is smaller.

2.2-Z For welds in material less than 3.0 mm (1/8 in.) in thickness, the maximum
number of acceptable rounded indications shall not exceed 12in a 150 mm (6 in.)
length of weld- A proportionately fewer number of rounded indications shall be
permitted in ease of welds less than 150 mm (6 in.) in length.
 Doc. UNS/RTIO1
PROCEDURE FOR RADIOGRAPHIC Revision 3
EXAtr,IINATIOH OF WELDS Date 30"12.2019
Page 33 of 33
UNIQUE NDT SERY'CES

2.2.3 For welds in material 3.0 mm (1/8 in.) or greater in thickness, the charts in
appendix - I represent the maximum acceptable types of rounded indications
illustrated in typically clustered, assorted, and randomly dispersed onfigurations.
Rounded indications less than 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) in maximum diameter shall not
be considered in the radklgraphic acceptance tests of welders and urelding
operatorc in these ranges of materialthicknesses-

APPEIIDIX I
Rout{oED IID|CAT|OII C'IARTS
(s.c qw-1912)

If'Facd 6!n$t, rrd A!. ?cnrlrtrC

fr f fr. tfro mal t.recili C W.ad
Va h tl rrr{ to V. L- tc nrnl
THdrxs

lY0lc.l otfilff ftr, tir. prmload

h 3 h. tl3llrtrl L.mrh otHt
OrrG V. b.lt rDl tc t[ h. llit nrnt
Ttl&ra

. tttt t a'
1;.' . .

Tv?hrlOrrfnV .ra sirt ?rrr*tt.f

htlo. lttomrtt oilotwdd
(h." Vrb, lttom,t t h ta!.rErl
ftHr...

lpiC Qrntlty rld Gils. t'drr d

h C [r. lt6a Dml L.tEOt ot U,rE
Or., t h. GlgEIlt l[a*rE5

-t 1