7

SELF-LEARNING RESOURCE
(SLR) IN ENGLISH
Quarter 1 – Booklet 2

1
 What I Need to Know

Dear Learner:

This Self-Learning Resource (SLR) in English is designed and written in

consideration of you. It is to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning.

As a learner, you are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the most
essential learning competencies in English at your own pace and time. Your
academic success lies in your motivation and determination to work on the tasks
given to you and to face all challenges along the way.

This SLR has four lessons:

 Lesson 1 – Supplying Words that Complete an Analogy
 Lesson 2 – Using the Past and Past Perfect Tenses
 Lesson 3 – Using the Passive and Active Voice
 Lesson 4 – Using Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences

Each definitely leads to the mastery of most essential learning competencies

by interrelated activities and discussions.

After going through these lessons, you are expected to:

1. supply other words or expressions that complete an analogy ;

2. use the past and past perfect tenses correctly in varied contexts;
3. use the passive and active voice meaningfully in varied contexts; and
4. use phrases, clauses, and sentences appropriately and meaningfully.

Reminders:
 Use this SLR with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of it.

 Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and

assessments.

 Return this SLR to your teacher/facilitator once you are through

with it.

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 What I Know

It’s time to check what you already know as you start to embark on your
journey in these lessons.
Write the letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Lesson 1
1. It compares two things that are mostly different from each other but have some
traits in common.
A. similarity B. contrast C. analogy D. game

2. The different ways of comparison and figures of speech that help make
analogies are _______________.
A. Simile and Metaphor C. Part of the Whole
B. Synonyms and Antonyms D. all of the above

3. _______________ is a word that has nearly the same meaning.

A. Synonym B. Antonym C. Simile D. Analogy

4. ________________ is a word that has opposite meaning.

A. Synonym B. Simile C. Analogy D. Antonym

5. A _____________ makes an analogy by comparing two things without using

“like” or “as”.
A. Simile B. Metaphor C. Synonym D. Antonym

Lesson 2
6. The ____________ tense refers to the event that had happened in the past.
A. past perfect B. past C. present D. future
7. It is used when you are talking about a completed action before something else
in the past.
A. past perfect B. past C. present D. future

8. A time expression used to express the past is ________.

A. tomorrow B. today C. soon D. yesterday

9. ________ verbs form their past tense by adding –d or –ed to the main verb.
A. Regular B. Main C. Action D. Irregular

10. Which word is in the past tense?

A. likes B. got C. dance D. goes

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Lesson 3

11. The “voice” of the verb means ________________.

A. sound of a verb C. human’s voice
B. an echo D. an action

12. Which verb is in the passive voice?

A. has done B. took C. was given D. run

13. If the subject is the doer of the action in the sentence, the verb is in the
________________ voice.
A. active B. inactive C. passive D. non-active

14. If the subject is the receiver of the action in the sentence, the verb is in the
________________ voice.
A. active B. passive C. inactive D. passed

15. Change this sentence to passive voice: Marilyn mailed the letter.
A. Marilyn is mailing the letter. C. Marilyn mails the letter.
B. The letter was mailed by Marilyn. D. The letter is for Marilyn.

Lesson 4
16. What are the building blocks of sentences?
A. phrases B. clauses C. words D. A & B

17. It is a group of words that does not contain a subject and a verb.
A. phrase B. clause C. word D. sentence

18. It is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.

A. phrase B. clause C. title D. noun

19. Lisa reads books because she is a book lover. What is the underlined clause?
A. independent B. dependent C. noun D. relative

20. Which of the following is a dependent clause?

A. she thinks well C. when she is thinking deeply
B. she can tell the truth D. she can only speak

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 Lesson
Supplying Words that
1 Complete an Analogy

What’s In

?
What is the relationship between the kitchen and the house? ____________________
If kitchen is to house; then, classroom is to _____________________________________
If elephant is to mouse; then, black is to ________________________________________
What is the relationship between the elephant and the mouse? __________________

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 What’s New

Read a few lines from the poem, “There Is No Frigate Like a Book” and tell
what is being compared to a book.

There is no frigate like a book

Emily Dickinson

"There is no frigate like a book

To take us lands away,
Nor any coursers like a page
Of prancing poetry.
This traverse may the poorest take
Without oppress of toll;
How frugal is the chariot
That bears a human soul!"

 This analogy is saying that nothing on this earth can move a human's soul
more effectively than a book, not even a powerful warship (frigate).

What is It

An analogy is a comparison between two things that are mostly different from
each other but have some traits in common. By showing a connection between two
different things, writers help to explain something important about one thing by
using a second thing you already know about.

We have different ways of comparisons and figures of speech to help us make

analogies. Similes and metaphors help to construct an analogy. A simile easily
builds an analogy by making a comparison of two things using the words “like” or
“as.” A metaphor makes an analogy by comparing two things without using the
words “like” or “as.” An analogy is not a figure of speech like a simile or metaphor.
An analogy, instead, is a literary device. However, figures of speech can help to
build an analogy.

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 An analogy is used to make arguments, demonstrate ideas, and build
connections through comparison.

The following are examples of analogies:

1. He is as strong as an ox.
The analogy compares the man’s strength to the strength of an animal,
suggesting he is very strong.

2. That box is as light as a feather.

This is common analogy. The weight of the box is being compared to the
weight of a feather. Since a feather is very light, the analogy suggests that the box
is also very light.

3. Love is a game. Sometimes you win–sometimes you lose.

The analogy compares love to how a game works. The analogy suggests that
love is a chance, and sometimes you find someone you love and other times you do
not or things do not work out with a person.

Though analogies are common tools in writing, word analogies, or verbal

analogies, are more like logic puzzles. These also compare two different things, but
they do it by breaking them into parts to see how they are related.

Example:
kitten : cat :: puppy : dog

The colons stand for words, so that when you read it aloud, the analogy says:

Kitten is to cat as puppy is to dog.

In this case, the relationship described is between the young and adult
animals. The two animals being compared are cats and dogs.

To understand a word analogy, think about how the words on each side of the
colons relate to each other. Sometimes the relationship is a part of the whole, a
synonym or an antonym.

Part of the Whole

Part of something is compared to the whole in a way similar to another part of

something is compared to the whole.

Example:
eye: face :: branch : tree

You would read this analogy "eye is to face as branch is to tree". In your
mind, you should be thinking "an eye is a part of a face, just like a branch is a part
of a tree."

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SYNONYM and ANTONYM

Synonyms are words that have nearly the same meanings. Antonyms are
words that have opposite meanings.

Synonym Antonym
happy Joyful sad
big Huge small
skinny Thin fat
cold Freezing hot
top Peak bottom

Examples:

Synonyms Antonyms

happy is to joyful as big is to huge happy is to sad as big is to small

or or
happy : joyful :: big : huge happy: sad:: big : small

skinny is to thin as top is to peak cold is to hot as top is to bottom

or or
skinny : thin :: top : peak cold : hot :: top : bottom

What’s More

Complete each analogy by writing the correct word on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He was as funny as a ____________________________________.

2. You are my __________________ because you brighten my day.

3. Left is to right as down is to _______________________________.

4. Mouse is to mammal as snake is to ________________________.

5. Which is to witch as weather is to _________________________.

6. Automobile is to gasoline as television is to ________________.

7. Bird is to chirp as cow is to _______________________________.

8. Smile is to frown as ugly is to _____________________________.

9. Sound is to hear as odor is to _____________________________.

10. Capital letter is to beginning as period is to _______________.

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 What I Have Learned
An analogy is a comparison of two things that have differences and
similarities.
Similes and metaphors are simple, direct or indirect comparisons, they do
not offer any explanation. Similes use the words like and as while metaphors use
direct comparison. These figures of speech help to construct an analogy.
Analogy has different types: Part of whole, Synonyms and Antonyms.
Part of the whole analogy describes the relationship between words. In part
of whole analogies, the first term is part of the second term, and the third term
is part of the fourth. As an example, sand is to beach as water is to ocean.
An analogy has two pairs of words and it suggests a relationship to each other,
such as synonyms or antonyms. As examples, funny is to sad as sweet is to sour
(antonym), hop is to jump as purchase is to buy (synonym).

What I Can Do
Choose the correct pair that matches the given pair of words. Write the
letter of the correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. nest: bird :: ______________

A. cave: bear C. window: house
B. flower: petal D. dog: basket

2. teacher: school :: ______________

A. businessman: money C. dentist: tooth
B. waitress: restaurant D. fish: water

3. dinner: evening :: ______________

A. pond: ocean C. fish: elephant
B. breakfast: morning D. feather: bird

4. poodle: dog :: ______________

A. great white: shark C. money: stock market
B. dalmatian: great dane D. horse: pony

5. bow: arrow :: ______________

A. rat: mouse C. dog : cat
B. bullet: gun D. rabbit : hen

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 Assessment
Supply with words or expressions to complete each analogy. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Apple is to tree as rose is to _____________.

A. princess B. character C. flower D. fruit

2. Hunger is to food as thirst is to ____________.

A. water B. juice C. ice D. meal

3. Blanket is to soft as floor is to ______________.

A. rough B. hard C. shiny D. cold

4. Forget is to remember as pause is to _________.

A. stop B. continue C. pose D. think

5. Walking is to exercise as sleeping is to __________.

A. work B. time C. bed D. rest

Additional Activities

Think: THIS is to THAT as WHAT is to WHICH? Analogies are all about figuring out
how things go together or are related to each other. Pick out the correct answer, then
give the ways of comparisons (part of the whole, synonym, antonym, simile, or
metaphor) use. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Blanket is to bed as picture is to _______________. (floor, wall, cold)

Way of comparison: ________________________________________

2. Red is to love as green is to _____________. (colorful, nature, funny)

Way of comparison: ________________________________________

3. Poor is to rich as sickness is to_____________. (happy, disease, health)

Way of comparison: _________________________________________

4. Bright is to sun as dark is to _____________. (storm, color, house)

Way of comparison: _________________________________________

5. Big is to fat as small is to ___________. (thin, tiny, large)

Way of comparison: _________________________________________

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 Lesson
Using the Past and Past
2 Perfect Tenses

What’s In

Past Perfect Tense is the first action in the past. Simple Past is the second action
in the past.

I had finished eating when he called me.

Past perfect tense of the verb is formed by past tense of the verb is formed by

(had + past participle of the verb) (verb + ed )

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 What’s New

Read the selection and answer the questions that follow:

PAST PERFECT STORY

by: Really Learn English

One night, Dane and Emily danced in a competition. They danced a salsa
dance. They had practiced for six months before they danced in a competition.
They were very good.

Dane and Emily’s friends were in the audience. Before that night, they had
never seen Dane and Emily dance. In fact, Dane and Emily had never danced in
front of anyone before the competition.

After everyone had danced, the judges announced the winners. Dane and
Emily won! They were the best dancers in the competition. Emily said she never
practiced so hard before. She was glad they had practiced.

Comprehension Check:
Answer the following questions based on the selection “Dane and Emily”.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
1.How long had Dane and Emily practiced before the competition?
____________________________________________________

2.Before that night, who had never seen Dane and Emily danced?

____________________________________________________
3.What happened after everyone had danced?

____________________________________________________

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 What is It

Look at the following sentences and take note of the underlined words. They
are examples of verbs in the simple past and past perfect tenses.

1. A. They practiced a month ago.

Action had been completed in the past.

B. They had practiced for six months before the competition;

Action started in the past and continued up to a given time.

2. A. Their friends never saw Dane and Emily danced for a long time.

Action had been completed in the past.

B. Before that night, their friends had never seen Dane and Emily danced.

Action happened before a specific time in the past.

Simple Past Past Perfect

1.The past tense refers to the event 1. Past Perfect Tense is used when
that had happened in the past. you are talking about a completed
action before something else in the
past.

2. Regular verbs are formed by 2.Past Perfect Tense is formed by

adding -d or -ed using the word ‘had” + (past
Ex. dance + -d = danced participle)
cook + -ed = cooked Ex. had danced
Irregular verbs are formed by had cooked
changing a word or not changing
at all.
Ex. choose – chose
put - put

3. Time expressions with simple past 3. Time expressions like already,

are yesterday, last month, last before, after, when, until, etc.
year, last week, a long time ago,
etc.

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 PAST PERFECT TENSE

USE EXAMPLES
1. Action finished before another past 1. I had left home when the incident
action. happened.

2. Action happened before a specific 2. Nobody had seen Dane and Emily
time in the past. before that night.

3. Action started in the past and 3. We had owned that car for 10
continued up to a given time in the years before it broke down.
past.

4. Cause and effect (combine with 4. I got stuck in traffic because there
simple past) had been an accident.

5. Emphasize the result of an activity 5. I had been to Manila twice by the

in the past. time I got a job in Iloilo City.

Rules in forming the past tense of the verbs:

A. Regular Verbs form their past tense by adding –d or –ed to the main verb.
Example: dance- danced love-loved paint-painted jump-jumped

B. Irregular Verbs form their past tense by changing the spelling of the main
word.
Example: come - came go – went give - gave write - wrote

C. Some verbs have the same form in their present and past tense.
Example: read-read let-let put-put

D. Some verbs that end in –y form their past tense by changing y to i and add
-ed.
Example: try-tried cry-cried fry-fried

VERB SIMPLE PAST PAST PAST PERFECT

PARTICIPLE
choose chose chosen had chosen
paint painted painted had painted
write wrote written had written
go went went had gone
read read read had read
eat ate eaten had eaten
say said said had said
clean cleaned cleaned had clean
finish finished finished had finished
give gave give had given

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 What’s More

Change the tenses of the verbs in the following sentences. Try to analyze
which actions come first or second. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

 Use the past perfect tense (first action in the past) had + past participle of the
verb or simple past (second action in the past) past tense of the verb.

1. After she (move) _______out, I (clean) _______ her room.

2. I (wash) _______ the dishes when mother (go) _______ to market.
3. Before I (know) it, she (leave) _______ home.
4. By the time Lyn (finish) _______ her report, everybody (pass) _______ it.
5. Before she (go)______ home, she (go) ________ to the groceries store.
6. After I (cry) _______, I (wipe) _______ my tears.
7. Before Carlos (win) _______ the game, he (exert) _______ a lot of efforts to
practice.
8. Before I (phone) _______ her, she (call) _______me.
9. You (help) _______ me when I (need) _______ you.
10. We (finish) _______ our work when he (come)_______ .

What I Have Learned

So many things had happened in the past. Many of us are fond of recalling
the events that have transpired. In order for us to communicate effectively, we
sequence the events of what had come first. In sequencing the past events, we use
the past perfect tense of the verb as it is used to make clear that one event happened
before another in the past.

Simple Past refers to the event that had happened in the past. It is used to
express the second action in the past when two past actions are combined.

Past Perfect Tense is used when you are talking about a completed action
before something else in the past. It is used to make it clear that one event happened
before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first, the
tense makes it clear which one happened first.

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 What I Can Do

Look at the given pictures. Write a sentence for each picture using the
simple past and past perfect tense of the verb. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

Example:

Peter (write) a letter before he (go) home.

Answer: Peter had written a letter before he went home.

Before Mary (go) home, it (rain).

Answer: Before Mary had gone home, it rained.

Start Here:

Mother (cook) dinner before father (arrive) home.

_____________________________________________________________

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 After he (lock) the door, he (leave).

________________________________________________________________

After he (read) the book, he (answer) the questions.

_________________________________________________________________

After she (arrive) at grandma’s house, she (listen) to grandma’s story.

__________________________________________________________________

After they (play) football, they (rest).

_________________________________________

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 Assessment

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in parentheses. Use the
Simple Past or Past Perfect. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. After Fred ________ (spend) his holiday in Italy, he______ (want) to learn Italian.
2. Jill______ (call) Dad at work before she_______ (leave) for her trip.
3. Susan_______ (listen) the radio after she_______ (wash) the dishes.
4. When she_______ (arrive), the match already_________ (start).
5. After the man ________ (come) home, he _______ (feed) the cat.
6. Before he_______ (sing) a song, he ________ (play) the guitar.
7. She_______ (watch) a video after the children _________ (go) to bed.
8. After Eric_________ (make) breakfast, he________ (phone) his friend.
9. I_________ (feel) very tired because I________ (study) too much.
10. They __________ (ride) their bikes before they________ (meet) their friends.

Additional Activities

Paste a picture of you doing a home or outdoor activity during the weekend
on a short-sized bond paper. Describe what you did by creating a one paragraph
story. Use the simple past and past perfect tenses in writing your sentences.

Example: I had given food to street children before they asked me for it.

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 Lesson
Using the Active and
3 Passive Voice
uSI
What’s In

Look at the following pictures and spot the difference between the two sentences.

The ball hit Janet.

Janet was hit by the ball.

The mailman carried the mail.

The mail was carried by the mailman.

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 What’s New

In English grammar, verbs have five properties: voice, mood, tense, person,
and number. Here, we are concerned with voice.

What is voice?

Voice is the form of a verb that shows whether the subject of a sentence
does the action (active voice) or is affected by it (passive voice).

Look at the following examples: Which sentence is more simple and common?

Active: He wrote a letter.

Passive: The letter was written by him.

Active: Kevin took a picture.

Passive: A picture was taken by Kevin.

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 What is It

ACTIVE OR PASSIVE

Most of the sentences in English are active sentences. They tend to be

simpler than passive sentences.
Active Voice
In most sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action
denoted by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.
1. The man is eating five hamburgers.
The man (subject) is doing the eating (verb).
2. Marilyn mailed the letter.
Marilyn (subject) is doing the mailing (verb).

Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the
sentences are said to be in the active voice.

Passive Voice
One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with
a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted
upon by the verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
1.Five hamburgers are eaten by the man.
Hamburgers (subject) are eaten (verb)
2. The letter was mailed by Marilyn.
The letter (subject) was being mailed (verb)

Because the subject is being "acted upon" (or is passive), such sentences
are said to be in the passive voice.

To change a sentence from active to passive voice, do the following:

1. Move the active sentence's direct object into the sentence's subject place.

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 2. Place the active sentence's subject into a phrase beginning with
the preposition by.

3. Add a form of the auxiliary verb be to the main verb and change the main
verb's form.

TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Simple Present 1.She bakes bread. 1. The bread is baked by

her.
-is/are + past participle 2. I love you.
(main verb) 2. You are loved by me.

 She her
 I me
Present Continuous 1. Roy is doing his 1. Homework is being
homework. done by Roy.
-is/are being + past
participle (main verb) 2. The visitors are 2. Foods on the table
eating foods on the are being eaten by the
table. visitors.

Simple Past 1. The wind blew the 1.The papers were

papers. blown by the wind.
-was/were + past
participle (main verb) 2. The police caught the 2. The thief was caught
thief. by the police.

Simple Future 1.Grandma will tell a 1. A story will be told

story. by grandma. .
-will be/ shall be + past
participle (main verb)

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 Regular verbs have the same past participle and simple past form,
but irregular verbs can be different.

Regular Verbs

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3

(First form) (Second form) (Third form)
- base form - simple past form - past participle form
work worked worked
help helped helped
bake baked baked

Irregular Verbs

Verb 1 Verb 2 Verb 3

(First form) (Second form) (Third form)
- base form - simple past form - past participle form
bite bit bitten
draw drew drawn
come came come
put put put

What’s More

Tell whether the underlined verb uses the Active or Passive Voice. Write your
answers on a separate piece of paper.

_______ 1. The carpenter builds a house.

_______ 2. Mangoes were eaten by Liza.

_______ 3. The students will perform the activity tomorrow.

_______ 4. The janitor collects the garbage.

_______ 5. The story was read by the children.

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 What I Have Learned

.
We can use active or passive verbs to determine the focus of a sentence.
These form the voices of a sentence: the active voice and the passive voice.
Voice is determined by how a verb is used in a sentence - its active form or
its passive form.

 An active verb results in the subject doing the action in the sentence.
 A passive verb results in the subject being acted upon, formed by the verb
“to be” and the past participle form of the main verb in the sentence.

Here is a chart to help you see the difference between the use of active and
passive verbs.

Sentences with ACTIVE VERBS Sentences with PASSIVE VERBS

He is eating dinner. Dinner is being eaten by him.

Many students speak English. English is spoken by many students.

You can cook popcorn on the stove. Popcorn can be cooked by you on the stove.

The children ate pancakes. Pancakes were eaten by the children.

I made the cookies. The cookies were made by me.

The postman delivered the mail. The mail was delivered by the postman.

The students took a test. A test was taken by the students.

All the passive sentences include verb “to be” and past participle form of the
main verb. The active sentences only have the active form of the main verb.

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 What I Can Do

Choose one sentence and make a one-paragraph story by using the active or
passive voice. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Jodi loves drawing and painting. Many students admired her.

2. The girl is bitten by the dog. An ambulance was called by the man.
3. The teacher is reading a book. The book is also being read by the class.
4. The boy threw the trash in the garbage can.
5. The school will sponsor an art show next month.

Assessment

Use the passive voice to change the following sentences. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. My sister is cooking a delicious dinner.

2. The carpenter repaired the chair.
3. The children picked the flowers.
4. My brother plays tennis.
5. I will listen to the news tonight.

Additional Activities

Write an essay using the active voice or passive voice with the guide
questions to tell about a present problem in your community.

 What is the problem in your community?

 Who are greatly affected by the problem?
 What are the possible solutions to the problem?
 As a student, how can you help to solve the problem?

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 Lesson
Using Phrases, Clauses,
4 and Sentences

What’s In

Learning the basic rules of sentence construction will help you identify
the parts of a sentence that make up the whole . What are the uses of words,
phrases, and clauses in a sentence?

What’s New
Read the selection. What types of phrases and clauses are used in the
paragraph?
Ninjas

Although some people are afraid of ninjas, since they are so deadly, I think
that they’re cool. Because Ninjas have so many enemies, they live high in trees on
top of mountains. No one can reach them in their mountainous tree forts unless
they lower their rope ladders for them. If you tried to climb up a ninja’s tree
without the rope ladder, you would probably get hit with a million ninja stars.
Despite their inhospitable nature, ninjas are usually nice to children and animals.

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 What Is It

Phrases and clauses are the building blocks of sentences.

PHRASES
A phrase is a group of related words. It does not contain a subject and a
verb.
Examples: from the stairs to run playing the piano

TYPES OF PHRASES
1. A noun phrase is any noun or pronoun along with its modifiers.
Examples: The school children
Yesterday’s newspaper
An old and rusted slinky

2. A verb phrase is any number of verbs working together.

Examples: had been sleeping
will contact
may have written

3. A prepositional phrase always starts with a preposition and ends

with a noun or pronoun (and its modifiers) that is called the
object of the preposition.
Example: through the years
Preposition: through
Object of the preposition: the years

Here are some more examples of prepositional phrases:

during the year
despite bad weather
in the summer

CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb.
Examples: Lisa listens to the music that her sister Ana doesn’t like.

Independent Clause Dependent Clause

TYPES OF CLAUSES

1. An independent clause functions on its own to make a meaningful sentence

and looks much like a regular sentence. In a sentence, two independent clauses can
be connected by the coordinators: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so (FANBOYS).

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 Examples:
o I want to buy a phone, but I don’t have enough money.
(Two independent clauses)
o He went to London and visited the Lords. (Subject of the second clause is he
so “he visited the Lords” is an independent clause.)
o Alex smiles whenever he sees her. (One independent clause)

2. A dependent clause cannot function on its own because it leaves an idea

or thought unfinished. It is also called subordinate clause. Dependent clause helps
the independent clause completes the sentence. A dependent clause alone cannot
form a complete sentence.

Examples:
o I know the man who stole the watch.
o He bought a car which was too expensive.
o I know that he cannot do it.
o If you don’t eat, I won’t go.
o He is a very talented player though he is out of form.

The subordinators connect the dependent clause to another clause to

complete the sentence. In each of the dependent clause, the first word is a
subordinator. Subordinators include relative pronouns, subordinating
conjunctions, and noun clause markers.

Relative pronouns refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are

people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two
sentences.

The most common are which, that, whose, whoever, whomever,

who, and whom. In some situations, the words what, when, and where can also
function as relative pronouns.

Subordinating conjunctions also known as subordinators. These conjunctions

join dependent clauses to independent clauses. When using conjunctions, make
sure that all the parts of your sentences agree. Here is the list of the most
common subordinating conjunctions: as, because, for, just as, neither, whether.

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 What’s More

Match column A with column B. Use the following phrases and clauses to
form meaningful sentences. Put a period after your sentences and write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

A B
1. The dog ran A. without much effort
2. My kite that has 5 colors on it B. that miracles can happen
3. I believe C. quickly down the road
4. Computers D. looks like a bird up in the sky
5. She passed the exam E. make our life easier

What I Have Learned

Phrases and clauses are building blocks of sentences. Phrases are group of
words that acts as part of speech but cannot stand alone as a sentence. The words
in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part of
speech.

For example, phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

If you understand how different types of phrases function, you can avoid
misplacing them or leaving them dangling in sentences.

Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predicate.

Independent clauses express a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence.

Subordinate clauses can act as parts of speech but depend on the rest of
the sentence to express a complete thought.

A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a subject (a noun or

pronoun) and a predicate (a verb or verb phrase).

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 What I Can Do

heavy rain busy mom small kitchen

Look at the pictures and use the phrases to complete the following sentences
below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. I just got home when the___________ poured down.

2. After I finished studying, I went to the ______________ to cook some food.
3. I had made an appointment with my friends before my ____________ told me to
help her clean the house.

Assessment

Use the given phrases and clauses to form meaningful paragraphs. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The children are watching a movie.

2. It was a happy holiday.
3. Benjamin struggled with his homework.
4. Maria took the dog for a walk.
5. We are having pizza for dinner.

Additional Activities

Paste your family picture on a short-sized bond paper. Say something about
the picture using phrases and clauses to form meaningful sentences.

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References:

https://www.softschools.com/quizzes/vocabulary/analogies/quiz3902.html
https://www.test-preparation.ca/analogies-practice-questions/

https://www.ef.com/wwen/english-resources/english-grammar/pastperfect-tense/
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/active-vs-passive-voice/
https://www.aje.com/arc/writing-with-active-or-passive-voice/
https://irsc-
asc.weebly.com/uploads/3/1/8/1/31813909/packet_4_phrases_and_clauses.pdf

https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/languageartsworksheets/sentence-
structure/sentence-structure-worksheets/clauses-worksheets/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/independent-dependent-clauses-activities-
games.html

Development Team of the Grade 7 Self-Learning Resource

(SLR) in English Quarter 1 – Booklet 2

Writers: Marichu C. Balandra,

Reyann P.Cordova,
Rosamae C. Dillera
Gina F. Morata
Ma. Lourdes A. Maculada

Editors: Eric G. Buenafe

Melva V. Barranco

Illustrator: Brando P. Banga

Layout Artists: Ma. Lourdes A. Maculada

Anna Marie G. Cabagsican

Reviewers: Arnaldo R. Tuga, EPS-English

Leila G. Valencia, EPS LR
Jezereel Grace G. Tiron
Bernie P. Alcredo

Management Team: Ma. Luz M. De los Reyes, SDS

Ernesto F. Servillon, Jr., ASDS
Arlo L. Villalva, CID Chief
Jerry M. Lego, SGOD Chief
Arnaldo R. Tuga, EPS-English
Leila G. Valencia, EPS LR

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