Chapter 3

3.1 Do = 76.2 mm; Di = 76.2 ‒ 2 × 1.651 = 72.898 mm

From Eq. (3.3), the area ratio is given by

Do2 − Di2 76.2 2 − 72.8982

AR (%) = × 100 = × 100 = 9.3%
Di2 72.8982

3.2 Assume the wall thickness is t (mm). The outer diameter is (75 + 2t) mm.
For the samples to be undisturbed, AR < 10%. From Eq. (3.3),

( 75 + 2t ) 2 − 75 2
AR = × 100 ≤ 10
75 2

 75 + 2t 
2
 75 + 2t 
  ≤ 1.1 ;   ≤ 1.0488; t ≤ 1.83 mm
 75   75 
The maximum possible wall thickness is 1.83 mm.

3.3
Depth from
ground surface cu (kN/m2) OCR
N60 σ′o (MN/m2)
(m) [Eq. (3.8b)] [Eq. (3.9)]
1
3.0 5 76.5 [(1.5)(16.5) + (1.5)(19 − 9.81)] = 0.03854 5.51
1000
1
4.5 8 107.3 0.03854 + (1.5)(16.8 − 9.81) = 0.0490 6.46
1000
1
6.0 8 107.3 0.0490 + (1.5)(16.8 − 9.81) = 0.0595 5.65
1000
1
7.5 9 116.8 0.0595 + (1.5)(16.8 − 9.81) = 0.07 5.48
1000
1
9.0 10 126.0 0.07 + (1.5)(16.8 − 9.81) = 0.0805 5.35
1000
Average cu = 106.78 kN/m2 Average OCR = 5.69

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3.4
Depth from
ground surface N60 σ o′ a
OCR σ c′ (kN/m2 )
(m) (kN/m2) [Eq. (3.10)] [Eq. (3.11)]
3.0 5 38.54 7.52 235
4.5 8 49.0 9.47 376
6.0 8 59.5 8.0 376
7.5 9 70.0 7.46 423
9.0 10 80.5 7.2 470
a
See Problem 3.3

3.5
Depth (m) σ o′ (kN/m2 )
1.5 18 × 1.5 = 27
3.0 18 × 3.0 = 54
4.5 18 × 4.5 = 81
6.0 18 × 6.0 = 108
7.5 108 + (1.5)(20.2 – 9.81) = 123.6
9.0 123.6 + (1.5)(20.2 – 9.81) = 139.2

0.5
 
 1 
Eq. (3.13) : C N =  
′
  σ o  
  pa  

Depth (m) σ o′ (kN/m 2 )

N60 CN (N1)60 a
1.5 6 27 1.92 12
3.0 8 54 1.36 11
4.5 9 81 1.11 10
6.0 8 108 0.96 8
7.5 13 123.6 0.9 12
9.0 14 139.2 0.85 12
a
Rounded off to nearest whole number

2
3.6 CN =
σ′ 
1 +  o 
 pa 

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 Depth (m) N60 σ ′o a (kN/m2) CN (N1)60 b
1.5 6 27 1.57 9
3.0 8 54 1.3 10
4.5 9 81 1.1 10
6.0 8 108 0.96 8
7.5 13 123.6 0.89 12
9.0 14 139.2 0.84 12
a
See Problem 3.5
b
Rounded off to nearest whole number

3.7 From Problem 3.5, the average value of

1
( N1 )60 = (12 + 11 + 10 + 8 + 12 + 12) = 10.83 ≈ 11
6

Eq. (3.31b): φ ′ = 15 .4( N1 )60 + 20 = (15 .4)(11) + 20 = 33 °

3.8 From Problem 3.5,

σ′o (kN/m2) φ ′ (deg)

Depth (m) pa (kN/m2) N60
[Eq. (3.30)]
1.5 27 100 6 34.7
3.0 54 100 8 34.9
4.5 81 100 9 34.0
6.0 108 100 8 31.4
7.5 123.6 100 13 34.9
9.0 139.2 100 14 34.9
Average φ ′= 34.1° ≈ 34°°

3.9 Eq. (3.29): φ ′ = 27.1 + 0.3( N1 )60 − 0.00054[( N1 )60 ]2

φ ′ (deg)
Depth (m) N60
[Eq. (3.29)]
1.5 12 30.6
3.0 11 30.4
4.5 10 30.05
6.0 8 29.47
7.5 12 30.6
9.0 12 30.6
Average φ ′ = 29.93° ≈ 30.45°°

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3.10
Depth (m) σ′o (kN/m2) pa (kN/m2) N60 Dr (%) [Eq. (3.22)]
1.5 27 100 6 50.6
3.0 54 100 8 51.8
4.5 81 100 9 49.7
6.0 108 100 8 43.2
7.5 123.6 100 13 52.8
9.0 139.2 100 14 52.7
Average Dr = 50.13% ≈ 50%

0.5
 1 
3.11 Eq. (3.13): CN =   ; ( N1 )60 = CN N60
 (σo′ pa )

0 .5
 1.08( N1 ) 60 
Dr (%) =  
Depth σ′o pa N60 CN  60 
1.08( N1 )60
(m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2) [Eq. (3.28)]
1.5 27 100 6 1.92 12.44 45.3
3.0 54 100 8 1.36 11.75 44.3
4.5 81 100 9 1.11 10.78 42.4
6.0 108 100 8 0.96 8.29 37.2
7.5 123.6 100 13 0.9 12.64 45.9
9.0 139.2 100 14 0.85 12.85 46.3
Average = 43.56% ≈ 44%

3.12
CN (N1 )60 a
Depth γavg
N60
(m) (kN/m3) Liao & Whitman Skempton Liao & Whitman Skempton
[Eq. (3.13)] [Eq. (3.14)] [Eq. (3.13)] [Eq. (3.14)]
3.5 18.0 1.27 1.23 12 15 15
8.8 18.0 0.80 0.78 8 6 6
12.4 18.5 0.66 0.62 15 10 9
18.5 18.5 0.54 0.46 19 10 9
23.6 19.0 0.48 0.37 21 10 8
26.9 19.0 0.45 0.33 26 12 9
a
Rounded off to nearest whole number

0.5 0.5
 1   1 
3.13 Eq. (3.13): CN =   =  = 0.85
 σo′ pa   (25 × 110) 2000
( N 1 )60 = C N N 60 = (0.85)( 28) ≈ 24

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 a. From Eq. (3.21):
0.5
 σ′  
Dr = 12.2 + 0.75222N 60 + 2311 − 711OCR − 779  o  − 50Cu2 
  pa  
0.5
  7.62 × 17.29  2
= 2.2 + 0.75222 × 28 + 2311 − 711 × 1 − 779  − (50)3.2 
  100  
= 71.6%

b. From Eq. (3.22):

0 .5
   
0 .5

   
 N 60   28 
Dr =   = 
 17 + 24  σ o′     17 + 24  7.62 × 17.29   
  p  
 a      100 
  

= 0.758 or 75.8%

c. From Eq. (3.23):

0 .5
  0.06 
1 .7

 N 60  0.23 +  
  D50   1 
Dr =  ×  
9  σ o′ pa 
 
 
0 .5
  0.06 
1 .7

 28 0.23 +  
  1 .2   1 
= ×   = 0.52 or 52%
 9  (7.62 × 17 .29 ) 100 
 
 

d. From Eq. (3.24):

C P = 60 + 25 log D50 = 60 + 25 log 1.2 = 62

5000
C A = 1 .2 + 0 .05 log = 1 .28
100

COCR = OCR1.8 = 1

0.5 0.5
 ( N1 )60   24 
Dr =   =  = 0.55 or 55%
 C PC ACOCR   ( 62 )(1.28)(1) 

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 e. From Eq. (3.28):

0 .5 0 .5
(N )   24 
Dr =  1 60  =  = 0.632 or 63.2%
 60   60 

3.14
Depth σ′o CN Friction angle (deg)
N60 (N1)60
(m) (kN/m )
2 Eq. (3.13) Eq. (3.29) Eq. (3.30) Eq. (3.31b)
2.0 37.0 17 1.644 27.9 35.1 43.6 40.7
3.5 64.8 23 1.243 28.6 35.2 44.1 41.0
5.0 92.5 26 1.040 27.0 34.8 43.3 40.4
6.5 120.3 28 0.912 25.5 34.4 42.4 39.8
8.0 148.0 29 0.822 23.8 33.9 41.3 39.2

3.15 a. At 7.62 m depth, σo′ = (3.05)(17.53) + (4.57)(19.65 − 9.81) = 98.44 kN/m2

From Eq. (3.13),
0.5 0.5
 1   1 
CN =   =  =≈ 1.0
 σo′ pa   98.44 100 
(N1)60 = CN N60 = 1.0 × 26 ≈ 26

b. From Eq. (3.28),

0 .5 0. 5
(N )   26 
Dr =  1 60  =  = 0.658 or 65.8%
 60   60 

c. From Eq. (3.30),

0.34 0.34
−1  N 60  −1  26 
φ ′ = tan   = tan  
12.2 + 20.3(σo′ pa ) 12.2 + 20.3(98.44 100)
= 42.9°

d. From Eq. (3.32),

Es
= 10N 60
pa

Es = (10)(26)(100) = 26,000 kN/m2

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 T
3.16 Eq. (3.34): cu =
K
πd 2  d d 
Eq. (3.38) : K =  + + 6h 
12  cos iT cos iB 
π (0.0635)2  0.0635 0.0635 
=  cos 45 + + (6)( 0.127 ) = 0.000994
12 cos 45 
51
cu ( VST ) = = 51,308 N/m2 ≈ 51.3 kN/m2
0.000994
Eqs. (3.39) and (3.40a):
cu (corrected) = λcu (VST) = [1.7 − 0.54 log(PI)](51.3)
= [1.7 − 0.54log(46 − 21)](51.3) = 48.48 kN / m 2

cu ( field )
3.17 Eq. (3.42): OCR = β
σ′o

σ ′o = 59.5 kN/m2 (from Problem 3.3)

Eq. (3.43): β = 22(PI)−0.48 = (22)(25)−0.48 = 4.69

 51.3 
OCR = ( 4.69)  = 4.04
 59.5 

h 101.6
3.18 a. = =2
d 50.8
7πd 3 (7)(π )(0.508)3
From Eq. (3.36): K = = = 0.00048 m3
6 6
T 280
cu ( VST ) = = = 583.333 N/m2 ≈ 58.3 kN/m2
K 0.00048

b. From Eqs. (3.39) and (3.40a),

cu (corrected) = [1.7 − 0.54 log(PI)](58.3) ]
= [1.7 − 0.54 log(58 − 29)](58.3) = 53.07 kN / m 2

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 1 1
3.19 Eq. (3.45): β = = = 4.18
0.08 + 0.0055( PI ) 0.08 + 0.0055( 29)
cu ( field )  58.3 
Eq. (3.42): OCR = β = ( 4.18)  = 3.52
σ o′  64.2 

3.20 From Eq. (3.35),

πd 2 
d  π × 100 2  100 
K = h +  =  200 +  = 3.665 × 10 mm = 0.003665 m
6 3 3
2  3 2  3 

From Eq. (3.34),

Peak undrained shear strength = 60/0.00366 = 16,393 N/m2 = 16.4 kN/m2

Residual undrained shear strength = 35/0.00366 = 9,563 N/m2 = 9.6 kN/m2

3.21 The vane is rotated quick enough to

ensure that the test is carried out
under undrained conditions. The
vane shears a cylindrical failure
surface shown in the figure where
the shear stress at failure is assumed
the same at the upper and lower
horizontal circular areas and the
vertical cylindrical surface. We
calculate the torque resisted by the
shear stresses along these surfaces.

d πd 2h
Cylindrical surface: T1 = πd hτ f = τf
2 2
r = 0 .5 d 0 .5 d πd 3
One circular surface: T2 = ∫r = 0 τ f ( 2πrdr ) r = τ f 2 π ∫
0
r 2 dr =
12
τf

For equilibrium, T = T1 + 2T2 . So,

 πd 2h πd 3 
T = τf  + 
 2 6 
πd 2  d
Since the test is undrained, τ f = cu , T = cu h + 
2  3

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 T πd 2  d
K = = h + 
cu 2  3

3.22
φ ′ (deg)
Depth (m) σ o′ (kN/m 2 ) qc (kN/m 2 )
[Eq. (3.52)]
2.0 33.0 3.12 40.4
3.5 57.8 4.25 39.0
5.0 82.5 5.14 38.0
6.5 107.3 9.23 39.0
8.0 132.0 12.20 40.3

3.23
Dr (%)
Depth (m) σ o′ (kN/m 2 ) qc (kN/m 2 )
[Eq. (3.51)]
2.0 33.0 3.12 42.2
3.5 57.8 4.25 42.8
5.0 82.5 5.14 43.1
6.5 107.3 9.23 54.1
8.0 132.0 12.20 59.0

3.24 From Eq. (3.55), a = 0.26 and c = 5.44 (Table 3.9).

Thus,
(qc pa )
= 5.44 D50
0.26
N 60

Depth (m) σ o′ (kN/m 2 ) qc (kN/m 2 ) N60

2.0 33.0 3.12 6
3.5 57.8 4.25 8
5.0 82.5 5.14 10
6.5 107.3 9.23 18
8.0 132.0 12.20 24

3.25 σ o′ = 3 × 16.5 + 5(19.0 − 9.81) = 95.5 kN/m 2

σo = 3 × 16.5 + 5 × 19.0 = 144.5 kN/m2

qc − σ o 750 − 144.5
Eq. (3.56): cu = = = 40.4 kN/m2
Nk 15
From Mayne and Kemper (1988) [Eq. (3.59)],

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 σ c′ ( MN/m 2 ) = 0.243( qc )0.96 = 0.243( 0.75)0.96 = 0.184 MN/m 2 = 184 kN/m 2
1.01 1.01
 q − σo   750 − 144.5 
From Eq. (3.60), OCR = 0.37 c  = 0.37  = 2.4
 σ o′   95.5 

3.26
Depth qc
qc/pa fs (kN/m2) Fr (%) Soil type (from Figure 3.30)
(m) (MN/m2)
5 0.21 2.1 12.5 5.95 Organic soil – clay
10 1.05 10.5 40.5 3.86 Clay-silty clay to clay
15 3.23 32.3 75.2 2.33 Silt mixtures – clayey silt to silty clay
20 9.66 96.6 60.7 0.63 Sand – clean sand to silty sand
25 12.50 125 62.5 0.50 Sand – clean sand to silty sand

3.27 Eq. (3.61):

 ∆p   46 + 180  326.5 − 42.4 
E p = 2(1 + µs )(Vo + vm )  = ( 2)(1 + 0.5) 535 +  
 ∆v   2  180 − 46 
= 4121.6 kN/m2

po − uo 280 − ( 9.81)(8 − 3)
3.28 a. K D = = = 2.43
σ′o 95
0.47 0.47
K 
− 0.6 = 
2.43 
Eq. (3.68): Ko =  D   − 0.6 = 0.65
 1.5   1.5 

b. Eq. (3.69): OCR = (0.5KD)1.6 = (0.5 × 2.43)1.6 = 1.37

c. Eq. (3.72) : Es = (1 − µs2 ) E D = (1 − µs2 )( 34.7)( p1 − po )

= (1 − 0.352 )( 34.7)( 350 − 280) = 2131 kN/m 2

po − uo 260 − ( 4)( 9.81)

3.29 KD = = = 3 .2
σ o′ ( 2)(14.5) + ( 4)(19.8 − 9.81)
KD 3 .2
Eq. (3.74a): φ ′ = 31 + = 31 + = 38.2°
0.236 + 0.066 K D 0.236 + ( 0.066)( 3.2)

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 Es 1 − µs
3.30 Eq. (3.79): v = ; µ = 0.32
(γ g ) (1 − 2µs )(1 + µs ) s
Es 0.68
105 = × ; Es = 14.136 kN/m2
18 9.81 (0.36)(1.32)

1 15.24 × 10 −3
3.31 A time-distance plot is shown. Slope of 0a = =
v1 7 .5

7.5 × 103
v1 = = 492 m/s (top layer)
15.24
10 × 103
v2 = slope of ab = ≈ 1390 m/s
7.19
20 × 103
v3 = slope of bc = = 3390 m/s
5.9
xc = 7.5 m

1 v2 − v1 1 1390 − 492
Z1 = xc = (7.5) = 2.6 m
2 v2 + v1 2 1390 + 492

1 2Z v 2 − v 2  v v 
Eq. (3.81): Z 2 = Ti 2 − 1 3 1  3 2
; Ti 2 ≈ 20 × 10−3 s
2 (v3 )( v1 )   v3 − v22
2



2 Z1 v32 − v12 (2)(2.6) (3390)2 − (492)2

= = 0.0105
(v3 )( v1 ) (3390)( 492)

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 v3v2 (3390)(1390)
= = 1524
v −v
2
3
2
2 (3390)2 − (1390)2

1
So, Z 2 = (0.02 − 0.0105)(1524) = 7.24 m
2

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