BECHTEL

CIVIL/STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING DESIGN GUIDE FOR

RIGID BLOCK FOUNDATIONS FOR
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
3DG C13 003, Rev. 02, 06/94
Prepared by: S. Wu/J. Suderman/E. French
Approved by: C. Elizondo

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

LIST OF TABLES 3

LIST OF FIGURES 4

LIST OF SYMBOLS 5

1.0 PURPOSE 11

2.0 CODES, STANDARDS AND REFERENCE

DOCUMENTS 11

3.0 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA 12

4.0 FOUNDATION SIZING REQUIREMENTS 13

5.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ROTATING MACHINES 15

6.0 MACHINE AND GEOTECHNICAL DATA 17

6.1 Machine Data 17

6.2 Geotechnical Data 18

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 Page No.

7.0 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 19

7.1 Lumped Mass Model 19

7.2 Natural Frequency Analysis 24
7.3 Dynamic Steady-state Response 26

8.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN 27

8.1 General 27
8.2 Design Loads 27
8.3 Cylinder Support Piers 27
8.4 Concrete Reinforcement 29

9.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS 30

10.0 REFERENCES 32

APPENDIX A: SOLUTIONS FOR COUPLED HORIZONTAL

AND ROCKING MOTIONS (See attached Word Document)

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Typical Values for Low Strain-Compatible Soil Shear

Modulus

Table 2 General Machinery-Vibration-Severity Data

Table 3 Design Rotor Eccentricity

Table 4 Soil Spring Constants for Rectangular Foundation

Table 5 Soil Spring Coefficients Including Embedment Effect

Table 6 Geometrical Damping Ratios for Rectangular Foundation

Table 7 Soil Damping Coefficients Including Embedment Effect

Table 8 Correction Factor for Soil Damping in Rocking Mode

Table 9 Pile Stiffnesses for A Single Pile

Table 10 Damping Coefficients for a Single Pile

Table 11 Pile Stiffness and Damping Parameters, fx,1 , fx,2 , fN,1 and fN,2

Table 12 Pile Stiffnesses for A Pile Group

Table 13 Damping Ratios for A Pile Group

Table 14 Calculation of Uncoupled Natural Frequencies

Table 15 Calculation of Displacement Amplitudes Based on

Uncoupled Modes of Vibration

Table 16 Calculation of Total Displacement Amplitude Based on

Uncoupled Modes of Vibration

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Criteria for Vibrations of Rotating Machinery

Figure 2 General Limits of Displacement Amplitude for a

Particular Frequency of Vibration

Figure 3 Geometrical Coefficients for Rectangular Foundation

Figure 4 Vertical Pile Stiffness and Damping Parameters, fz,1 and fz,2
(End Bearing Piles or Combined End Bearing and Friction
Piles)

Figure 5 Vertical Pile Stiffness and Damping Parameters, f Nz,1 and f

Nz,2 for Friction Piles

Figure 6 Overview of a Typical Block Foundation Supporting

Reciprocating Machines

(See attached Word Document)

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

a maximum cantilever length (inches); measured from the face of

block to edge of foundation

d maximum deflection (inches), for estimating the fundamental

natural frequency of beam or column

e rotor eccentricity for centrifugal machines

f1 first coupled natural frequency

f2 second coupled natural frequency

f0 machine operating speed (cps or rpm)

fd damped resonant frequency (cps or rpm)

fn undamped natural frequency (cps or rpm)

f’c concrete compressive strength

fy yield strength of reinforcement

fnx uncoupled natural frequency in translational x, y and z directions

and in
fny rotational f, ` and P directions
fnz
fnf
fn`
fnP

fx,1 parameters for calculating single pile stiffnesses in horizontal (X),

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fz,1 vertical (Z), and rocking (f) modes
ff,1

fx,2 parameters for calculating single pile damping coefficients in

horizontal (X),
fz,2 vertical (Z) and rocking (f) modes

ff,2

g acceleration of gravity (32.2 ft/sec2 or 386.4 in/sec2)

h foundation embedment depth; the distance between the C.G. of a

machine foundation system and the foundation base
hi thickness of ith soil layer

l embedded length of a pile

m total mass of a machine foundation system

me rotor mass for centrifugal machines

r frequency ratio, defined as f0/fd (or f0/fn)

r0 equivalent radius of foundation; equivalent radius of concrete

pile,

equal to
Ap
p

t thickness of mat foundation or pile cap

xi distances between the ith pile and the center of pile resistance
yi
zi

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A0 displacement amplitude

Ai stress influence area (spreading below the foundation at a ratio

of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal) measured at the centroid of ith soil
layer

Ap cross sectional area of concrete pile

B foundation width, parallel to the y-axis (See Figure 3)

Bx mass ratios for calculating the soil geometrical damping ratios in

By horizontal (X & Y), vertical (Z), rocking about X (f), rocking about
Bz Y (`) and torsional about Z (P) directions
Bf
B`
BP

Cx damping coefficients for a single pile in horizontal (X), vertical (Y)

and
Cz rockingf) modes

Cf

D system damping or equivalent modal damping ratio for a coupled

vibrational motion

Dx soil or soil-pile damping ratios in horizontal (X & Y), and vertical

(Z),
Dy rocking about Xf), rocking about Y (`), and torsional about Z (P)
Dz directions

Df
D`
DP

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Ep Young's modulus of concrete pile

F0 machine unbalanced force for centrifugal machines

Fn unbalanced force at natural frequency of the foundation system, f

n

Fx unbalanced force in horizontal x and y, and vertical z direction

Fy
Fz

Gs dynamic soil shear modulus

Gavg weighted average soil shear modulus

Io mass moment of inertia at the C.G. of a machine foundation

Ip area moment of inertia of single pile, equal to B ro4 /4

If mass moments of inertia at the foundation base in rocking about

I` X (f), rocking about Y (`) and torsional about Z (P) directions

IP

Ks soil dynamic subgrade reaction (lbs/in3)

Kx soil spring constants or single pile spring constants in three

Ky translational (X, Y, & Z) and three rotational (f,`, & P) modes
Kz

Kf
K`
KP

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(Ki)g pile spring constants for a pile group

L foundation length, parallel to the x-axis (See Figure 3); the

maximum clear span between columns (ft)
Mf unbalanced moments about X (f), Y (`) and Z (P), respectively
M`
MP

N number of soil layers; number of piles

Ni dynamic amplification factors at ith vibrational motion

V0 maximum velocity amplitude

Vp compression wave velocity of pile, Epg / g p 1

Vs shear wave velocity of soil,

Gs / rs

W total weight of a machine foundation system (m x g)

We rotor weight

X Cartesian coordinates in horizontal X (parallel to L) & Y

Y (parallel to B ) directions, and vertical Z direction (see Figure 3)
Z

ax coefficients for soil damping calculation due to embedment effect

in
az horizontal (X), vertical (Z) and rocking f and `) modes (see Table
7)
af

a`
I0
b Iy (or I0 )
If
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bx geometrical coefficients for soil spring calculation for rectangular
foundation
by in three translational (X, Y and Z) and two rotational (f and `)
modes (see
bz Figure 3)
bf
$`

g correction factor for soil damping calculation in rocking mode

(see Table 8)

gs weight density of soil (Ds x g)

gp weight density of concrete pile

rs mass density of soil

m Poisson's ratio of soil

w machine operating speed (rad/sec)

hx coefficients for soil spring calculation due to embedment effect in

hy horizontal (X & Y), vertical (Z) and rocking f and `) modes (see
Table 5)
hz
hf
h`

P rotation about vertical Z-axis (torsion)

f rotation about horizontal X-axis (rocking)

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` rotation about horizontal Y-axis (rocking)

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1.0 PURPOSE

This design guide covers the general considerations and procedures for
design and analysis of rotating equipment foundations (also referred to as
the "Block Foundation") supporting vibrating machines such as
compressors, pumps etc. The compressors can be either centrifugal or
reciprocating machines. Procedures for design of block foundations
supported either directly on soil or on piles, are included.

The block compressor foundation considered herein is a rectangular-shaped

reinforced concrete foundation. The overall sizes are determined based on
the plant layout requirements, from machine and geotechnical data, and
from dynamic characteristics and responses of the foundation. The dynamic
analysis of machine foundations is typically performed by considering the
block foundation to be infinitely rigid, and thus a lumped mass model can be
constructed. The lumped mass model includes soil or pile springs and
dashpots to account for the soil/pile and structure interaction effects. The
calculated natural frequencies of the block foundation shall meet the
frequency criteria in order to avoid the potential for resonance of machine
and foundation, and the dynamic responses shall meet the
displacement/velocity amplitude criteria that are acceptable for the machine
and human tolerances.

For design of concrete framed structures supporting vibrating equipment

(the Table Top structure), see Civil Design Guide EDG-C0301 (Ref. 10.16).

2.0 CODES, STANDARDS, AND REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

This design guide identifies and establishes the procedures and

requirements for design of rotating equipment foundation. The applicable
design requirements specified in the following documents (latest issue) shall
be followed:

a. ACI-318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete

Structures and Commentary.

b. Bechtel Design Guide, EDG-C0101, Wind and Earthquake Design

(Ref. 10.14).

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 c. Specific Manufacturer's criteria.

In the event this Design Guide conflicts with requirements of the Project
Design Criteria, the Project Design Criteria shall govern.

3.0 GENERAL DESIGN CRITERIA

The block foundations shall be designed in accordance with the following

criteria:

3.1 The preliminary foundation sizing should be made per the guidelines
presented in Section 4.0 of the Design Guide.

3.2 The maximum static plus dynamic soil bearing pressure for mat foundation
or pile load for pile foundation shall be limited to 75% of the normal
allowable. When wind or earthquake load is included in the loading
combinations, the allowable can be increased by one-third. Uplift of the
foundation shall be avoided.

3.3 To avoid resonance during machine operation, the resonant frequency ratio
(r) which is defined to be the ratio of machine operating speed (fo) over the
resonant frequency (fd), should be less than 0.8 or greater than 1.2. For
reciprocating machines, both the primary (T) and secondary (2T) operating
speeds shall be considered.

For excitation due to machine vibration, the resonant frequency (fd) is

defined as the frequency where the maximum amplitudes occur, and is
determined based on the following formula:
fn
fd =
1 - 2 D2

where fn = undamped natural frequency

D = the damping ratio defined in Tables 6 and 13.

Note that the undamped natural frequency can be used for calculating the
resonant frequency ratio when the damping ratios are less than 20%.

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3.4 The maximum displacement amplitudes of vibration at machine bearing and
cylinder support points of the foundation should lie within or below "Zone B"
of Figure 1, and it should fall below the zone "Troublesome to persons" of
Figure 2 at any point of foundation.

3.5 The maximum velocity, V0 , which is equal to (2Bf) times displacement

amplitude (A0), should fall in "Good" condition of Table 2 (i.e. V0 . 0.1
in/sec).

3.6 The block foundation shall be designed to meet the minimum concrete
reinforcement as specified in Section 8.4.

3.7 In the cases where it is impractical to comply with the frequency criteria
(Section 3.3), the design may be accepted provided the dynamic amplitudes
and velocities are well below the limits stated in Section 3.4 and 3.5.

4.0 FOUNDATION SIZING REQUIREMENTS

Preliminary foundation sizing constitutes the initial design phase for block
foundation design. The equipment mechanical outline drawing by the
manufacture and piping requirements dictate the foundation dimensions.
Specific recommendations by vendors which are critical to foundation sizing
shall be followed. The design is considered to be complete only when the
foundation so designed meets the design criteria as stipulated in Section
3.0.

A block foundation typically consists of massive concrete blocks, piers and

mat foundation as shown in Figure 6. The preliminary sizing of block
foundations should be based on the following guidelines:

4.1 The weight of the block foundation should be at least four times the weight
of reciprocating machines, and three times the weight of centrifugal
machines (Refs. 10.1 and 10.3).

4.2 The foundation width should be at least 1.5 times the vertical distance from
the bottom of the foundation to the centerline of the shaft.

4.3 The center of the mass of a machine foundation should coincide with the
centroid of the soil foundation or the pile resistance. The horizontal

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 eccentricity should be limited to 5% of the corresponding foundation
dimension.

4.4 To avoid local resonance, the natural frequencies of piers should be

checked to ensure that they are above the machine operating frequency by
at least 40%. The uncracked concrete sections should be used in the
analysis, since the stress level is expected to be low. In case the calculated
stresses are higher than those compatible with an uncracked section, the
analysis should be performed based on the effective moment of inertia as
specified in the ACI 318, Section 9.5.2.3.

4.5 The thickness of the mat foundation should not be less than 2 feet, and
preferably not more than 5 feet. For foundations considered infinitely rigid
supporting either single machines or possibly two machines, the mat
thickness should be not less than one-fifth of the least foundation dimension
or one-tenth of the largest foundation dimension. For foundations combining
supports of multiple machines, the foundation may be considered as a
flexible system when the above criteria requires excessively thick mats or
pile caps. For foundation supporting large machines, it is recommended to
have sufficient embedded depth in soil to increase the lateral restraint and
the soil damping ratios for all modes of vibration.

4.6 An approach presented as follows can also be used for calculating the
minimum thickness (t) of the foundation with piers to ensure that the mat is
stiff enough to act as a rigid body with the rest of the foundation. The
formula is derived based on the "Beams on Elastic Foundation" (Ref. 10.3,
P. 413):

t = 0.0012 3 Ks a 4 ( ft )

where a = maximum cantilever length (inches); measured from

the face of block to edge of foundation.

Ks = soil dynamic modulus of subgrade reaction, lbs/in3;

can be obtained from the soil consultant.

If the soil dynamic modulus of subgrade reaction is not available from the
soil consultant, it can be estimated based on the following formulas:

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 4 Gs
Ks = soil foundation
A
K
= N z pile foundation
A

where Gs = dynamic soil shear modulus, lbs/in2

A = foundation area, in2

N = total number of piles

Kz = single dynamic pile stiffness in the vertical direction, lbs/in

Note that for pile-supported foundation, the pile spacing should be greater
than four times the pile diameter so that the pile group effect can for
practical purposes be neglected. Discussion of the pile group effect is
presented in Section 7.1.4.

5.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ROTATING MACHINES

The rotating machines are categorized as low speed machines, intermediate

speed machines, high speed machines, and variable speed machines.
Description of each type of machine is presented in the following:

5.1 Low Speed Machines

The low speed machines typically operate at a speed range of less than 500
revolutions per minute (RPM). Foundations having a first natural frequency
greater than the machine operating frequency (fn > fo), referred to as high-
tuned foundations, should be designed for support of low speed machines.
This would be a very desirable foundation in that the machines do not pass
through resonance during machine start-up and coast-down conditions.
Note that reciprocating machines typically fall in this category.

It should be recognized that it is difficult to design a high tuned foundation on

soft soil or on a slab with relatively large spans.

5.2 Intermediate Speed Machines

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 The intermediate speed machines typically operate at a speed range of 500
to 1000 RPM. Design of foundations that support intermediate speed
machines should be tuned toward the low-tuned or high-tuned side
whichever is more practical. For a high-tuned foundation, the foundation
design will be similar to that for low speed machines. If the foundation is
designed to be low-tuned, i.e. the first natural frequency of the foundation is
smaller than the machine operating speed (fn < fo), the dynamic amplitudes
at the start-up and coast-down conditions may need to be calculated to
ensure that they are within the allowable limits.

5.3 High Speed Machines

The high speed machines typically operate at a speed range of greater than
1000 RPM. The low-tuned foundations (fn < fo) should be designed for
support of high speed machines. Centrifugal compressors and pumps
typically fall in this category. These machines supported on low-tuned
foundations would pass through resonance during start-up and coast-down
conditions. Therefore, not only the dynamic responses at the machine
operating condition should be evaluated, but also for the start-up or coast-
down condition in order to ensure that there is no adverse effect to machine
operation during the resonant conditions.

5.4 Variable Speed Machines

The variable speed machines operate at a speed range prescribed by the

vendor. Foundations that support variable speed machines can be designed
as low-tuned or high-tuned foundations as described above. Where
practical, the high-tuned foundation should be used for support of variable
speed machines.

In some cases, it may be advisable to have some vibrational modes of the

foundation fall in the low-tuned side and the others in the high-tuned side.
This type of foundation is referred to as mixed-tuned foundations. The
dynamic analyses should be performed for a range of machine operating
speeds and for a range of soil parameters to ensure that the dynamic design
criteria are met.

6.0 MACHINE AND GEOTECHNICAL DATA

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 The machine data pertinent to the dynamic analysis and design of the block
foundation should be obtained from the vendors. Close coordination with
the Mechanical discipline is essential to acquire the vendor's information.
The geotechnical consultants should provide all the soil and pile design data
necessary for the block foundation design. Specific machine and
geotechnical data required for dynamic design of the block foundation are
presented as follows:

6.1 Machine Data

a. General arrangement showing location of machine, driver, gear box

and auxiliary items

b. Outline dimensions of machine base and anchor bolt layout

c. Foundation bolt specifications, including material, configuration and

size of anchor bolts

d. Weight and location of center of gravity for the combined machine

assembly and for each component, especially rotating mass.

e. Magnitude and location of specific static loads

f. For reciprocating machines both primary and secondary unbalanced

forces and couples and respective C. G. locations. This information
should be determined by the Project Mechanical Engineer and vendor.
See References 10.1, 10.3 and 10.11 for derivation of primary and
secondary unbalanced force for a typical single-cylinder reciprocating
machine.

g. For centrifugal machines the dynamic unbalanced forces are required

for each rotor to be applied at respective C.G. locations. If the
unbalanced forces are not available, these can be estimated based on
the following:

F0 = me e w2

where me = rotor mass

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 w = machine operating speed (rad/sec)

e = rotor eccentricity; obtained from vendors or

can be estimated from Table 3.

The unbalanced forces should be applied to the foundation in both the

vertical and transverse directions. If the start-up or coast-down
condition (simulated as steady-state oscillatory motions) requires
evaluation, the unbalanced forces should be reduced based on the
following formula:

Fn = æ f nö
2

ç ÷ F0
è f0ø

Where f0 is the machine operating speed.

h. Machine operating speed or operating speed range

i. Grouting requirements

j. Specific limits of dynamic amplitudes that could damage the machine

at operating speed or could shut down the machine from operation

k. Specific recommendations from machine vendor regarding design and

construction of machine foundation, if any

6.2 Geotechnical Data

The geotechnical data are used for evaluating the soil/pile stiffnesses and
damping coefficients, and are required for both static and dynamic design
and analysis of block foundations. These data shall be obtained from
project geotechnical consultants through the project soil report. Specifically,
the following soil parameters are required:

a. Soil weight density (gs)

b. Poisson's ratio (m)

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 c. Dynamic shear modulus (Gs) or the shear wave velocity (Vs) from the
cross-hole seismic survey; the tests should be made to a depth equal
to at least two times the largest equivalent circular foundation radius,
r0. Consult with soil consultant if a range of shear modulus (upper and
lower bound values) should be considered.

d. Dynamic modulus of subgrade reaction

e. Allowable soil bearing pressure or pile load capacity for design of

foundation.

Typical values of soil parameters are presented in Table 1. These values can be
used for estimating or preliminary design, but should not be used for final design.

7.0 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

7.1 Lumped Mass Model

Due to the massive shapes and rigidity of the foundation, the block
foundation system is considered to be infinitely rigid so that a lumped mass
model can be developed. This model consists of three translational masses
and three rotational mass moments of inertia which are lumped at the center
of gravity (C.G) of the foundation system. The block foundation so modelled
consists of six-degree-of-freedom lumped mass system. The rocking and
sliding motions are usually coupled, and should be considered as a coupled
two-degree-of-freedom system. Detailed procedures for solving the coupled
rocking and sliding motions are presented in Appendix A. When the
foundation system shows highly coupled motions between the six vibrational
modes due to the asymmetry of the foundation, determination of the coupled
natural frequencies and the dynamic displacement response becomes very
complicated, and should require the use of finite element computer
programs listed in Section 9.0.

The flexibility of the soil/pile supporting media is represented by three

translational and three rotational soil/pile stiffness and damping parameters.
These are derived based on the elastic half-space theory for a soil-
supported foundation, and Novak's approach for a pile-supported
foundation. These stiffness and damping parameters are applied at the
centroid of the foundation base (or pile resistance center). Calculation of the

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 soil/pile stiffness and damping coefficients is discussed in the following
sections.

In the case when the rigidity of the block foundation is in question (especially
for a large common mat supporting multiple vibrating machines), the block
foundation would typically be considered as a flexible system, and will
require modelling by finite plate elements. The dynamic analysis can then
be carried out by using finite element computer programs, as listed in
Section 9.0.

7.1.1 Spring Constants for Soil-Supported Foundation

The elastic half-space theory (Refs 10.1,10.2,10.5 and 10.9) is used for
calculating the soil spring constants which are considered to be frequency
independent. The formulas for calculating the soil spring constants for a
rectangular foundation are presented in Tables 4 and 5, and Figure 3. Table
5 presents the embedment factors to account for the increase in stiffnesses
due to the foundation embedment effect. The calculated three translational
and three rotational soil spring constants are applied at the centroid of the
foundation base, and are used to determine the six rigid body modes of
vibration.

When finite plate elements are used to simulate the flexibility of the
foundation, the translational spring constants at a finite element joint are
distributed based on the tributary area under the nodal points.

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7.1.2 Effects of Layered Soil on Shear Modulus

The soil-structure interaction due to soil layering effect is quite a complex

phenomenon, and related stiffness and damping (impedance functions)
calculations are highly dependent upon the forcing frequency of excitation.
A very sophisticated analytical method is presently available for calculating
the frequency - dependent impedance functions for layered soil media (Ref.
10.17 and 10.18). However, for practical application of dynamic design of
the block foundation, a simplified approach is used to determine the
weighted average shear modulus so that the soil spring constants and
damping values can be evaluated based on the elastic half-space theory.

The weighted average shear modulus is calculated as follows:

N N
G avg = å ( hi / A i ) / å ( h / (A
i i x Gi ))
where i=1 i=1

hi = thickness of ith soil layer

Gi = shear modulus of ith soil layer

Ai = area of stress influence of a horizontal plane

(spreading below the foundation at a ratio of 2 vert.
to 1 horz.) measured at the center of ith soil layer

N = Number of soil layers to a depth equal to one

diameter or one long dimension of foundation,
whichever is greater

The above formula provides an approximate procedure for determining the

weighted average soil shear modules for layered soil media. The
Geotechnical Specialist should be consulted to ensure that proper soil data
are provided for use in the dynamic analysis.

7.1.3 Spring Constants for Pile-Supported Foundation

Evaluation of the spring constants for each individual pile is based on

Novak's approach (Ref. 10.6 and 10.7), and is presented in great detail in
Ref. 10.1. The formulas for calculating the pile spring constants for each

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 individual pile are presented in Table 9. The torsional stiffness of an
individual pile is not considered here since the overall torsional stiffness is
primarily due to the horizontal pile stiffnesses of a pile group. Also, for
calculating the vertical pile stiffness, the case for considering piles as either
end bearing or friction piles, or a combination of end-bearing and friction
piles should be defined (see Figures 4 and 5).

The stiffness parameters presented in Table 11, Figure 4 and Figure 5 were
derived only for concrete piles. For other material types of piles, the
parameters can be obtained from the computer program in Ref. 10.19.

The rotational pile stiffnesses presented in Table 9 is to simulate the fixed-

head pile condition. For the free-head pile condition, the rotational pile
stiffnesses can be neglected. The design approach considered herein
assumes the horizontal stiffness of the pile group shall resist all unbalanced
horizontal and torsional forces, and exclude the use of batter piles for this
purpose. If a particular design requires consideration of batter piles, a civil/
structural staff specialist shall be consulted.

Note that the foundation embedment effect is not considered for pile
foundations due to the potential poor soil condition and the separation with
the side soil, and the insignificant contribution relative to the total pile spring
constants.

7.1.4 Dynamic Pile Group Effect On Pile Stiffnesses

Determination of the dynamic pile group effect is still considered in the

developmental stage within industry. The procedures proposed by Novak,
and presented in Ref. 10.1 were derived based on the static case, and may
yield unreasonable results in some cases. Therefore, it is suggested that a
minimum pile spacing equal to four times the pile diameter be provided so
that the pile group effect can for practical purposes be neglected. Consult
with the Geotechnical specialist if this criterion cannot be met.

Formulas for calculating the total pile spring constants (without considering
the pile group effect) are presented in Table 12.

7.1.5 Soil Damping for Soil-Supported Foundation

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 For elastic and uniform soil sites, the soil damping in a soil-foundation
interaction system consists of two parts, i.e. geometric (radiation) damping
and hysteretic damping. The total damping value is the sum of the two
damping values. Note that the geometric damping associated with the
vertical vibrating mode is much higher than the values for other modes of
vibration. Therefore, it is more important to avoid resonance from the
coupled sliding and rocking modes than the vertical vibrating mode, since
the vertical dynamic response would be rapidly damped out.

Formulas for calculating the geometric damping (including the embedment

effect) are presented in Tables 6 and 7. For soil hysteretic damping, a value
of 5% should be used, or consult with the Geotechnical specialist for specific
soil site condition.

7.1.6 Effects of Layered Soil On Geometric Damping

Evaluation of the geometric damping for layered soil effect is very much
involved and is highly dependent on the forcing frequency, but it is still
considered to be state of the practice. A very sophisticated analytical
method is presently available for calculating the frequency-dependent soil
damping values for layered soil media (Ref 10.17 and 10.18). It is expected
that damping would be decreased due to the wave reflection and diffraction
through layered soil, especially in the vertical and sliding vibrational modes.

For practical application to machine foundation design, the geometric

damping can be evaluated based on the elastic half-space theory. However,
the calculated damping ratios for both the vertical and sliding modes should
be multiplied by a factor of 0.7 to account for the reduction in energy
dissipation due to the layering effect (Ref. 10.15). Note that when the
damping coefficients are required, the weighted average dynamic shear
modulus (see section 7.1.2) should be used to calculate these values.

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7.1.7 Damping for Pile-Supported Foundation

The damping coefficients for each individual pile are derived based on Ref.
10.6 and 10.7 in order to account for the soil-pile-foundation interaction
effect. This is presented in Tables 10 and 13, and Figure 4 and 5.

The damping parameters presented in Table 11, Figure 4 and Figure 5 were
derived only for concrete piles. For other material types of piles, the
parameters can be obtained from Ref. 10.19. Note that the foundation
embedment effect is not considered due to the potential poor soil condition
and separation with the side soil.

7.1.8 Dynamic Pile Group Effects on Geometric Damping

As discussed in Section 7.1.4, the method for evaluation of the dynamic pile
group effect is considered in the developmental stage. The approximate
procedures presented in Ref 10.1 were derived based on the static case.
Therefore, it is suggested that a minimum pile spacing equal to four times
the pile diameter be provided so that the pile group effect can for practical
purposes be neglected. Consult with the Geotechnical specialist if this
criterion cannot be met. Calculation of the total equivalent damping ratios of
a pile group is presented in Table 13.

7.2 Natural Frequency Analysis

The natural frequencies of the block foundation that represent the six rigid
body modes of vibration can be determined based on the block foundation
as an uncoupled (Section 7.2.1) or a coupled system (Section 7.2.2).

7.2.1 Uncoupled Mode Analysis

When the block foundation is determined to be an uncoupled system as the

eccentricity between the center of mass and the center of soil/pile resistance
is small, or is approximated to be an uncoupled system for preliminary
design purpose, the six uncoupled natural frequencies can be calculated by
using the formulas presented in Table 14.

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7.2.2 Coupled Mode Analysis

When the block foundation is determined to be a coupled system as the

eccentricity becomes large or the C.G. of the foundation system is far above
the foundation base, the coupling effect needs to be considered in
evaluating the natural frequencies of the foundation system. The coupled
natural frequencies, for the case when only the sliding and rocking motions
are coupled, can be determined based on the procedures presented in
Appendix A. The vertical and torsional motions in this case are treated as
an uncoupled system.

In the case when sliding, vertical, rocking and torsional motions are highly
coupled due to the asymmetric foundation configuration resulting from the
limitation of plant layout, the coupled natural frequencies should be
determined based on the computer programs listed in Section 9.0.

The natural frequencies for the coupled sliding and rocking motions, that
represent the typical vibrational foundation motions are presented as follows
(see Appendix A):

1 é 2 + 2 + + f 2ny ) - 4 b f 2nx f 2ny ùú

2
f 12 =
2b êë f nx f ny (f 2
nx
û
1 é 2 + 2 - + f 2ny ) - 4 b f 2nx f 2ny ùú
2
f 22 =
2b ëê
f nx f ny (f 2
nx
û

where fnx = ; uncoupled sliding frequency

1 Kx
2p m

fn` = 1 Ky ; uncoupled rocking

frequency 2p Iy

Kx: horizontal soil/pile stiffness

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 K`: rocking soil/pile stiffness

m: total mass of a machine foundation system

I`: Io + mh2, the mass moment of inertia at the foundation base

Io: the mass moment of inertia at the C.G. of a machine foundation

system

h: the distance between combined C.G. and the base of a machine

foundation

b: I0
Iy

Note that the coupling effect becomes insignificant and can be neglected
when the two coupled frequencies are determined to be away from the
machine operating speed by at least " 40%.

7.3 Dynamic Steady-state Response

The dynamic steady-state response is evaluated by applying the machine

unbalanced forces (Section 6.1) to the block foundation which is
represented by a lumped mass model. The computer programs listed in
Section 9.0 can be used to obtain the natural frequencies and dynamic
steady-state response of the block foundation. The dynamic displacement
and velocity responses are calculated based on the machine normal
operating condition. For the low-tuned block foundation, the dynamic
analyses should be also performed for machine start-up or coast-down
condition, since the foundation system would pass resonance during start-up
and coast-down. Note that for reciprocating compressors, the dynamic
responses should be calculated for both the primary and secondary
operating speeds. The calculated vibration amplitudes shall meet the
dynamic design criteria defined in Section 3.0.

Tables 15 and 16 present formulas for calculating the dynamic displacement

amplitudes for the case when the foundation system is considered to be
uncoupled. In this case, the dynamic amplification factors (Ni) that

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 correspond to each mode of vibration have to be evaluated first. The
displacement amplitudes are then calculated based on the dynamic
amplification times the static displacements. The dynamic amplification
factors are calculated based on the following formula:
1
Ni =
(1- r 2i )2 + ( 2 D i r i )2

where ri = f0 , frequency ratio at ith mode

f ni

Di = damping ratio at ith mode

In the case when only the sliding and rocking motions are coupled, the
displacement response can be calculated using the procedures presented in
Appendix A. For highly coupled motions due to the asymmetry of the
foundation, the finite element computer programs listed in Section 9.0
should be used for calculating the dynamic responses.

8.0 FOUNDATION DESIGN

8.1 General

After the dynamic analysis check is completed, the block foundation shall be
designed in accordance with the ACI-318 code. Construction of the
concrete foundation block should preferably be done in a single pour to
avoid construction joints. When construction joints exist particularly between
blocks and piers or mat, a suitable number of dowels with sufficient lengths
and shear keys shall be provided to ensure that the block and mat will act as
a monolithic foundation system. A typical shear key shall consist of a 2-inch
to 4-inch recess in mat or pile cap equivalent in outline to that of block or
piers.

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8.2 Design Loads

All the applicable dead weights of the block foundation, machines and
auxiliary components, and the dynamic loads resulting from the machine
operation shall be considered in the design. Note that due to the massive
nature of the block foundation and the relative small magnitudes of the
applied loads, a detailed stress analysis may not be required. Thus, the
minimum concrete reinforcement should be used in the design as presented
in Section 8.3.2.

8.3 Cylinder Support Piers

8.3.1 General

In cases where the cylinders of large reciprocating machines are supported

by individual piers isolated from massive machine blocks, special care
should be taken for design of these piers in order to avoid potential
unexpected concrete failure due to excessive vibration at the cylinder
support locations. Following are the description of the forces and
displacements applied at the cylinder support locations, and the design
criteria used for design of cylinder support piers.

8.3.2 Forces and Displacements

Large horizontal reciprocating compressors generate forces at the end-of-

cylinder support points. These cyclic forces that occur from normal
operation result from:

(1) Elongation (stretch) of cylinders

(2) Lateral and vertical movements of cylinders

These displacements generate X, Y and Z forces which are transmitted

through a wobble plate to the cylinder support piers. The magnitude of
these forces (or predicted maximum displacements) should be obtained
from the compressor manufacturer. Pier design should resist all X, Y, and Z
forces generated by the end-of-cylinder displacements.

8.3.3 Design Criteria

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 General criteria for pier design shall include the following:

(1) Lateral forces on pier are functions of X and Y displacements and the
stiffness of wobble plate in the corresponding X and Y directions.

(2) Vertical force (tension and compression in Z direction) should be

considered equivalent to the force required to strain wobble plate (over
the total height of plate) a distance equivalent to end-of-cylinder Z
displacement).

(3) Support piers must be installed on the mat common to main

foundation block, utilizing shear keys in mat.

(4) Vertical force (see item 2 above) is typically governing the pier design.
Accordingly, vertical reinforcement shall be provided in accordance
with the ACI-318, Section 10.9.1, but not less than 2% of the total
gross concrete area. The P-M column interaction check must also be
considered in pier design.

(5) Piers should be proportioned such that the natural frequencies of the
pier should be at least 1.5 times the secondary (2T) operating speed
of machines.

(6) Wobble plate anchor bolts should be high strength, ASTM A-193, A-
449 or equivalent strength.

(7) In the event pier design appears unreasonable based on the above
criteria, compressor manufacturer should be requested to provide
alternate wobble plates, i.e., longer and more flexible plates will
transmit smaller forces into support piers.

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8.4 Concrete Reinforcement

8.4.1 Materials

The recommended compressive strength of concrete (fcN) is 4 ksi and yield

strength of reinforcing bars (fy) is 60 ksi.

8.4.2 Minimum Reinforcement

The minimum concrete reinforcement prescribed by the Code is typically

governing the design due to the massive shapes and rigidity of the
foundation system.

The minimum reinforcement provided shall not be less than that allowed by
the Code, nor by the following:

a. Mat/Pile Cap

Furnish a minimum of 0.1% of the gross concrete area (#5 @ 12",

minimum), top and bottom each way.

b. Concrete Blocks/Pedestals

Unless a greater amount of reinforcing is required for strength design

or other considerations, furnish a minimum steel of 0.18% of gross
concrete area in each face, but not more than #8 @ 12". All faces of a
block shall be reinforced in two directions. Maximum bar spacing shall
be 12 inches.

c. Miscellaneous Piers (Columns)

For miscellaneous pipe supports, sleeper bottle supports, platform

support piers located directly on mats and subject to vibration of
systems or components, provide vertical steel equivalent to 1% of the
gross concrete area.

For cylinder support piers, see Section 8.3.3 for minimum

reinforcement requirement.

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 Ties shall be provided in accordance with the Code with #4 ties
spaced not more than 12 inches apart as a minimum.

9.0 COMPUTER PROGRAMS

The following computer programs can be used for performing the natural
frequency analysis and the dynamic steady-state vibrational analysis by
considering the block foundation as an uncoupled or coupled system:

9.1 When the block foundation is considered as an uncoupled vibrational

system, the following programs can be used:

9.1.1 "CE*COMP" and "CE*COMP3" Computer Programs

The "CE*COMP" and "CE*COMP3" programs developed by Analytical

Design and Development, Inc. are used to perform the dynamic analysis of
block foundations supported respectively on soil and piles. These programs
are developed based on the uncoupled modal analysis and calculate the
resonant frequency ratios for three translational and three rotational
uncoupled modes of vibration, resultant displacement amplitudes, and the
maximum soil pressure or pile loads. Users should refer to the theoretical
manuals for program application and limitations, particularly for block
foundations supported on piles.

These programs, which are considered as the Houston regional office

programs, are available on a PC version with DOS operating system. As
part of the automation development program for FOUNDS, Houston office
will develop an in-house PC-based program to replace the "CE*COMP" and
"CE*COMP3" programs for calculating the natural frequencies and dynamic
response of a block foundation.

9.2 When the block foundation is considered as a highly coupled vibrational

system in the six vibrational modes or when the foundation has to be
modelled as finite plate elements to account for the flexibility of the
foundation, the following programs can be used:

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9.2.1 "MicasPlus" Computer Program

This finite element computer program developed by Intergraph Corp. is used

to perform linear, elastic analysis of three-dimensional structural systems. It
provides comprehensive options for performing the static and dynamic
analysis and design options.

This program is available on Intergraph workstations with UNIX operating

system. Note that the option for performing the steady-state vibrational
analysis is currently under development by Intergraph, and should be
available in the near future.

9.2.2 "BSAP" Computer Program (CE800)

The "BSAP" is a Bechtel in-house computer program that is used to perform

linear, elastic static and dynamic analyses of three-dimensional structural
systems. This analysis program is available on VAX system and is presently
under conversion to DEC 5000 UNIX workstation. The BSAP program is
recommended, in lieu of the "STARDYNE" program, for calculating the
steady-state foundation response, when the conversion to workstation is
completed.

9.2.3 "STARDYNE" Computer Program

The "STARDYNE" program developed by Supercomputing Solution, Inc. is a

general purpose finite element program for linear, elastic static and dynamic
analyses of three-dimensional structural systems. This analysis program is
available on a PC version with DOS operating system.

9.2.4 Other PC Programs

The PC program such as STAAD-III may be used for natural frequency

calculations. This program does not have the capability of performing the
steady-state vibrational analysis.

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10.0 REFERENCES

10.1 S. Arya, M. O'Neill, and G. Pincus, "Design of Structures and Foundations

for Vibrating Machines", Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, Texas, May 1981.

10.2 F. E. Richart, J. R. Hall, and R. D. Woods, "Vibration of Soils and

Foundations", Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970.

10.3 J. E. Bowles, "Foundation Analysis and Design", McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

1988, 4th Edition.

10.4 H. G. Sallenbach, "Stepwise Solution to Vibrating Equipment Foundation

Design", Hydrocarbon Processing, March 1980.

10.5 R. V. Whitman, and F. E. Richart, "Design Procedures for Dynamically

Loaded Foundations", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Division, ASCE, No. SM6, Nov. 1967.

10.6 M. Novak, "Dynamic Stiffness and Damping of Piles", Canadian

Geotechnical Journal, Vol 11, Nov. 1974.

10.7 M. Novak, "Vertical Vibration of Floating Piles", Journal of Engineering

Mechanics Division, ASCE, No. EM1, Feb. 1977.

10.8 J. M. Biggs, "Introduction to Structural Dynamics", McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

1964.

10.9 Bechtel Corporate Design Guide EDG-C0104 (previously designated C

2.44), "Seismic Analysis of Structures and Equipment for Nuclear Power
Plants", Rev. 0, August 1980.

10.10R. L. Baxter and D. L. Bernhard, "Vibration Tolerances for Industry", ASME

paper 67-PEM-14, Plant Engineering and Maintenance Conference, Detroit,
Michigan, April 1967.

10.11D. Barkan, "Dynamics of Bases and Foundations", McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

1962.

10.12Deleted

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10.13M. P. Blake, "New Vibration Standards for Maintenance", Hydrocarbon
Processing and Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 43, No. 1, January 1964.

10.14Bechtel Design Guide EDG-C0101 (previously designated M-5H), "Wind and

Earthquake Design".

10.15Hadjian, A.H. and Ellison, B. (1985), "Equivalent Properties for Layered

Media," Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4, PP 203-
209.

10.16Bechtel Design Guide EDG-C0301 (previously designated M-9H), "Concrete

Framed Structures Supporting Vibrating Equipment".

10.17J.E. Luco, "Vibrations of a Rigid Disc On A Layered Visco-Elastic Medium,

Nuclear Engineering and Design 1976, 36, pp 325-340.

10.18Bechtel Standard Computer Program, CLASSI, CE982.

10.19Novak, M. and Aboul-Ella, F. (1977), "PILAY - A Computer Program for

Calculation of Stiffness and Damping of Piles in Layered Media," University
of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.

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 Table 1

TYPICAL VALUES FOR LOW STRAIN-COMPATIBLE SOIL SHEAR MODULUS

(Ref. 10.1 and 10.4)

Soil Description Soil Weight Poisson's Shear Modulus

(pcf) Ratio (ksi)

Granite 150-160 0.15-0.20 4500-5500

Limestone 145-155 0.16-0.22 2500-4500
Sandstone 145-155 0.17-0.24 1500-3500
Dense Gravel 115-140 0.4-0.5 20-40
Medium Dense 110-130 0.3-0.4 15-25
Gravel
Dense Sand 115-140 0.28-0.34 10-20
Medium Dense Sand 110-130 0.30-0.36 8-14
Loose Sand 95-125 0.32-0.38 5-10
Hard Clay 125-145 0.38-0.41 10-15
Medium Clay 115-135 0.41-0.44 6-10
Soft Clay 100-125 0.44-0.47 3-6

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 Table 2

GENERAL MACHINERY - VIBRATION - SEVERITY DATA

(Ref. 10.10)

Horizontal Peak Velocity Machine Operation

(in./sec)

<0.005 Extremely smooth

0.005-0.010 Very smooth

0.010-0.020 Smooth

0.020-0.040 Very good

0.040-0.080 Good

0.080-0.160 Fair

0.160-0.315 Slightly rough

0.315-0.630 Rough

>0.630 Very rough

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 Table 3

DESIGN ROTOR ECCENTRICITIES

(Refs. 10.1 and 10.11)

Machine Operating Speed Eccentricity

f (RPM) e (MILS)

1.8 _ 107
f £ 3000
f2
Centrifugal (or Fo = 0.51 We)
Compressors
and
Turbines

12000
f > 3000
f

f £ 8000 0.8
Gear Units
f > 8000 0.5
f £ 1500 1.5

Motors
1500 < f < 3000 1
f ³ 3000 0.5

Fo : Machine unbalanced force

We : Rotor weight

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 Table 4

SOIL SPRING CONSTANTS FOR RECTANGULAR FOUNDATION

(Refs. 10.9 and 10.2)

Mode of Vibration Soil Spring Constants

Horizontal (X)
Kx = 2(1 + m ) G b x BL h x

Horizontal (Y)
Ky = 2(1 + m ) G b y BL h y

Vertical (Z) G
Kz = b BL h z
(1 - m ) z

Rocking G
(about X) Kf = b f B2 L hf
(1 - m )

Rocking G
(about Y) Ky = b y B L2 hy
(1 - m )

Torsional 16 G r 3o
(about Z) Kq =
3

* 0x , 0y , 0z , 0N , 0R , and ro are defined in Table 5

** $x , $y , $z , $N , and $R are geometrical factors derived in Figure 3

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 Table 5

SOIL SPRING COEFFICIENTS FOR SOIL SPRING CALCULATION

INCLUDING EMBEDMENT EFFECT (Ref. 10.1)

Mode of Equivalent Soil Spring

Vibration Radius (ro) Coefficient

Horizontal BL éhù
= 1 + 0.55(2 - m ) ê ú
(X & Y) p hx ë ro û
hy

Vertical BL éhù
h z = 1 + 0.6(1 - m ) ê ú
(Z) p ë ro û

3 3
Rocking B L éhù éhù
4 hf = 1+1.2(1- m ) ê ú + 0.2(2 - m ) ê ú
(about X) 3p ë ro û ë ro û

3 3
Rocking BL éhù éhù
4 hy = 1+1.2(1- m ) ê ú + 0.2(2 - m ) ê ú
(about Y) 3p ë ro û ë ro û

Torsional 4
BL( B2 + L2 ) N/A
(about Z) 6p

* h = embedment depth

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 Table 6

GEOMETRICAL DAMPING RATIOS FOR RECTANGULAR FOUNDATION

(INCLUDING THE EMBEDMENT EFFECT)

(Ref. 10.9 and 10.2)

Mode of
Vibration Mass Ratio Damping Ratio (D)

(1 - m ) m 0.425
Vertical Bz = Dz = az
(Z) 4 r s r 3o Bz

(7 - 8 m ) m 0.288
Horizontal Bx = Dx = ax
(X or Y) 32(1 - m ) r s r 3o Bx

Rocking 3(1 - m ) If 0.15 a f

Bf = Df =
(about X) 8 r s r 5o (1 + g Bf ) g Bf

Rocking 3(1 - m ) Iy 0.15 a y

By = Dy =
(about Y) 8 r s r 5o (1 + g By ) g By

Iq 0.5
Torsional Bq = Dq =
(about Z) r s r 5o 1 + 2 Bq

* "x, "z, "N and "R are defined in Table 7.

* ( is defined in Table 8.

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 Table 7

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR SOIL DAMPING CALCULATION

INCLUDING EMBEDMENT EFFECT

(Ref. 10.1)

Mode of Vibration Damping Coefficient

Vertical
(Z) 1 é æ h öù
az = ê1 + 1.9(1 - m ) çè ÷ø ú
hz ë ro û

Horizontal
(X or Y) 1 é æ h öù
ax = ê1 + 1.9(2 - m ) çè ÷ø ú
hx ë ro û

Rocking 3
(about X) 1 é æh ö æ hö ù
af = ê1 + 0.7(1 - m ) ç ÷ + 0.6(2 - m ) ç ÷ ú
hf êë è ro ø è r o ø úû

Rocking 3
(about Y) 1 é æ hö æ hö ù
ay = ê1 + 0.7(1 - m ) ç ÷ + 0.6(2 - m ) ç ÷ ú
hy êë è ro ø è ro ø úû

Torsional N/A
(about Z)

* 0x , 0z , 0N , and 0R are defined in Table 5.

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 Table 8

CORRECTION FACTOR FOR SOIL DAMPING CALCULATION IN ROCKING MODE

(Ref. 10.2)

BN or BR (

5 1.079
3 1.110
2 1.143
1 1.219
0.8 1.251
0.5 1.378
0.2 1.600

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 Table 9

PILE STIFFNESSES FOR A SINGLE PILE

(Refs. 10.6 and 10.7)

Mode of Vibration Pile Stiffness

3
Kx = Ky = E p I p f x ,1 / r o
Horizontal
(X or Y)
Kz = E p A p f z ,1 / r o
Vertical
(Z)
Kf = Ky = E p I p f f ,1 / r o
Rocking
(about X or Y)

Torsional N/A
(about Z)

* The pile stiffness parameters fx,1 and ff,1 , and fz,1 are defined in Table
11 and Figure 4, respectively. These dimensionless parameters are
frequency-independent, and are functions of the pile slenderness ratio,
shear wave velocity of soil and compression wave velocity of pile.

* The vertical pile stiffness parameter fz,1 is applied to piles with end
bearing type or combined friction and end bearing piles. For friction
piles, the parameter f ’z,1 defined in Figure 5 is used for calculating the
vertical pile stiffness.

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 Table 10

DAMPING COEFFICIENTS FOR A SINGLE PILE

(Ref. 10.6 and 10.7)

Mode of Vibration Damping Coefficient

Vertical
Cz = E p A p f z ,2 Vs
(Z)

Horizontal
Cx = E p I p f x ,2 ( r 2o
(X or Y)

Rocking
Cf = E p I p f f ,2 Vs
(about X or Y)

Torsional N/A
(about Z)

* The pile damping parameters fx,2 , ff,2 , and fz,2 are defined in Table 11
and Figure 4, respectively. These dimensionless parameters are
frequency-independent, and are functions of the pile slenderness ratio,
shear wave velocity of soil and compression wave velocity of pile.

* The vertical damping parameter fz,2 is applied to piles with end bearing
type or combined friction and end bearing. For friction piles, the
parameter f ’z,2 defined in Figure 5 is used for calculating the vertical
pile damping coefficient.

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 Table 11

PILE STIFFNESS AND DAMPING PARAMETERS fx,1 , fx,2 , FN,1 AND fN,2

(Ref 10.6)

Stiffness Parameters Damping Parameters

:
fx,1 fN,1 fx,2 fN,2
Vs
Vp

0.01 0.0036 0.202 0.0084 0.139

0.4 0.7
(Concrete)
0.02 0.0100 0.285 0.0238 0.200
0.03 0.0185 0.349 0.0438 0.243
0.04 0.0284 0.403 0.0674 0.281
0.05 0.0397 0.450 0.0942 0.314

0.01 0.0032 0.195 0.0076 0.135

0.25 0.7
(Concrete)
0.02 0.0090 0.275 0.0215 0.192
0.03 0.0166 0.337 0.0395 0.235
0.04 0.0256 0.389 0.0608 0.272
0.05 0.0358 0.435 0.0850 0.304

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 Table 12

PILE STIFFNESSES FOR A PILE GROUP

Mode of Vibration Pile Group Stiffness

Vertical n

(Z) ( Kz )g = å K zi
i=1

Horizontal n

(X or Y) ( Kx )g = ( Ky )g = å Kxi
i=1

Rocking n

(about X) ( Kf )g = å( K fi
2
+ Kzi yi )
i=1

Rocking n

(about Y) ( Ky )g = å( K fi + Kzi xi2 )

i=1

Torsional n

(about Z) ( Kq )g = å 2 2
K x i ( xi + yi )
i=1

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 Table 13

DAMPING RATIOS FOR A PILE GROUP

Mode of Vibration Damping Ratios

Vertical å Cz
(Z) Dz =
2 ( Kz )g m

Horizontal å Cx
(X or Y) Dx =
2 ( Kx )g m

Rocking
(about X) Df =
[
å Cf + Cz yi2 ]
2 ( Kf )g If

Rocking
å [Cy + Cz xi2]
(about Y) Dy =
2 ( Ky )g Iy

Torsional
å Cx ( xi2 + yi2 )
(about Z) Dq =
2 ( Kq )g Iq

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 Table 14

CALCULATION OF UNCOUPLED NATURAL FREQUENCIES

Mode of Vibration Uncoupled Frequency (CPS)

1 Kz
fz =
Vertical 2p m
(Z)

1 Kx
fx =
Horizontal 2p m
(X)

1 Ky
Horizontal fy =
2p m
(Y)

1 Kf
Rocking ff =
2p If
(about X)

1 Ky
Rocking f` =
2p Iy
(about Y)

1 Kq
Torsional fP =
2p Iq
(about Z)

* Use pile group stiffness (K)g for pile-supported foundation

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 Table 15

CALCULATION OF DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDES BASED

ON UNCOUPLED MODES OF VIBRATION

Mode of Vibration Displacement Amplitudes

Vertical
Fz
(Z) dz = Nz
Kz

Horizontal
Fx
(X) dx = Nx
Kx

Horizontal
Fy
(Y) dy = Ny
Ky

Rocking
Mf
(about X) f = Nf
Kf

Rocking
My
(about Y) y = Ny
Ky

Torsional
Mq
(about Z) q = Nq
Kq

* Ni are the dynamic amplification factors at ith mode (see Section 7.3)

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 Table 16

CALCULATION OF TOTAL DISPLACEMENT AMPLITUDE BASED

ON UNCOUPLED MODES OF VIBRATION

Direction Displacement Amplitude

Vertical Z = d Z + f ( D Y) + y ( D X)
(Z)

Horizontal X = d X + q ( D Y) + y ( D Z)
(X)

Horizontal Y = d Y + q ( D X) + f ( D Z)
(Y)

* The total displacement Ao is then obtained as follows:

2 2 2
Ao = x + y + z

*T -x, -y and -z are the distances from the center of foundation

base to the point where the amplitude is determined.

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 Figure 1: Criteria for Vibrations of Rotating Machinery
(Ref. 10.13 and 10.2)

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 Figure 2 - General Limits of Displacement Amplitude for a Particular
Frequency of Vibration (Ref. 10.2)

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 Figure 3 - Geometrical Coefficients for Rectangular Foundation (Ref. 10.5)

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 Figure 4: Vertical Pile Stiffness and Damping
(Ref. 10.6 & 10.7)

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 Figure 5: Vertical Pile Stiffness and Damping Parameters
for Friction Piles (Ref. 10.6 & 10.7)

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 Figure 6: Overview of a Typical Block Foundation Supporting
Reciprocating Machines

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 APPENDIX A TO DESIGN GUIDE 3DG C13 003 02

SOLUTIONS FOR COUPLED HORIZONTAL AND ROCKING MOTIONS

I. INTRODUCTION

This appendix is to provide solutions for calculating the two coupled

frequencies and the corresponding steady-state response in the case when
the horizontal and rocking motions are considered to be coupled. The
foundation would become a lumped mass system with two dynamic degrees
of freedom for combined horizontal sliding and rocking motions. The
solutions for calculating the steady-state response for the coupled model
can be obtained based on the modal analysis technique or normal mode
method (Ref. 10.8). The modal analysis is to calculate the response for each
normal mode. The total response is then obtained by superposition of the
two modal responses.

II. EQUATIONS OF MOTION

The equations of motion for coupled horizontal (x-translation) and rocking (`-
rotation) modes of vibration are as follows:

m x&& + C X ( x& - hy ) + K x ( x - hy ) = F sin wt (A1)

I 0 y&& + Cy y& + Ky y - Cx ( x& - hy ) h - K x ( x - hy )h = M sin w t (A2)

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III. DETERMINATION OF COUPLED NATURAL FREQUENCIES

For calculation of the undamped coupled natural frequencies, the equations

(A1) and (A2) become:

m x&& + K x ( x - hy ) = 0 (A3)

I 0 y&& + Ky y - K x ( x - hy )h = 0 (A4)

Let x = A e iwt
y = B e iwt

Substitute the above expressions to the equations (A3) and (A4):

( - mw 2 + K x ) A - K x h B = 0 (A5)

- K x h A + ( - I 0 w 2 + Ky + K x h 2 ) B = 0 (A6)

Equations (A5) and (A6) can be written in a matrix form as follows:

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 é K x - mw 2 - Kx h ù ì A ü
ê úí ý=0 (A7)
êë- K x h Ky + K x h 2 - I 0 w 2 úû î B þ

The coupled natural frequencies are determined by setting the determinant

in the equation (A7) to be zero, i.e.:
2
( mw + K x ) ( - I 0 w 2 + Ky + K x h 2 ) - K x2 h 2 = 0

or

é w 2x w y2 ù w 2x w f2
4
w -w ê 2
ú+ =0 (A8)
êë b úû b

The solutions for the above equation (A8) are:

w 12 =
1
2b [ 2
w 2x + w y2 + (w 2x + w y2 ) - 4b w 2x w y2 ]
(A9)
w 2
2 =
1
2b [ 2
w 2x + w y2 - (w 2x + w y2 ) - 4b w 2x w y2 ]

where Tx = ; uncoupled sliding frequency

Kx
m

TR = ; uncoupled rocking frequency

Ky
Iy

$ =
I0
Iy

IR = 2
I0 + m h

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IV. DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC AMPLITUDES

The dynamic amplitudes can be obtained based on the modal analysis

technique as presented in Ref. 10.8, Section 3.7. They can be expressed in
a matrix form as follows:

é ù = é ù æ ö
ê x max ú êA1 A 2 ú ç N1 ( X1 )st÷
ê ú ê ú ç ÷
ëy max û ë B1 B2 û è N 2 ( X2 )stø
(A10)

where xmax : max. nodal horizontal displacement at the C.G.

Rmax : max. nodal rotation at the C.G.

(A1, B1) : mode shapes for first and second coupled modes
(A2, B2)

N1 : dynamic amplification factors for first and second coupled

modes
N2

(X1)st : modal static deflections for first and second coupled

modes
(X2)st

Determination of mode shapes, dynamic amplification factors, and modal

static deflections is presented as follows:

The modes shapes A1, A2, B1 and B2 can be obtained from equation (A5):
B ( Kx - m w 2) (w 2x - w 2)
= = 2
A Kx h wx h

When T = T1 (first coupled mode)

B1 (w 2x - w 12)
= 2
A1 wx h

let A1 = 1

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 B1 = (A11)
(w 2x - w 12)
2
When T = w xTh2 (second coupled mode)

B2 (w 2x - w 22)
= 2
A2 wx h

let A2 = 1

B2 = (A12)
(w 2x - w 22)
2
wx h
The (X1)st and (X2)st , defined as the modal static deflections of the two
coupled modes, are presented as follows:
FA1 + MB1
( X1)st = 2
w ( mA12 + I0 B12)
1

FA 2 + MB2
( X2)st = 2
w ( mA 22 + I0 B22)
2

B1 and B2 are defined in the equations (A11) and (A12), and A1 = A2 = 1.

The above equations become:

F + MB1
( X1)st = 2 (A13)
w (m + Iy B12)
1

F + MB2
( X2 )st = 2 (A14)
w (m + Iy B22)
2

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The N1 and N2 are the dynamic amplification factors for the two coupled modes,
and are defined as follows:

1
N1 = 2
(A15)
2 2
é æwö ù æ wö
ê1 - ç ÷ ú + ç 2 D1 ÷
êë è w 1ø úû è w 1ø

1
N2 = 2
(A16)
2 2
é æwö ù æ wö
ê1 - ç ÷ ú + ç 2 D2 ÷
êë è w 2 ø úû è w2ø

The D1 and D2 are the modal damping ratios for the two coupled modes, and can
be obtained based on the stiffness weighting technique (Ref. 10.9).

2
Dx Kx + Dy ( Ky B1 )
D1 = (A17)
Kx + Ky B12

2
Dx Kx + Dy ( Ky B2)
D2 = (A18)
Kx + Ky B22

After substituting the above expressions to equation (A10), the xmax and Rmax can
be obtained as follows:
xmax = N1 ( X1)st + N 2 ( X2)st
(A19)

y max = B1 N1 ( X1)st + B2 N 2 ( X2)st

(A20)

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Accordingly, the maximum dynamic amplitudes at any point of the foundation can
be determined based on the following formulas:

A x = xmax + ( D Z) y max + ( D Y) q max

(A21)

A z = zmax + ( D X) y max
(A22)

Where -X, -Y and -Z are the distances measured from the C.G. of the foundation
system to the point of interest.

The zmax and 2max are, respectively, the maximum vertical amplitude and the
maximum torsional rotation. They are determined based on the uncoupled modal
analysis, and are presented as follows:

æ Fz ö
zmax = ç ÷ N z (A23)
è Kz ø

æ Mq ö
q max = ç ÷ Nq (A24)
è Kq ø

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