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Agenda
Agenda
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION.
CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY.
STANDARDS
MODULATION&MULTIPLEXING.
FDMA/CDMA/TDMA.
GSM/CDMA.
GSM CHANNEL.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless Technology:
To understand WT, a basic understanding of the radio frequency(RF) spectrum is
required.
It`s rate of oscillation in the range of about 3KHZ-300GHZ.
CELLULAR TECHNOLOGY
Cellular network is a radio-based technology; radio waves are electromagnetic waves that antenna
propagate. Most signals are in the 850MHZ, 900MHZ, 1800MHZ, 1900MHZ frequency bands.
Mobile radio Transmission system may be classified into: Simplex, Half-Duplex, Full-Duplex.
One channel for uplink and down link Separate channel for uplink and downlink
Advantages:
No cables needed.
Multiple channels available.
Wide bandwidth.
Disadvantages:
Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings, are in the way
Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due to atmospheric
conditions.
Towers are expensive to build.
standard is nothing but collection of defined criteria's to asses product ,service or system.
Standardized products and services are valuable User 'confidence builders', being perceived as:
Safe.
Secure.
high quality.
Flexible.
As a result, standardized goods and services are widely accepted, commonly trusted and highly
valued.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION STANDARD
ITU-International Telecommunication Union.
IEEE- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
3GPP is the standard body behind the (UMTS) that is the 3G upgrade to GSM networks.
3GPP2 is the standard body behind the competing 3G standard CDMA2000 that is the 3G upgrade
to CDMAONE networks used mostly in the United States.
GSM/GPRS/EDGE/W-CDMA is the most widespread wireless standard in the world. A few countries
(such as China, the United States, India, South Korea and Japan) use both sets of standards, but most
countries use only the GSM family.
STANDARDS
What is ITU:
International Telecommunication Union. is an agency of the United Nations (UN) whose
purpose is to coordinate telecommunication operations and services throughout the world.
The ITU sets and publishes regulations and standards relevant to electronic communication
and broadcasting technologies of all kinds including radio, television, satellite, telephone and
the Internet .
3.ITU-D
Telecommunication Development sector. Assists countries in developing and maintaining
internal communication operations
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION STANDARD
STAND LIST OF TECH BW MODULATION FREQ BAND
Voice Data/WAP/MMS/Web
browsing/Short audio video
2.75G-EDGE Digital narrow band CKT/Packet data
clips.
It`s process of mixing a signal with sinusoid to produce a new signal. Will have certain benefits
of an un-modulated signal especially during transmission.
Modulation is a form of change process where we change the input information into a suitable
format for the transmission medium.
Keying : Keying is a family of modulation forms. The goal of keying is to transmit digital signal
over an analogue channel.
Amplitude of the carrier signal Frequency of the carrier signal Phase of the carrier signal
increase or decrease increase or decrease increase or decrease
Can Transmit long distance Short Distance FM and PM are inseparably links
Poor sound quality Better than AM PM used for digital form of txn
Impacted with environmental Doesn`t degrade linearly with While Phase changes Frequency
noise distance will change and vice-versa
By allocating to each signal a Each frames consists of time slots. Each wavelength can carry different
different frequency band. signal. SDH 2.5G, 10G, ATM, IP
Guard bands are used for avoid Each source assigned time slot per
interference, frame.
Provide much better latency. Sync pulses added to identify the
beginning of each frame.
Provide much better flexibility. Best application: Long Haul.
Frequency Division Multiple Access
Each mobile is assigned a separate frequency channel for the duration of the call.
MS will have one downlink frequency band and one uplink frequency band.
TDMA is a type of multiplexing where two or more channel of information are transmitted over
the same link by allocating a different time interval for the transmission of each channel.
TDMA separates users according to time, it ensures that there will be no interference from
simultaneous transmission.
It`s the only technology that the user has occupied predefined time slots.
CDMA is a digital wireless air interface and networking standards based on the principle of
spread spectrum technology, which allow multiple users to access the system simultaneously on
the same carrier frequency.
Bandwidth occupied by the signal is much larger than the information transmission rate.
Each symbol of bit is transmitted as a larger number of bits using the user specific code –
Spreading.
Differ signals are assigned frequency Users can access the system Users can access the same
channel. A channel is a frequency. simultaneously on the same carrier frequency spectrum by dividing the
frequency by using SS. time slots.
Each channel can be assigned to By using unique assigned codes 2 or more channel of information
only one user at a time. users can be occupy the frequency. are transmitted over same link by
allocating diff time interval.
ADV: Make before break ADV: “Hard hand off”. Easily adapt
connection.” soft hand off” data & voice transmission.
Very high spectral capacity. Users separates by dividing time
slots. It ensures no interference.
DIS ADV: Channel pollution. DIS ADV: “call drop” may occur when
There is no international roaming. moving one to another.
The European system was called GSM and deployed in early 1990`s. Designed on 900MHZ and
1800MHZ range.
It was the first fully digital system utilizing the 900MHZ frequency band. The initial GSM had
200KHZ radio channel s, 8-full rate or 16-half rate TDAM channels per carrier.
The GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for
transmitting signals.
The GSM was developed using digital technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps
of data rates.
Presently GSM support more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210 countries
throughout of the world.
The GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including Roaming service.
What is CDMA
IS-95-Code Division Multiple Access.
824-849MHZ.
64 orthogonal walsh code are used. It`s used to differentiate between the transmission with in
the cell.
TDMA CDMA
FHSS DSSS
900/1800MHZ 850MHZ
USERS SEP BY DIFF TIME SLOTS USERS CAN ACCESS WHOLE SPECTRUM
NEED MORE NO.OF BTS TO COVER LA NEED LESS NO.OF BTS TO COVER LA
900MHZ 1800MHZ
IT`S MAINLY SUPPORTED FOR SUBURBAN, RURAL IT`S MAINLY SUPPORTED FOR URBAN, DENSE
URBAN AREA
International roaming.
High-quality speech.
Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and other telephone company
services.
Location Area: A group of cells form a Location Area. This is the area that is paged when a
subscriber gets an incoming call. Each Location Area is assigned a Location Area Identity (LAI). Each
Location Area is served by one or more BSCs.
MSC/VLR Service Area: The area covered by one MSC is called the MSC/VLR service area.
PLMN: The area covered by one network operator is called PLMN. A PLMN can contain one or
more MSCs.
The Mobile Stations(MS)
MS is the user’s handset and has two parts.
ME+SIM.
Mobile Equipment:
•Radio equipment
•User interface
•Processing capability and memory required for various tasks.
IMSI: International Mobile Subscriber Identity, The IMSI is an unique which is used
internationally and used within the network to identify the mobile subscribers. Max 15 digits.
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity. It`s temporary IMSI no. The VLR assigns a TMSI to
each mobile subscribers entering the VLR area. Assigned only after successful authentication.
TMSI changes on location updation. TMSI is less than 8 digit.
MSRN: Mobile Station Roaming Number. It`s temporary identity which is assigned during the
establishment of a call to a roaming subs.
IMEI: International Mobile Equipment Identity. It`s an unique code allocated to each mobile
equipment.
Functions of BSS
The BSS composed of TWO parts:
The Base Transceiver Station(BTS)
The Base Station Controller(BSC).
The interface between the MSC and the BSS is a standardized SS7 interface (A-interface).
The BSS is responsible for all the radio related functions in the system, such as:
Radio communication with the mobile units
Handover of calls in progress between cells
Management of all radio network resources and cell configuration data.
Functions of BSC
BSC manages the radio resources for one or more BTSs. It handles radio channel
setup, frequency hopping and handovers.
The function of the BSC is to allocate the necessary time slots between the BTS and MSC.
The BSC is connected to the MSC on one side and to the BTS on the other.
Handling of MS connections and performs the intercell handover for MSs moving between BTS in
its control.
Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR about this.
BTS acts as the interface between MS’s (Mobile Station) and the network, by providing radio
coverage functions from their antennae.
It`s located between the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).
The BTS is basically classified into two types: Indoor & Outdoor.
The primary responsibility of the BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is to transmit and receive radio
signals from a mobile unit over an air interface.
A BTS is usually placed in the center of a cell. Its transmitting power defines the size of a cell.
Each BTS has between 1 and 16 transceivers, depending on the density of users in the cell.
Encoding, encrypting, multiplexing, modulating, and feeding the RF signals to the antenna.
Trans-coding to bring 13-kbps speech to a standard data rate of 16 kbps and then combining four
of these signals to 64 kbps is essentially a part of BTS, though, it can be done at BSC or at MSC.
TRU: It is responsible for radio transmitting, radio receiving, power amplification and signal
processing.
EdTRU, EDRU, RRU-Support for EDGE, GPRS.
PSU: The PSU rectifies the power supply voltage to the +24 VDC necessary for RBS operation.
Functions of Network Switching Subsystem
NSS or GSM core network is the component of GSM system that carries out call switching
and mobility management functions for mobile phones.
It was originally consisted of circuit switched core network used for traditional GSM sevices
such as voice call, SMS circuit switch data calls. Now extended with an packet switched data
services known as GPRS core network.
Main functions of NSS: Call control, charging, mobility management, subscriber data
handling.
Charging: The MSC performs billing on calls for all subscribers based in its areas. When the
subscriber is roaming elsewhere, the MSC obtains data for the call billing from the visited MSC.
Communication with HLR: The primary occasion on which an MSC and HLR communicate is during
the set-up of a call to an MS, when the HLR requests some routing information from the MSC.
Communication with the VLR: Associated with each MSC is a VLR, with which it communicates for
subscription information, especially during call set-up and release.
Communication with other MSC’s: It may be necessary for two MSC’s to communicate with each
other during call setup or handovers between cells belonging to different MSC’s.
Cont…..
Control of connected BSC’s: As the BSS acts as the interface between the MS’s and the SS, the
MSC has the function of controlling the primary BSS node: the BSC. Each MSC may control many
BSC’s, depending on the volume of traffic in a particular MSC service area. An MSC may
communicate with its BSC’s during, for example, call set-up and handovers between two BSC’s.
Direct access to Internet services: Traditionally, an MSC accessed the Internet nodes of an
Internet Service Provider (ISP) via existing networks such as the PSTN.
Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC.
Data in HLR:
IMSI, MS-ISDN number.
Category of MS.
Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).
Supplementary services like call forwarding.
VLR database which contains information about subscribers currently being in the service area of
the MSC/VLR.
The VLR database is temporary, in the sense that the data is held as long as the subscriber is
within its service area.
When a mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request
data about the mobile station from the HLR.
if the mobile station makes a call, the VLR will have the information needed for call setup
without having to interrogate the HLR each time.
Data in VLR:
IMSI & TMSI.
MSRN.
Location Area.
MS category.
Authentication Key
Functions of AUC
The authentication centre is a protected database.
AUC is connected to HLR which provides it with authentication parameters and ciphering keys
used to ensure network security.
To perform subscriber authentication and to establish ciphering procedures on the radio link
between the network and MS.
The equipment identification procedure uses the identity of the equipment itself (IMEI) to ensure
that the MS terminal equipment is valid.
This data base stores IMEI for all registered mobile equipments and is unique to every ME.
The MSC/VLR instructs the BSC/TRC to allocate an idle TCH. The BTS and MS are told to tune
to the TCH.
The MSC/VLR forwards the B–number to an exchange in the PSTN, which establishes a
connection to the subscriber.
Base Station
Network Subsystem
Mobile Station Subsystem Other Networks
MSC/ GMSC
BSC VLR PSTN
BTS
ME
SIM
RNS
GGSN
SGSN
Node RNC Internet
ME B
USIM
UTRAN
+
SD