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EEU Notes

The document provides a history of electricity from 600 BCE to present day, covering key discoveries and developments. Some of the major milestones include Thales documenting static electricity in 600 BCE, William Gilbert coining the term "electricity" in 1600, the first electric generator being invented by Otto von Guericke in 1660, Alessandro Volta building the first battery in 1786, and Michael Faraday developing the first electric motor in 1831. The document also discusses electrical theory, units of electricity, electrical circuits, and the relationship between magnetism and electrical current.

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Nero Mon
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

EEU Notes

The document provides a history of electricity from 600 BCE to present day, covering key discoveries and developments. Some of the major milestones include Thales documenting static electricity in 600 BCE, William Gilbert coining the term "electricity" in 1600, the first electric generator being invented by Otto von Guericke in 1660, Alessandro Volta building the first battery in 1786, and Michael Faraday developing the first electric motor in 1831. The document also discusses electrical theory, units of electricity, electrical circuits, and the relationship between magnetism and electrical current.

Uploaded by

Nero Mon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

1 History of Electricity

600 BCE – Thales / documented Static Electricity /


1600 – William Gilbert / coined ‘Electricity’ /
/ (Latin) Electricus [produce from amber friction] - (Greek) Elektor [Beaming Sun] /
1660 – Otto von Guericke / first electric generating machine /
1746 – Ewald Georg von Kleist & Peter van Musschenbroek / an electrical storage device /
1747 – Benjamin Franklin / suggested the two electrical forces (Attractive and Repulsive) /
1752 – Benjamin Franklin / prove that electricity = lightning /
1786 – Luigi Galvani / made dead frog’s leg twitch /
- Alessandro Volta / built a battery /
1820 – H.C. Oersted / discovered magnetic field surrounds a current-carrying wire /
1822 – Andrea Marie Ampere / observed coil of wire acts as a magnet /
- D.F. Arago / invented the electromagnet /
- Joseph Henry / demonstrated an electromagnetic device that can lift over a thousand pounds /
1831 – Michael Faraday / developed a crude electric motor /
- Henry and Faraday / invented an electric generator that power the motor /
- Samuel Morse / Morse Code /
- Charles de Coulomb / first person to measure electricity and magnetism /
- J. P. Joule, G.R. Kirchoff, and J.C. Maxwell / developed mathematical relationships –
electrical circuiting /
- G.S. Ohm / formulated a law between volts, amps and resistance /
Late 1800’s - / The ideal use of electricity was electric lightning /
1860 - / The invention of arc lights /
1879 – Thomas Edison & Joseph Swan / incandescent lamp /
End of 1880 - / Small electric stations spread in U.S. cities / DC system could not sustain long
distance /
1882 – General Electric / demonstrated streetlights and lamps in London and New York City /
1883 – Nikola Tesla / experimenting on generators /
- L. Caulard and J.D Gibbs / first transformer was announced /
1885 – George Westinghouse / brought Tesla’s AC system /
- / Commercialization of electric power /
1886 – / Operation of first alternating power station /
1888 - / AC was introduced and became common /
1930 - / US large cities had electricity – 10% in rural areas /
1935 - / Rural areas have electricity due to Rural Electric Administration (REA) /
1944 - / California deregulate electric power business /
1965, 1977, 2003 - / Power failure in northeast U. S. and Canada /
2001 - / Bankruptcy and Californians suffered from electricity shortage /
1.2 Electrical Theory

Classical Theory: Flow of Electrons – Electrical current flow is the result of electron/s (negative
charge) in lower orbitals (valence shell) with weaker attraction to its atom’s proton (positively
charge) to either get shared or taken from another atom.
Modern Theory: Flow of Charged Particles – Considering electromagnetic force between two
charged subatomic particles is greater than the gravitational force, then a flow of electricity occurs.
This flow of electricity is the movements of subatomic particles from one particle to the other.
Electrical Current – the rate of flow (the speed) of negatively charged particles on the conductor.
Electricity – the movement of subatomic particles.
- Movement of particles is about ½ inch per second
- Chain reaction flows at about the speed of light (300,000,000 m/s)
==================================================================================
Conductor – it carries an electrical current (flow of charged subatomic particles) without much
resistance.
- Silver (105 % - Percentage of Conductivity)
- Copper (100 %)
- Gold (70 %)
- Aluminum (61 %)
Semiconductor – materials that are neither good conductor nor insulator.
- It becomes a good conductor when subjected to high temperature.
- It becomes a good insulator when subjected to low temperature.
- Ex. Diode, Integrated Circuit, and Transistor
Insulator – the opposite of conductor.
Two most common materials used in the production of electrical components are…
- Silicon & Germanium
==================================================================================
Current - Is the rate of charge flow.
Electric charge – its either positive or negative
Producing Current Flow:
1. Static Electricity – through rubbing two objects together
2. Thermoelectricity – through heat
3. Piezoelectricity – through pressure
4. Electrochemistry – through chemical reaction (Ex. Battery or Galvanic Cell)
5. Photoelectricity – through light or sunlight (Ex. Solar Panels or Solar Cells)
6. Magnetoelectricity – through magnetism
1.3 Units of Electricity

Voltage (E) – driving force of current flow, from the result of the difference in charges (unit: V).
Amperage (I) – rate of current flow (unit: ampere [A, amp]).
Resistance (R) – the ability to resist current flow (unit: ohms [Ω]).
Power (P) – the rate of work done (unit: watt [W]).
- 1 horse power (hp) = 746 watts (W)
- 1 watt (W) = 3.413 btu/hr.
- 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1 000 watts (W)
- 1 megawatt (MW) = 1 000 000 watts (W)
Ohm’s Law - Eq. [E = I * R] (Volage is directly proportional to the product of Resistance and
Amperage).
DC Power Equation or Joule’s Law – Eq. [P = E * I] (Power is directly proportional to the product of
Voltage and Amperage).
Electrical Energy (E) – caused by moving electrical charges. Eq. [E or q = P * t] (unit: watt-hours
[Joules (J)]).
1.4 Electrical Circuits

Basic Electrical circuit – a continuous path that allows electrical current to flow
- It has a source (ex. Battery), conductors (Ex. Wire), load (ex. Light Bulb), electrical
components and optional devices [protection device (ex. Fuse) and control device (ex.
Switch)].
Closed Circuit – path of current flow is uninterrupted.
Open Circuit – path of current flow is interrupted.
Short Circuit – permits current flow through unintentional path.
Series Circuit – if one bulb fails all the other bulbs is out.
Parallel Circuit – if one bulb fails the other bulbs wouldn’t.
Gustav Kirchhoff – German physicist who established Kirchhoff’s Laws.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law – the sum of the voltage of a complete circuit is zero (V AB + VBC + VCD + VDA = 0).
Kirchhoff’s Current Law – when a charge enters a junction it has no place to go but to leave (I 1 + 12 +
13 + 14 = 0).
Series Circuit Principles
R = V/I
Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + … + Rn
Itotal = I1 = I2 = I3 = … = In
Vtotal = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn
Parallel Circuit Principles
R = V/I
Rtotal = 1/ [(1/R1) + (1/R2) + (1/R3) + … + (1/Rn)]
Itotal = I1 + I2 + I3 + … + In
Vtotal = V1 = V2 = V3 = … = Vn

1.5 The Relationship Between Magnetism and Electrical Current


Magnetism – A force of attraction between ferromagnetic materials and a force of repulsion
between diamagnetic materials.
William Gilbert – He made the first actual magnet and known as the father of magnetism.
Types of Magnetism
1. Ferrimagnetism – magnetic field of individual atoms align themselves, some parallel, or in
the same direction, and others generally anti-parallel.
2. Ferromagnetism – electrically uncharged materials strongly attract others.
3. Anti-ferromagnetism – magnetic moments of neighboring electrons point in the opposite
direction.
4. Paramagnetism – materials weakly attracted by a strong magnet.
5. Diamagnetism – materials that line-up at right angle to a non-uniform magnetic field.
Electricity – flow of current through a conductor.
Benjamin Franklin – discovered electricity
Alessandro Volta – invented the first electric cell.
Relationship between Electricity and Magnetism – the force of a magnetic field can produce
electrical current and vice versa.
Michael Faraday – English physicist and chemist whose works contributed greatly to the
understanding of electromagnetism.
- Electric motor
- Discovery of Benzene
- Electromagnetic induction
- Electromagnetic generator
- Electrolysis
- Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism – the interaction between magnetism and electricity.
Electromagnetic induction – generating electricity through magnetic field.
Magnetic field – is formed whenever a electrical charge is in motion.
Accelerating Charge – electric and magnetic fields travelling at a speed of light.

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