What is scientific method?

 The scientific method is a body of techniques for

investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or
correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
 The term Scientific Method denotes the principles that
guide scientific research and experimentation, and also
the philosophic bases of those principles.
 The scientific method is a process used to
systematically investigate observations, solve problems,
and test hypotheses.
 Scientific Research Method
1. Question
2. Hypothesis
3. Testing / Designing Plan
4. Data
5. Conclusion
 Research Design is supposed to answer the basic questions of:
 What is the study about?
 Why is the study being made?
 Where will the study be carried out?
 What type of data is required?
 where can the required data be found?
 What periods of time will the study include?
 What will be the sample design?
 What techniques of data collection will be used?
 How will the data be analyzed?
Types of Research
 Historical research is a method of research that involves a
systematic examination of past events to give an account of
what has happened in the past.
 What is the reason for a specific event how can we minimize
these types of problems based on past
 Exploratory research
 Exploratory research is the process of investigating a problem
that has not been studied or thoroughly investigated in the past
 search place for natural resources: to make a search of an area
for natural resources such as mineral deposits.
1. New subject
2. Nothing or little is known
3. No definite answers
 discovery: to travel to or in a place in order to discover what it is
like or what is there.
 Descriptive research is used to describe the characteristics of
a phenomenon being studied.
 It does not answer questions about “why” the characteristics
occurred.
 Provide a detailed, highly accurate picture
 Locate new data that contradict past data
 Create a set of categories or classify types
 Clarify a sequence of steps or stages
 Document a causal process or mechanism
KP
KP
KPK

 Descriptive research, is used to describe

characteristics of a phenomenon being studied.
 Reliability,
validity & Culture
Reliability and Validity

 Reliability: The extent to which you can expect to get the

same answer if you apply it twice to the same object.
 Repeatability
 Internal consistency

 Validity: The extent to which an operational

definition(researcher measure the variable) represents the
conceptual(what an abstract concept means) definition.
 Are you measuring what you intended to measure?
Mean

 The mean is the average of all numbers and is

sometimes called the arithmetic mean.
 To calculate the mean, add together all of the numbers
in a set and then divide the sum by the total count of
numbers.
 For example, in a data center rack, five servers
consume 100 watts, 98 watts, 105 watts, 90 watts, and
102 watts of power, respectively.
 The mean power use of that rack is calculated as
 (100 + 98 + 105 + 90 + 102 W)/5 servers = a calculated
mean of 99 W per server.
Median

 The statistical median is the middle number in a sequence

of numbers.
 To find the median, organize each number in order by size;
the number in the middle is the median.
 For the five servers in the rack, arrange the power
consumption figures from lowest to highest: 90 W, 98 W,
100 W, 102 W, and 105 W.
 The median power consumption of the rack is 100 W. If
there is an even set of numbers, average the two middle
numbers.
 For example, if the rack had a sixth server that used 110
W, the new number set would be 90 W, 98 W, 100 W, 102 W,
105 W, and 110 W.
 Find the median by averaging the two middle numbers:
(100 + 102)/2 = 101 W.
Mode

 The mode is the number that occurs most often within a set of
numbers.
 For the server power consumption examples above, there is no
mode because each element is different.
 But suppose the administrator measured the power
consumption of an entire network operations center and the
set of numbers is 90 W, 104 W, 98 W, 98 W, 105 W, 92 W, 102
W, 100 W, 110 W, 98 W, 210 W, and 115 W. The mode is 98 W
since that power consumption measurement occurs most often
amongst the 12 servers.
 Mode helps identify the most common or frequent occurrence
of a characteristic. It is possible to have two modes (bimodal),
three modes (trimodal), or more modes within larger sets of
numbers.
Range
 The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values
within a set of numbers.
 To calculate the range, subtract the smallest number from the
largest number in the set. If a six-server rack includes 90 W, 98 W,
100 W, 102 W, 105 W and 110 W, the power consumption range is 110
W - 90 W = 20 W.
 Range shows how much the numbers in a set vary.
 Many IT systems operate within an acceptable range; a value in
excess of that range might trigger a warning or alarm to IT staff.
 To find the variance in a data set, subtract each number from the
mean, and then square the result.
 Find the average of these squared differences, and that is the
variance in the group.
 In our original group of five servers, the mean was 99. The 100 W-
server varies from the mean by 1 W, the 105 W-server by 6 W, and so
on. The squares of each difference equal 1, 1, 36, 81 and 9. So to
calculate the variance, add 1 + 1 + 36 + 81 + 9 and divide by 5. The
variance is 25.6.
 Culture &
Characteristic of
Culture
 Definition of Culture

 Culture refers to the beliefs, values, behavior and material

objects that, together, form a people's way of life.

 includes the traditions we inherit and pass on to the next

generation

 The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material

objects, and behavior

 Culture determines how we view the world around us

 Culture is a broad term that includes all walks of life, our modes
of behavior and our ethics, our morals and manners, our custom
and tradition , our religious, political, economic etc.
 Horton and Hunt definition of culture
 “Culture is everything which is socially shared and learned by the
members of a society.”
 Tylor defined “It is that complex whole including beliefs, art,
religion, values, norms, ideas, law, knowledge, custom and other
capabilities acquired by a man as a member of a society.”
 It is the totality of human experience acquired during the
transmission of heritage from one generation to another and to
learn the ways of learning, eating, drinking, behaving, walking,
dressing and working is the culture of man
 Culture is the Centre of a society and without culture, no
society can even exist.
 It is a heritage transmitted from one generation to another.
 It includes all the ways and behaviours is social life.
 Man is born in an environment of culture, in which he seeks
his way of behaving and acting in a given society.
 Characteristics of Culture

Culture is learned
 Culture is not inherited biologically but it is learned socially by man in
society. e.g. drinking, eating, dressing, walking, behaving, and reading
are all learned by man
 E.g Family role, Education (quality), political leadership, Madrasa,
kindergarten
Culture is social
 It is not an individual phenomenon but it is the product of society.
 It develops in society through social interaction.
 It is shared by the man of society No man can acquire it without the
association of others.
Culture is shared
 Culture is something shared.
 It is nothing that an individual can pass but is shared by common
people of a territory.
 For example, customs, traditions, values, and beliefs are all
shared by men in a social situation.
Culture is transmitted
 Culture is capable of transmitting from one generation to the
next.
 It is not transmitted through genes but through language.
 Language is meant for communication which passes cultural
traits from one generation to another.
Culture is continuous
 It is a continuous process.
 It is like a stream that is flowing from one generation to another
through centuries.
Culture is accumulative
 Culture is not a matter of a month or a year.
 It is a continuous process and adds new cultural traits.
 Many cultural traits are borrowed from outside and these are
absorbed in that culture which adopts them, as culture is
accumulative and combines the suitable cultural traits
Culture is integrated
 All the cultural aspects are interconnected with each other.
 The development of culture is the integration of its various parts.
 For example, values system is interlinked with morality, customs,
beliefs and religion
Culture is changing
 It remains to change, not static.
 The cultural process undergoes changes.
 But with different speeds from society to society and generation
to generation
 Electronic equipment, Mobile, Laptop or social change
Culture varies from society to society
 Every society has its own culture and ways of behaving. It is not
uniform everywhere but occurs differently in various societies.
 Every culture is unique in itself is a specific society.
 For example, values, customs, traditions, ideologies, religion, beliefs,
and practices are not similar but different in every society.
Culture is responsive
 Culture is responsive to the changing conditions of the physical world.
 It intervenes in the natural environment and helps man from all
dangers and natural calamities e.g. our houses are responsible to give
us shelter and safety from storms and heavy rains.
 Mobile, purdah system, igloo
Culture is gratifying
 it is defined as the process through which human beings satisfy their
need.
 These needs may be biological or social but It is responsible to satisfy it.
 Our needs are food, shelter, and clothing and our desires are status,
fame, money, sex, etc. are all examples that are fulfilled according to
cultural ways.
Linked with society
 culture and society are one and the same.
 But if we say that these turn two are twin sister, it would not be wrong.
 Society is a composite of people and they interact each other through
it.
 It is to bind the people within the society