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INDIA’S FIRST NOTES WITH MOST
IMPORTANT SUBTOPICS MARKED
ACCORDING TO JEE MAINS
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UNDERSTANDING WHICH ARE

HIGHLY EXPECTED IN JEE MAINS
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EXAM
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 14
COMPLEX NUMBERS
INTRODUCTION

What is the need of complex numbers?

Before complex numbers, there were solutions to the equation x2 = 2 but there were no solutions to the
equation x2 = –2 in real numbers. To find the solutions to such equations and square roots of negative
numbers, mathematicians devised imaginary numbers (complex numbers). Students may think what is
the use of complex numbers. But complex numbers are useful in solving mathematical questions and
geometry and in certain other ways which student will only understand once he solves these questions.

What is complex number?

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To get the solution of x2 = –1, 1 is defined as iota (i) which is an imaginary number (imaginary
number means it does not exist in real world)

so i = i2 = –1 i3 = – i i4 = 1
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1
A complex number z is an expression of the form a + ib where a, b  R and i is a root of the equation
x2 + 1 = 0; ‘a’ is called as real part of z = a + ib and is denoted by Re(z) while ‘b’ is called as imaginary
part of z and is denoted by Im(z). Two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 are equal if,
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and only if, x1 = x2 and y1 = y2.

Two complex numbers cannot be compared

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14.1. ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS:

(i) Addition: (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2)
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(ii) Subtraction: (x1 + iy1) – (x2 + iy2) = (x1 – x2) + i (y1 – y2)
(iii) Multiplication: (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) = (x1x2 – y1y2) + i (x1y2 + x2y1)

x1  iy1 ( x1  iy1 ) ( x2  iy2 ) x1 x2  y1 y2 x y x y

(iv) Division:     i 2 21 1 2 2
x2  iy2 ( x2  iy2 ) ( x2  iy2 ) x2 2  y2 2 x2  y2

Sample Problem-1:
Find the square root of z = –7 – 24i

Solution: Let z 0 = x + iy be a square root; then,

–7 – 24i = x2 – y2 + 2ixy
Equating real and imaginary parts we get
x2 – y2 = –7 ...(i)

- 14.1 -
 Complex Numbers

and 2xy = –24 ...(ii)

(x2 + y2)2 = (x2 – y2)2 + 4x2y2

= (–7)2 + (–24)2

= 625

 x2 + y2= 25 ...(iii)

Solving (i) and (iii), we get (x, y) = (3, –4); (–3, 4) by (ii)
 z 0 = ± (3 – 4i)

14.2. REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ON A PLANE.

Y
(Z =x +iy)
We consider two perpendicular lines XOX and YOY meeting P(x, y)
at O (analogous to the cartesian plane). XOX is called as r
real axis; YOY is called as imaginary axis and the plane is X
O x M
called as the Argand plane. Argand plane is an imaginary
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plane. The complex number z = x + iy is then represented

by the point P(x, y) and P is called as affix of z.

14.2.1. Cartesian representation:

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z = x + iy is called cartesian representation

x = Re(z) y = Im(z)

14.2.2. Polar representation: If z = x + iy, then z can be expressed as

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z = r (cos  + i sin )
= rei (e i  = cos  + i sin ) (Euler’s formula)
where r = | z |
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 = argument of z = arg (z)

14.2.3. Modulus of z: The modulus of z, denoted by | z |, is given by:

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|z | = x2  y 2 = r
It is the distance of P(z) from origin.

Sample Problem-2:
Find modulus of (3 + 4i).

Solution: |3 + 4 i| = 32  4 2  5

Sample Problem-3:

Show that z 3 = 2 represents a circle.

z3

- 14.2 -
Complex Numbers

Solution: Let z = x + iy

z 3
 z3 =2

x  3  iy
 =2
x  3  iy

 |x – 3 + iy |2 = 22 |x + 3 + iy | 2.

or (x – 3)2 + y2 = 4 ((x +3)2 + y2)

 3x2 + 3y2 + 30x + 27 = 0

which represents a circle.

14.2.4. Argument of z or Amplitude of z: The argument of z, denoted by arg z, is the angle made by the
ray OP with the real axis. For any complex no. z, arg (z) has infinite number of values. The principal
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argument of z, denoted by Arg z, is the value of arg z, lying in (–, ].

So –< Arg z  
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Sample Problem-4:
Find Arg(i)
Im axis
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i 
Solution: Arg(i) =
2
Real axis
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Sample Problem-5:

Find Arg (– i)
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Real axis

–i 
Solution: Arg(–i) = –
2
Im axis

Sample Problem-6:

Find Arg 5
Im axis

Solution: Arg(5) = 0

5 Real axis

Corollary : Argument of any positive real number is 0

- 14.3 -
 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-7:

Find Arg (– 3)

Im axis

Solution: arg (–3) = 

–3 Real axis

Corollary : Argument of any negative real number is .

Sample Problem-8:


If | z1 + z2 | = | z1 – z2 |, prove that arg z1 – arg z2 = odd multiple of .
2
Solution: | z1 + z2 | 2 = | z1 – z2 |2
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 ( z1  z 2 )( z1  z 2 ) = ( z1  z 2 )( z1  z2 )

or z1 z1  z 2 z 2  z 2 z1  z1 z2  z1 z1  z2 z2  z 2 z1  z1 z 2
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or 2( z 2 z1  z1 z2 )  0 ; Re( z1 z 2 )  0
Let z 1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin1) & z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2); then,
z 1 z 2 = r1r2(cos(1 – 2) + isin(1 – 2))
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 cos(1 – 2) = 0 (as Re ( z 1 z 2 ) = 0)


1 – 2 = odd multiple of .
2
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14.2.5. Conversion from polar to cartesian form

z = rei
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r,  are known

we have to find x, y

x = r cos  y = r sin 

14.2.6. Conversion from cartesian to polar form

z = x + iy

x, y are known

we have to find r, .

y
r= x2  y 2 tan  =
x
How to find Argument of a complex number?
There are 2 methods.

- 14.4 -
Complex Numbers

Method 1: x = r cos  y = r sin 

y
Dividing, tan  =
x
This will give 2 values of  in the range (– ]
choose that value of  which lies in the same quadrant in which complex number lies.

Sample Problem-9:
Find Arg (1 – i)
Solution: As seen from figure, 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant.
1 here x = 1, y = –1
45°
1
–1 y 1
z(1 – i) tan  =   1
(1, –1) x 1
  = –45°, 135°
since 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant, so choose angle of 4th quadrant i.e.  = –45°
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Easier solution: It could be seen directly from the figure that

Arg (1 – i) = –45°

Sample Problem-10:
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Find Arg (–1 + i)

Solution: (–1, 1) As seen from figure, –1 + i lies in 2nd quadrant.
z(–1 + i)
1 here x = –1, y = 1
1 135°
y 1
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45°
–1 tan  =   1
x 1
  = –45°, 135°
since –1 + i lies in 2 quadrant, so choose angle of 2nd quadrant i.e.  = 135°
nd
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Easier solution: It could be seen directly from the figure that

Arg (–1 + i) = 135°
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1 y
Method 2: Find  = tan
x

y
since is +ve, so  will surely lie in Ist quadrant.
x

Now see that complex number lies in which quadrant

Now find (Arg z) from following table

st
IInd quadrant I quadrant

IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

- 14.5 -
 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-11:
Find Arg (1 – i)

1
Solution:  = tan–1 = tan–1 1 = 45°
1

1
45°
1
–1
z(1 – i)
(1, –1)

As seen from figure, 1 – i lies in 4th quadrant.

so  = –  = –45°

Sample Problem-12:
Find Arg (–1 + i)
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(–1, 1) 1
Solution: z(–1 + i)  = tan–1 = tan–1 1 = 45°
1 1
1 135°
45° As seen from figure, –1 + i lies in 2nd quadrant.
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–1
so  =  –  = 135°
Exercise your Fundamentals

1. Find Arg (– 1 –i) 2. Find Arg (1 + i)

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3. Find Arg (1 – 3i ) 4. Find Arg (–1 – 3i )

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-14.1 AND 14.2:

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1. Which of the following is correct?

(a) 2 + 3i < 3 + 4i (b) 3 – 4i < 2 – 3i (c) 1 + i < 1 – i (d) none of these

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Hint (d): Since complex numbers can not be compared.

5
2. Given | z | = 4 and Arg z  , then z is
6
(a) 23 + 2i (b) 23 – 2i (c) –23 + 2i (d) –3 + i

 1   5
Hint (c): For 2 3  2i , mod = 4 and arg. is   tan 1     
 3 6 6

334 365
 1 3   1 3 
3. 4 + 5 i  3 i is equal to
 2 2   2 2 
   

(a) 1 – i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 (c) i 3 (d) – i 3

- 14.6 -
Complex Numbers

344 365
 1 3  1 3
Hint (c): 4 + 5    i   3    i  is equal to
 2 2   2 2 

= 4 + 5334 + 3()365

 1 3i 
= 4 + 5 + 32 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 2   2  2   3i
 

6 2k 2k 

4. The value of   sin  i cos  is
k 1 7 7 

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) –i (d) none of these

6 k
 2 2k 2k  6
 2 2 k 
Hint (d):   i sin  i cos   ( i)   cos  i cos 
k 1  7 7  k 1  7 7 
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= (–i) (–1) = i

5. If arg ( z) < 0, then arg (–z) – arg ( z) =

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(a)  (b) –  (c) – /2 (d)  /2

Hint (a): If arg (z) < 0, arg (–z) – arg z = arg (–1) + arg z –arg z = arg (–1) = .

8
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   
 1  sin 8  i cos 8 
6. The expression   =
 1  sin   i cos  
 8 8 
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(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) i (d) none of these

  2 
Hint (b): sin  = cos     , 1 + cos  = 2cos .
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 2  2

7. The inequality | z – 4 | < | z – 2 | represents the region given by

(a) Re (z) > 0 (b) Re (z) < 0 (c) Re (z) > 2 (d) none of these

24
Hint (d): R(z) >  R(z) > 3
2

z4
8. If  1 , then Re (z) is equal to
z 8

(a) – 6 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 17

z4
Hint (b):  1  |z –4| = |z – 8|
z 8

48
 R(z) = 6
2

- 14.7 -
 Complex Numbers

z2
9. If  1 , then Re (z) =
z4
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) none of these

z2
Hint (a):  1  |z –2| = |z –4|
z4

10. The equation z2 = z has (hint: z = x + iy)

(a) no solution (b) a unique solution (c) two solution (d) four solutions
Hint (d): Let z = x + iy z2 = z  x2 + y2 + i( 2xy) = x – iy
 x2 – y2 = x  2xy = – y.

14.3. CONJUGATE

If z = x + iy, then the complex no. z = x – iy is called as the conjugate of z. z(x +iy)
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r y
If z = r (cos  + i sin ), = rei , then z = r (cos  – i sin ) = ree–i
x
As seen in figure, z is mirror image of z in real axis. –y
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Sample Problem-13: z(x –iy)

Find conjugate of (3 – 4i)

Solution: It is 3 + 4 i.
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Properties of modulus:
z1 |z |
= 1
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1. |z | = | z | 2. | z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 | 3. z2 | z2 | 4. |zn| = |z|n
5. ||z1| – |z2|  |z1 ± z2|  |z1| + |z2|
Both equalities hold only when z1, z2, origin are collinear.
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Sample Problem-14:
|z| = 5, find the range of |z – 4|

Solution: ||z| – |4||  |z – 4|  |z| + |4|

i.e.,1  |z – 4|  9

14.3.1. Properties of conjugate:

z+z z-z
1. z z = | z |2 2. Re(z) = 3. Im(z) =
2 2i

 z1  z1
4. z1 z 2 = z1 .z 2 5.  = 6. z1 + z 2 = z1 + z2
 z 2  z2
n
7. z1 - z 2 = z1 - z2 8. (z) = z 9. (z n ) = (z)

- 14.8 -
Complex Numbers

14.3.2.Properties of argument:

1. arg (z1z2) = arg (z1) + arg (z2) + 2n : n  I

 z1 
2. arg  z  = arg (z1) – arg (z2) + 2n : n  I
 2
3. arg (zn) = n arg z

14.4. GEOMETRIC INTERPETATION OF COMPELX NUMBERS

Distance between two points A(z1) and B(z2) is |z1 – z2|

14.4.1. Area of a triangle

The area of ABC, where A, B, C have affixes z1, z2 & z3 respectively, is the absolute value of
z1 z1 1
i
z2 z 2 1
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4
z3 z 3 1

Note:
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(i) Points representing z1, z2, z3 are collinear if, and only if,
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1  0
z3 z3 1
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(ii) Equation of line passing through z1 and z2 is

z z 1
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z1 z1 1  0
z2 z2 1
Euler’s formula
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ei = cos  + i sin 

14.4.2. De Moivre’s Theorem:

If p is a rational number, then (cos  + i sin )p = cos p + i sin p.

14.4.3. Rotation Theorem:

Q(z2)

z 2 - z 0 z 2 - z 0 iθ
 P(z1) = e
z1 - z 0 z1 - z 0
R(z0)
 is considered +ve for anticlockwise direction and –ve for clockwise direction.

- 14.9 -
 Complex Numbers

Sample Problem-15:
A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are vertices of a right angled, isosceles triangle right angled at C(z3). Prove that

(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2)

Solution: A(z1) Using rotation over B,

45° 
x z1  z2 i
 2e 4 ....(i)
z3  z2
45°
C(z3) x B(z2) using rotation over A,

z1  z2 i
 2e 4 ....(ii)
z1  z3
Multiplying (i) and (ii)
(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2)

Sample Problem-16:
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Prove that the points A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) & D(z4) (taken in anticlockwise order), are concyclic only if
( z1  z 2 )( z4  z3 )
is a positive real number
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( z 4  z 2 )( z1  z3 )
Solution: Using rotation over B,
A(z1) D(z4)
z1  z2 z1  z2 i
 e .....(i)
an

z4  z2 z 4  z 2
 
Using rotation over C,
B(z2) C(z3)
z 4  z 3 z 4  z3  i 
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 e .....(ii)
z1  z3 z1  z3
multiplying (i) and (ii)
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( z1  z2 )( z4  z3 ) ( z1  z2 )( z 4  z3 )

( z4  z2 )( z1  z3 ) ( z4  z2 )( z1  z3 )
= +ve real number

Sample Problem-17:

If z12 + z22 – 2z1 z2 cos = 0, show that the points z1, z2 and the origin, in the Argand plane,
are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Solution: z12 + z22 - 2 z1 z2 cos = 0

2
 z   z 
  1  – 2  1  cos + 1 = 0
 z2   z2 

- 14.10 -
Complex Numbers

 z  2 cos   4 cos 2   4
  1  = B(z2)
 z2  2
= cos± isin A(z1)
z1
 = | cos ± isin| = 1
z2
O
| z1 |
 | z | = 1  | z1 |  | z 2 | or OA  OB
2

Hence points A(z1), B(z2) and the origin are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.

Sample Problem-18:

1  iz
If z = x + iy and   with || = 1, show that, z lies on the real axis.
zi

1  iz
JE

Solution: | | = 1
z i

 |1 – iz | = |z – i |
ES

or |1– ix + y | = | x + i ( y – 1) |
or (1 + y)2 + x2 = x2 + (y – 1)2
or 4y = 0
Hence z lies on the real axis .
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Sample Problem-19:

Let three vertices A, B, C (taken in clock wise order) of an isosceles right angled triangle with right
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angle at C , be affixes of complex numbers z1, z2 , z3 respectively. Show that

(z1 – z2)2 = 2(z1 – z3) (z3 – z2) .
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A(z1)

Solution: Given CB = CA and angle C = .
2
z 2  z3 i 
e 2
z1  z3
or z3 – z2 = i (z1 – z3) B(z2)
C(z3)
(z3 – z2)2 = –(z1 – z3)2
or z32 + z22 – 2z2z3 + z12 + z32 – 2z1z3 = 0. Add and subtract 2z1z2, we get
z1 2  z 2 2  2 z1 z 2  2 z 3 2  2 z 2 z 3  2 z1 z 3  2 z1 z 2  0 ,

or ( z1  z 2 ) 2  2[ z 3 ( z 3  z 2 )  z1 ( z 3  z 2 )]  0 ,

or ( z1  z2 ) 2  2( z3  z1 )( z3  z2 )  0 ,

or ( z1  z2 ) 2  2( z1  z3 )( z3  z 2 ) .

- 14.11 -
 Complex Numbers

14.4.3. Section formula:

If the point P(z0) divides the line joining A(z1) and B(z2)
(i) internally in the ratio m : n, then
m n
mz 2 + nz 1
z0 = (z1)A (z2)B
m+n p
Proof : using rotation,

z  z1 z  z1 i
 e
z  z2 z  z2

| z  z1 | i
= | z  z |e
2

m i m
= e 
n n
solving this for z,
JE

z  z1 m

z  z2 n
 n(z – z1) = –m(z – z2)
ES

 (m + n)z = mz2 + nz1

mz2 + nz1
i.e., z0 =
m+n
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(ii) externally in the ratio m : n, then

m
mz 2 - nz1 (z1) A
z0 = (z 2)B p
m-n n
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Proof : using rotation,

z  z1 z  z1 i 0
 e
z  z2 z  z2
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| z  z1 | i 0
= | z  z |e
2

m
=
n
solving this for z,
mz2 - nz1
i.e., z0 =
m-n
Note:The centroid P(z0) of a triangle ABC, where A, B, C have affixes z1, z2 & z3 respectively, is
given by
z1 + z 2 + z 3
z0 = .
3

- 14.12 -
Complex Numbers

14.4.4. nth roots of unity.

The equation zn = 1, where n  N, has n roots which are given by
z = (1)1/n
2kπ 2kπ
= cos + i sin : k = 0, 1, ..., n – 1
n n
2kπ 2
i i
n
= e n
= k (where  = e )
so nth roots of unity are 1, , 2, ...., n –1. Obviously they are in G.P.

1 - αn
1 +  + 2 + .... + n –1 = = 0 (since n = 1)
1-α
2k
i
since sum of nth roots of unity is zero, e n
0

 2k  2k  
   cos n
 i sin
n 
0
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n-1 n-1
2kπ 2kπ
  cos
k=0 n
= 0 and  sin
k=0 n
=0

Note:
ES

1. The sum of nth roots of unity is zero.

2. They are vertices of a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in the circle of unit radius & centre as
an

origin.

3. Square roots of unity are 1, –1.

1 i 3 1  i 3
ka

cube roots of unity are 1, w, w2 where w = , w2 =

2 2
If n = 4, the roots are i, –i, 1, –1.
lp

Sample Problem-20:

Find the sixth roots of z = 64 i.

  
Solution: z = 64 cos  i sin 
 2 2

1
 zr = z 6

 
 2r  2
2 r  2

= 2cos  i sin  , where r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 6 6 

The roots z0, z1, z2, z3, z4, z5 are given by

   
z 0 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 

- 14.13 -
 Complex Numbers

 5 5 
z 1 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 

 9 9 
z 2 = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12 

 13 13     
z 3 = 2 cos  i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 
 17 17   5 5 
z 4 = 2 cos  i sin   2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 

 21 21   9 9 
z 5 = 2 cos  i sin  = 2 cos  i sin 
 12 12   12 12 

14.4.5. Cube roots of unity

z3 = 1
z = (1)1/3 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)1/3
JE

2kπ 2kπ
= cos + isin k = 0, 1, 2
3 3
ES

k
i
2kπ
 i 2   i 23 
=e
3
  e 3   k  e  
   

so cube roots of unity are 1,ω, ω2

an

-1 + i 3 2 -1 - i 3
ω= , ω =
2 2
ka

1 + ω + ω2 = 0 , ω3 = 1

14.4.6. Applications in Geometry

lp

1. Straight line:
(a) The general equation is az + az + b = 0 , where a is a complex no. and b is a real no.
Another general equation is az – az + ib = 0 , where a is a complex no. and b is a real no.
The line perpendicular to az  az  b  0 is az  az  ib  0 and vice versa.
(b) The equation of line passing through P(z1) and Q(z2) is
z = z1 + t(z2 – z1)

2. Circle: z
r (a) Circle with centre z0 and radius r is given by | z – z0 | = r.
z0 (b) General equation of a circle is zz + az + az + b = 0 , where a
is a complex number and b is a real number.
centre = – (coefficient of z )

radius = | a |2 b where a is centre.

- 14.14 -
Complex Numbers

Ellipse: The equation of the ellipse with foci given by points with affixes z1 & z2 is given by | z – z1 |
+ | z – z2 | = k, where k is a constant such that k > | z1 – z2 |.

14.4.7. Perpendicular bisector: z

z 1|

|z 1
|z –

–
z 2|
z1 z2
The equation of perpendicular bisector of line segment joining P(z1) and Q(z2) is
| z – z1 | = | z – z2 |.

Sample Problem-21:

Find the region represented by |z – 4| < |z –2|

Solution: |z –4| = |z –2| represents perpendicular bisector of 4 and 2 i.e., the line x = 3 as shown in
figure.
JE

y
|z –4| < |z –2| represents one side of the line x = 3
either left side or right side.
ES

Since distance of z from 4 is lesser, z is nearer to 4

x which means z lies on right side of the line x= 3.
2 4
x=3 So Re(z) > 3.
an
Some properties:
Let A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) be vertices of a triangle;
(i) If ABC is equilateral, then z1 2 + z2 2 + z3 2 = z1 z2 + z1 z3 + z2 z3
ka

and its circum centre (z0) is given by z12 + z22 + z32 = 3z02

OBJECTIVE QUESTION-14.3 AND 14.4:

lp

 
1. If  and |  | = 1, then is equal to
1  
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) – 1 (d) none of these

  |  |
Hint (a):  . Also ||2 = |1   |2  || = |1   |
1   |1   |

2. If | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 | = ... = | zn | = 1, then | z1 + z2 + z3 + ... + zn | =

1  1 
(a)    ...  (b) 0
z1 z2 z3 zn

(c) n (d) none of these

- 14.15 -
 Complex Numbers

1 1 1
Hint (a): z  z  ......  z = | z1 + z2 + ..... zn| [ z1 z1 | z1 |2  1]
1 2 n

3. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers such that | z1 + z2 | = | z1 | + | z2 | then Arg z1
– Arg z2 is equal to
(a) –  (b) – /2 (c) 0 (d) /2
Hint (c): Let z1 = x1+ iy1, z2 = x2 + iy2

y1 y2
Now |z1 + z2|2 = (|z1 + |z2|)2  x1y2 – x2y1 = 0  x  x
1 2

4. If z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that | z1 + z2 | = | z1 – z2 | then a value of amp z1 –

amp z2 is equal to

 3
(a) (b) (c)  (d) none of these
2 2
Hint (a): Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2, then
JE

y1 y2
|z1 + z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2  x x  1
1 2
ES
5. If z = z , then
(a) z is purely real (b) z is purely imaginary
(c) Re (z) = Im (z) (d) z is any complex number
Hint (a): z  z  I(z) = 0
an

6. For any z  C , which of the following is not true?

zz zz
(a) Re( z )  (b) Im ( z ) 
ka
2 2i

(c) z z  {Re( z )}2  (Im( z )}2 (d) | Re( z ) |  (Re ( z )) 2  (Im ( z )) 2

lp

z  z x  iy  x  iy 2iy
Hint (d): Let z = x + iy,   x, z  z   y etc.
2 2 21

zz
7. If z is any complex number, then is
2i
(a) purely real (b) purely imaginary
(c) either 0 or purely imaginary (d) none of these

zz
Hint (a): Let z = x + iy, then  y  R.
2i

1 i
8. Amplitude of is
1 i

 
(a)  (b) (c) 0 (d) none of these
2 2

- 14.16 -
Complex Numbers

1  i (1  i )2 1  i 2  2i 2i
Hint (b):    i
1  i 12  i 2 1  (1) 2

9. If the cube roots of unity are 1, , 2, then roots of the equation (x – 1)3 + 8 = 0 are

(a) –1, –1, –1 (b) –1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22

(c) –1, 1 – 2, 1– 22 (d) 1, 1 + 2, 1 + 22

3 2
Hint (c): (x –1) = – 8  x –1 = –2, –2 – 2 .

10. The roots of the equation x6 – 1 = 0 are

(a) –1, 1 (b) 1, , 2

(c) –1, –, –2 (d) 1, , 2, –1, –, –2

6 3 3
Hint (d): x –1 = 0  x – 1 = 0 or x + 1 = 0

MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLE PROBLEMS

JE

Sample Problem-21:

zz 
If z1 and z2 are 1–i, –2 + 4i respectively, find Im  1 2  .
ES

 z1 

z1 z 2 (1  i )(2  4i)
Solution: =
z1 1 i
an

 2  2i  4i  4
=
1 i
2  6i 1  i
= 
ka

1 i 1 i
2  6i  2i  6
=
2
lp
= 4 + 2i
zz 
 Im  1 2  = 2
 z1 
Sample Problem-22:
If n is a positive integer and  be an imaginary cube root of unity, prove that
3, when n is a multiple of 3
1  n  2 n  
0, when n is not a multiple of 3

Solution: Case I n = 3m : m  I
 1 + n + 2n = 1 + 3m + 6m
= 1 + 1 + 1, [  3 = 1]
=3

- 14.17 -
 Complex Numbers

Case II n = 3m + 1 or 3m + 2 : m  I
(a) Let n = 3m + 1
 L.H.S. = 1 + 3m+1 + 6m +2
= 1 +  + ,
=0
(b) Let n = 3m + 2
1 + 3m+2 + 6m + 4 = 1 +  + 4
= 1 +  + 
= 0

Sample Problem-23:

If |z1 | = |z2 | = .....................= | zn | = 1, prove that

JE

1 1 1
z1  z 2  ......  z n    .......
z1 z 2 zn

Solution: | zj | = 1 z j z j = 1  j = 1, ... ,n ( zz = | z |2)

ES

1 1 1
L.H.S. = z1  z 2  ......  z n    ....... 
z1 z 2 zn

1 1 1 1
an

=    ...... 
z1 z 2 z3 zn

1 1 1
=   ....... 
ka

z1 z 2 zn

= R.H.S

Sample Problem-24:
lp

If | z – 1 | < 3, prove that |iz + 3 – 5i | < 8.

Solution: Here i z + 3 – 5 i is to be written as the sum of two complex numbers containing z – 1,

because we have to use | z – 1 | < 3.
| iz + 3 – 5 i | = | iz – i + 3 – 4 i |
= | 3 – 4 i + i (z – 1) |
 | 3 – 4i | + | i(z – 1) | (by triangle inequality)
< 5 + 1.3 = 8

Sample Problem-25:

If (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x +a2x2 + ... + anxn, then show that

n n
n n
(a) a0 – a2 + a4 + ... = 2 2 cos (b) a1 – a3 + a5 + ... = 2 2 sin
4 4

- 14.18 -
Complex Numbers

Solution: Put x = i in the given expansion

(1 + i)n = a0 + a1i + a2i2 + ... + anin,
n
    
 2  cos 4  i sin 4   = (a0 – a2 + a4 + ... ) + i (a1 – a3 + a5 + ... )
  

 n n 
2 n / 2  cos  i sin  = (a0 – a2 + a4 + ... ) + i(a1 – a3 + a5 + ... )
 4 4 
Equating real and imaginary parts,
n
n
2 2 cos = a0 – a2 + a4 + ...
4
n
n
2 2 sin = a1 – a3 + a5 + ...
4

Sample Problem-26:
JE

Solve the equation zn-1 = z : n  N

Solution: zn–1 = z
ES

| z |n–1 = | z | = | z |;  | z | = 0 or | z | = 1

If | z | = 0, then z = 0.

Let | z | = 1; then, zn = z z = 1
an

2 m 2 m
 z = cos  i sin : m = 0, 1, ... , n –1
n n
ka

Sample Problem-27:

For constant c 1, find all complex numbers z satisfying the equation z + c | z + 1 | + i = 0
lp

Solution: Let z = x + i y.

The equation z + c |z + 1| + i = 0 becomes

x + i y + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 + i = 0

or x + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 + i (y + 1) = 0.

Equating real and imaginary parts , we get

y + 1 = 0 y = –1 ...(i)

and x + c ( x  1) 2  y 2 = 0 : x<0 ...(ii)

Solving (i) and (ii) , we get

- 14.19 -
 Complex Numbers

x+c ( x  1) 2  1 = 0
or x 2 = c2 [(x + 1)2 + 1]
or (c2 – 1)x2 + 2c2x + 2c2 = 0
If c = 1, then x = –1. Let c > 1; then,

 2c 2  4c 4  8c 2 (c 2  1)
x =
2(c 2 1)

c2  c 2 c2
=
c 2 1

As x is real and c > 1, we have : 1 < c  2

(Thus, for c > 2 , there is no solution)
Since both values of x satisfy (ii), both values are admissible.

Sample Problem-28:
JE

Locate the region in the Argand plane for the complex number z satisfying
 
(a) |z - 4 | < |z – 2 | (b)  arg z 
6 4 Y
ES

Solution: (a) Let z = x + iy

| x + iy – 4 | < | x + iy – 2 |
X
(x – 4)2 + y2 < (x – 2)2 +y2 O X
an

or – 4x + 12 < 0
or x > 3
Y x=3
Re(z) > 3. (see fig.1)
ka

Figure (1)
(b) Let z = x + iy; then, x > 0 and y > 0
y Y
arg z = tan–1
lp

x Y=x
 y 
tan   tan
6 x 4

arg(z) =
1 y 6
 1 O X
3 x

x 3 y and y  x Figure (2)

Hence the given inequality represents the region bounded by the rays y = x and

y= x except the origin (fig.2) .

3

- 14.20 -
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