Control System

By Moin Memon
(Topic: Introduction)
In an open loop control system–
Output is independent of control input
In closed loop control system, with positive value
of feedback gain the overall gain of the system
will– Increase
........ has tendency to oscillate has–
Open loop system
A good control system has all the features except–
Slow response
A closed loop system is stable if–
Both gain margin and phase margin are
positive
The principle of homogeneity and Superposition
theorem is applied to–
Linear Time Invariant System
As compared to a closed loop system, an open
loop system is– More stable but less accurate
An automatic toaster is a....... loop control
system– Open
Feedback control systems are–
Less sensitive to forward path parameter
changes than to feedback-path
parameter changes
Automatic control system is also known as–
Closed loop control system
Advantages of open loop system is–
Simple and economical
The disadvantages of a closed loop control system
are –
Gain, complex and costly, oscillatory response
The output of the system has an effect upon the
input quantity, then the system is a–
Closed loop control system
The disadvantages of a open loop control system
are– Inaccurate, Unreliable
The characteristics of negative feedback control
system are–
Low sensitive to parameter variations,
Reduction in gain at the expense of better
stability, Rejection of disturbance signals
Accurate and reliable output is possible with–
Closed loop control system
The type of a control system is obtained from
.............. transfer function– Open loop
Weighting function is in terms of–
Laplace transforms of impulse response
The Laplace transform of a function δ(t-2) is– e–2s
If a body has identical properties all over, it is
known as– Homogeneous
A control system with excessive noise, is likely to
suffer from– Saturation in amplifying stages
Zero initial condition for a system means–
System is at rest and no energy is stored
in any of its components
On .......... factors does the sensitivity of closed
loop system to gain changes and load disturbances
depend– Frequency, Loop gain, Forward gain
Due to ......... reason excessive band width in
control systems should be avoided–
Noise is proportional to band width
In an automatic control system elements not used
is– Oscillator
........... signal will become zero when the feedback
signal and reference signals are equal– Actuating
The frequency and time domain are related to–
Laplace Transform and Fourier Integral
An advantage of Laplace transform method is–
It gives total solution more systematically,
Initial conditions are incorporated
in the very first step
In a control system an error detector–
Produces an error signal as actual difference
of value and desired value of the output
The input to controller is always –
An error signal
The serious disadvantage of electronic control
systems is– Temperature sensitiveness
In a control system noise can be avoided by
methods–
Attenuating those frequencies at which
external signals get coupled into the
system, Reducing the bandwidth
The input which is established or varied by some
means external to and independent of the feed
back control system is– Command
To maximize or minimize a set of criteria is
called– Optimal control policy
In Sampled data systems final application in–
Control mechanisms of automatic metal cutting
lathes, Pulse controlled electric
drives, High speed in plate rolling
drives by using quantized data
Non-linearities are introduced for reasons–
To simplify the system, To achieve
special characteristics
Minimum information which is necessary to
formulate the problem of control systems
optimization is–
System state equation, output equation, control
vector and constraints of the problem only
Actual input applied to the system in case of
closed loop system is– Actuating signal
The characteristic of a good control system is–
Insensitive to parameter variation but
sensitive to input commands
In a control system, the–
State variables are dependent on each other
An automatic washing machine is–
Open loop system
A closed loop system is distinguished from open
loop system by– Feedback
A part of the human temperature control system
is– Perspiration system
The control action is determined when a man
walks along a path by– Eyes
A closed loop system is– Auto-pilot for an aircraft
To make an unstable system stable–
The gain of the system should be decreased
The output of a feedback control system must be a
function of– Reference and output
By using feedback in control systems, the
sensitivity to parameter variation is improved.
This is achieved at rate the cost of–
loss of system gain
With negative feedback, the system stability and
system gain respectively–increase and decreases
The phenomena of 'limit cycles' and 'jump
resonance' are observed in– Non-linear systems
In closed loop control system, the difference
between the input and the feedback signal is
represented by– Error signal
If the value of (1+GH) is less 1, then sensitivity
is/has ______.– Increases
A system is said to be ______, if its output is
under control– Stable
In open loop control systems, the control action is
independent of the desired ______ –
Output signal
Topic : (Modelling of control
System)
Transducers used to obtain the output position
control system is– Synchro
Under force-current analogy, displacement is
analogous to– Magnetic flux linkage
Mechanical translational systems are obtained, by
the elements–
Mass element, spring element, dash-pot
The analogous quantity for mass element in force
voltage analogy is– Inductance
Electrical analogous quantity for dash-pot in
force-current analogy is– Conductance
The capacitance, in force-current analogy, is
analogous to– Mass
The temperature, under thermal and electrical
system analogy, is considered analogous to–
Voltage
In electrical-pneumatic system analogy the current
is considered analogous to– Air flow rate
In liquid level and electrical system analogy,
voltage is considered analogous to– Head
The viscous friction co-efficient, in force-voltage
analogy, is analogous to– Resistance
In force-voltage analogy, velocity is analogous
to– Current
In thermal-electrical analogy charge is considered
analogous to– Heat flow
A signal other than the reference input that tends
to affect the value of controlled variable is known
as– Disturbance
The term backlash is associated with–Gear trains
In a system low friction co-efficient facilitates–
Reduced velocity lag error
Hydraulic torque transmission system is analog
of– Motor-generator set
Can be measured by the use of a tacho-generator–
Speed
In pneumatic control systems the control valve
used as final control element converts–
Pressure signal to position change
Device used for conversion of co-ordinates is–
Synchro-resolver
.......... can be extended to systems which are time
varying–
State model Representation
In several applications hydraulic motors are
preferred to electric motors because–
They have a faster response
.......... is preferred when a control signal is
required to have a power level higher than the
capability of linear electronic amplifiers–
Amplidyne
A servomechanism is a feedback control system
required to control–
Position, some derivative of position
An essential feature of servo mechanism is–
A closed loop system, A power amplifying
stage, Ability to control position,
velocity or acceleration of the system
Selsyn' is the trade name given to– Synchros
In amplidyne the compensating winding is used
to– Compensate the effect of magnetic field
set up by the load current
When synchro transmitter shaft is disconnected
from the driving shaft, it will run as– Receiver
In hydraulic system, power is transmitted by–
Fluid under pressure
A synchros is– An electromagnetic transducer
In radars the control system used is–
Discrete data control system
In pneumatic systems time lags are obtained by–
Making the air to fill a volume after passing
through a restriction
In pneumatic control systems, compensation is
provided by– Restriction-volume combinations
The compressed air, in pneumatic control systems,
is not– Lubricated
As compared to electronic systems is not an
advantage of pneumatic control system–
More reliability, Less maintenance
requirement, No fire hazards
In pneumatic instrumentation systems the
pressure
of compressed air used is around– 1.4 bar
In pneumatic systems the medium used is– Air
In pneumatic systems a restriction-volume
combination is equivalent to– R.C. circuit
Electrical capacitance in pneumatic systems is
analogous to– Volume of air
A servo system will become absolutely unstable
if– Feedback path becomes zero
A gyroscope works on principles–
Law of conservation of momentum
A.C. servomotor, as compared to a standard
induction has...... inertia and......... starting torque–
Low, high
Hydraulic control devices use–
Machine tools, Ships, Automobiles
A reduction gear is used to increase the–
Torque developed
A reduction gear is used to increase the–
Torque developed
Self-balancing instruments is preferred for–
A.C. servomotor
A 'drag cup' type motor has– Low inertia
The disadvantage of hydraulic system over
electrical system is– Fluid leakage
Materials used for making a stator of a synchro–
Laminated silicon steel
'Synchros' are popularly used as transmitter of–
Angular data
The term confirmity is associated with–
Potentiometer
An amplidyne can give characteristics–
Constant current, constant voltage and
constant power
A limit switch is used to–
Convert mechanical motion to
electrical signal
Non-linearity for a control system is not a form
of–
Square-law transfer characteristics, Backlash,
Saturation
A servomotor entails disadvantages–
Low starting torque
Selsyn servo system is provided by a–
Electrical gearing between two shafts
A servomechanism with unit step input can be
categorised as– Type 1 system
In a non-linear control system limit cycle is self
sustained oscillations of–
Fixed frequency and amplitude
In a hybrid feedback control system carrier signals
are– A.C. and D.C. only
An example of intentional non-linear systems is–
Contractor servos, Non-linear pitch or
dampers in aircraft control, On-off transducers
The gain of the amplidyne is related to the gain of
D.C. generator of equivalent rating as .......... that
of D.C. generator– More than
The feedback of the tachometer reduces the
system's– Time constant only, gain only
A control system working under un-known
random actions is called–
Stochastic control system
A servomechanism with step displacement input
will form .......... system– Type-1
In order to convert the angular position of a shaft
into an electric signal, electromagnetic
transducers
can be used– Synchros
A control system in which the control action is
somehow dependent on the output is known as-
Closed loop system
(Transfer function, Block
diagram
and Signal flow graph)
car is running at a constant speed of 50 km/h,
the feedback element for the driver is–
Needle of the speedometer
The transfer function G(S) = S(S-2)/S(S+5) is an
example of– Non minimum phase function
The maximum value of magnitude of the closed
loop transfer function is called– Resonant peak
The equation based on which a Signal Flow Graph
is drawn must be–
Algebraic equation in the form of cause and
effect relations
The shape of rotor in control Transformer is–
Cylindrical
Path from input node to output node so that
no node is crossed more than once
Lowest critical frequency is due to pole and it may
be present origin or nearer to origin, then it is type
of network– RC
Lowest critical frequency is due to zero and it may
be present origin or nearer to origin, then it is type
of network– RL network
Poles and zeros are arranged alternatively on
negative real axis, then type of network are–
RC network, RL network
In signal flow graph input node is node having
only– Outgoing branches
When writing a transfer function, loops are not
valid loops are– Self loops at input node
The electrical analogous element for displacement
in force-voltage analogy is– Charge
two blocks having gains A and B respectively are
in parallel connection, find the resultant gain
using block diagram reduction technique– A + B
The example of actuator are–
Pneumatic motor, hydraulic motor,
electric motor
In signal flow graph output node is node having
only– Incoming branches
The transfer function for tachometer E(S)/θ(S) is–
KS
Differentiation of parabolic response is a
response– Ramp
Name test signals used in time response analysis–
Unit step, Unit ramp, Impulse
A function of one or more variable which conveys
information on the nature of physical
phenomenon
is called– Signal
Transfer function of the control system depends
on– System parameters alone
First Foster form of a LC network represents
which element in the beginning– Capacitor
Transfer function of a system is used to calculate–
The output for any given input
Transfer function can be obtained from–
Signal flow graph
The transfer function of a system is
1/
1+ sT
. The
input to this system is the ramp function, tu(t).
The output would track this system with an error
given by– T
The transfer function of a system is (1 – s) / (1+s)
then the system is– Non-minimum phase system
The definition of proportional band of a controller
is–
The range of measured variables through
which the air output changes from
maximum to minimum
A signal flow graph is .......... representation of the
relationships between the variables of a set of
linear algebraic equations– Graphical
The basic property of signal flow graph is–
Nodes are arranged from left to right in a
sequence, The algebraic equations must be in
the form of cause and effect relationship, It is
applicable to linear system only, Signals travel
along branches only in the marked direction
and is multiplied by the gain of the branch
A signal flow graph is a–
Topological representation of a set of
differential equations
The value of a node in the signal flow graph is
equal to the– Sum of all the incoming nodes
With the knowledge of state space representation
the transfer function of the system–
Can be determined completely
The transfer function technique is considered as
inadequate under conditions–
Systems having complexities and nonlinearities,
Systems having stability
problems, Systems having multiple
input disturbances
Analysis of control system by Laplace transform
technique is not possible for–
Discrete-time systems
A minimum phase transfer function has–
No poles or zeros in the right half of s-plane or
on the jω-axis excluding the origin
In signal flow graph function points are called–
Nodes
Transfer function is useful for study of–
Steady-state and transient behavior
Transfer function is useful for study of–
Steady-state and transient behavior
The transfer function of a system is the Laplace
transform of– Impulse response
For a linear transfer function of the variable the
transfer function of the system– Does not change
The law/principle in mechanical systems,
analogous to Kirchhoff's laws in electrical system,
is– D' Alembert's principle
The effect of tachometer feedback in a control
system is to reduce- Gain
(Time Domain analysis)
In a control system, the response is critically
damped if- Damping factor is 1
Finite steady state error– Varies inversely with k
Ẋ = A x (t) + B u (t) is called the– State equation
The overshoot present in a system depends on– ξ
A large time response corresponds to a–
Sluggish system
The impulse response of an R-L circuit is a–
Decaying exponential function
Transient state analysis deals with–
Nature of response
Time taken for the response to raise from zero to
100% for every first time is called– Rise time
Time taken by the response to reach and stay
within a specified error is called– Settling time
Type and order of transfer function G(s) = K / {s(s
+ 2)}– 1, 2
In control system, integrator is represented by–1/s
A system of constant voltage and constant
frequency is called– Infinite system
Time response for a second order system depends
on the value of t. If t = 0 then the system is called
as– Undamped system
Error constants of a system are measure of–
Steady state response
The system is initially critical damped. If the gain
of the system is doubled, then it will exhibit–
Under damped characteristics
Transient state analysis depends on–
Order of system
Time constant is defined as the time taken by the
response of the system to reach–
63% of the final value
Two identical first order systems have been
cascaded non interactively. The unit step response
of the systems will be– Critical damped
The optimum values of damping ratio is–
0.3 to 0.7
The second derivative input signals modify–
The time constant and suppress the oscillations
The transient response of a system is mainly due
to– Stored energy
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