 Introduction of Cell :

• Cytology: The cell and its structures are studied under a branch of biology called cytology.
Father of cytology – C.P. Swanson
• Cell:- The structural & functional unit of a living being is called cell. An unit of biological activity,
delimited by a differentially permeable membrane and capable of self reproduction in a medium
free of other living system.
Cell is called structural & functional unit of life because -
(i) All the living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
(ii) All the cells have similar basic structure.
(iii) Similar cell organelles of different cell perform similar functions.
 Discovery of cell :
1. Robert Hooke (1665):- The word cell is derived form the Latin word ‘Cellula’ which means
‘a little room’. An English botanist, Robert Hooke (1635-1703), in 1665 discovered and named
the cells, while examining a thin slice of cork under a primitive microscope made by him. He
found porous structure of cork to resemble with monasteries and called the units, the cells.
He wrote a book- Micrographia.
2. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) : a Dutch microscopist, made an improved microscope and
by observing under this microscope he discovered in 1674 the living free cells in the form of
bacteria, protozoa, red blood cells, sperm etc.
3. N. Grew (1682): Proposed cell concept which states that cell is unit of structure of organisms.
4. Knoll & Ruska (1932): Designed the electron microscope which was employed to study the
ultra structure of cell and various cell organelles.
 Cell theory :
Proposed by M.J. Schleiden & Theodore Schwann {two german biologists}.It was later expanded
by Rudolf Virchow
Cell theory comprises the following postulates :
(i) All living beings, plants, animals and microorganisms, are made up of cells.
(ii) All metabolic reactions take place in cells. Thus, cells are structural and functional units of life.
(iii) New cells are formed because of division of old cells.
(A) Size of cell – Normal size in human 20  m to 30  m in diameter..
(i) Largest cell – In animal - Ostrich egg (15 cm in diameter)
In plants - Acetabularia (6-10 cm)
(ii) Longest cell - In animal - Nerve cell (upto 1mt)
In plants - Hemp fibre.
(iii) Smallest cell - PPLO - Pleuro pneumonia like organism
(Mycoplasma - 0.1  m to 0.5  m)
(B) Shape of cell – Shape of cell mainly depends upon the specific function it performs.
(i) Elongated - Nerve cell
(ii) Discoidal/ saucer- RBC
(iii) Spindal - Muscle cell
(iv) Spherical - Eggs.
(v) Branched - Pigment cell of the skin
(vi) Slipper shaped - Paramaecium
(vii) Cuboidal - Germ cell of gonads
(viii) Polygonal - Liver cells.
(C) Number of cells - On the basis of number of cells the organisms can be categorized
as -
(i) Unicellular - Single celled - eg- Amoeba, Paramaecium, Euglena, Plasmodium - Malarial parasite,
Chlamydomonas,
(ii) Multicellular - Numerous cells eg- higher plants & Animals.
 Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells:
Characters Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Cells Cells
1. Nuclear Incipient True nucleus,
body nucleus, No Nuclear
nuclear membrane
membrane, present,
Nucleolus Nucleous
absent, Single present,
closed loop, Multiple
(histones chromosomes,
absent) (histones
present in
chromosomes)
2. Mitosis No mitosis Mitosis found
3. DNA Single closed Multiple
arrangement loop, chromosomes,
(histones (histones
absent) present in
chromosomes)
4. Respiratory In plasma In
system membrane, mitochondria
(mitochondria
absent)
5. In internal In
Photosynthetic membranes, chloroplasts
apparatus (chloroplasts
absent)
6. Golgi Absent Present
bodies,
Chloroplast,
Endoplasmic
reticulum.
Mitochondria,
Lysosomes
7. Ribosomes 70 S types 80 S types
8. Cell wall Generally Present in
present, some types,
complex simple
chemical chemical
 composition composition
Difference between plant cell & animal
cell :
 Characters Plant cells Animal
cells
1. Cell wall Present Absent
outside the
plasma
membrane
2. Plastids Present Absent
3. Vacuole Single, Many
large large and
central small
vacuole vacuoles
4. Centriole Absent Present
5. Nucleus Generally Generally
eccentric centric
6. Less in More in
Mitochondria number number
7. Cannot take Can take
Phagocytosis part part
8. Present Absent
Glyoxysomes
9. Reserve Starch and Glycogen
food fat and fat
10. Cell plate Cleavage
Cytokinesis method method
 Cell Structure :-

 Cell or Plasma Membrane :

(i) Cell membrane is the outer covering of each cell, forming a boundary of the cytoplasm. It consists of
lipids and proteins.
(ii) The cell membrane encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm of the cell.
(iii) In plant cells, the plasma membrane is present between the cytoplasm and cell wall, whereas in
animal cells it forms the boundary of the cytoplasm.
(iv) It is a living delicate semi-permeable (also called selectively permeable) membrane, regulating the
movement of molecules inside and outside the cell. It allows the entry and exit of some molecules in
and out of the cell. It also prevents the movement of some other molecules.
 Structure of Plasma Membrane
The most acceptable structure of cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson in 1972.
They named it as fluid mosaic model of cell membrane. According to this model, lipids are arranged
in two layers called lipid bilayer and proteins are arranged in a mosaic fashion. They have described
this model as “Protein icebergs in a sea of lipids”. This model thus explains the dynamic and
functional properties of the membrane.

 Transport Across theMembrane

(A) Passive transport (without the utilization of energy) ;
(i) Diffusion
(ii) Osmosis
(i) Diffusion : Diffusion is the spontaneous movement of molecules from a region of high concentration
to one of lower concentration leading finally to uniform concentration.

 Significance of Diffusion :
 Gaseous exchange between the leaves and air takes place on the principle of diffusion.
 Transport of food through phloem is also based on this principle.
 Loss of water from the plants (transpiration) is on the basis of the principle of diffusion.
 Movement of ions and solutes from one cell to another cell also involves this principle.
(ii) Osmosis :
Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration. Osmosis is a pure mechanical
diffusion process by which cells absorb water without spending any amount of energy.
 Significance of Osmosis :
 Water from the soil is absorbed by the roots and root hairs by the process of osmosis.
 Water moves from one cell to another cell on the principle based on osmosis.
(B) Active transport (with the utilization of energy)
(i) Endocytosis
(ii) Exocytosis
(i) Endocytosis : Endocytosis is another mechanism by which susbtance enter the cell.
Endocytosis occurs by invagination of the cell membrane which forms small vesicles or food vacuoles.
These get detached in the cytoplasm.
When the materials engulfed are solid, the process is called phagocytosis (meaning cell eating). When
the materials taken in are liquid, the process is called pinocytosis (cell drinking).
 Exocytosis :
Exocytosis is the reverse of endocytosis. It is the discharge of materials present in vesicles inside the
cell, by the fusion of these vesicles with the cell membrane.
 Functions :
1. It acts as a mechanical barrier between the external and internal environment of the cell, and protects
the inner cell contents.
2. It regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
Certain gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen move across the cell membrane by a process called
diffusion, while others like water molecules move across by the process of osmosis.
 Cell Wall :
• Discoverd by Robert Hooke
Cell wall is a rigid, non-living boundary wall outside the cell membrane in plant cells. Animal cells lack
a cell wall. It is mainly made of a substance called cellulose. It is permeable to water, solutes and
gases. In most fungi, cell wall is made up of chitin.
Cell wall in case of bacteria and blue green algae is characteristics in having a complex compound,
muramic acid complexed with proteinaccous chains (peptidoglycan).

 Functions :
1. Cell wall provides rigidity, structural strength and definite shape to the cell.
2. It helps in transport of various substances across it.
(i) Protoplasm (Essence of life):-
The entire matter found inner to the cell membrane is called as protoplasm. All the living
components of a cell lie in the protoplasm and perform their functions.
1. Protoplasm - termed by Purkinje
2. Physical basis of life - Huxley
It can be divided into 2 parts:-
(A) Nucleus (B) Cytoplasm
(A) Nucleus:- It is a darkly stained structure generally present in the centre of the cell. It was
discovered by Robert Brown in 1833.
 Structure :
It is made up of following four contents:
(a) Nuclear membrane / Nuclear envelope / Karyotheca
(b) Nuclear sap / Nucleoplasm / Karyolymph.
(c) Nucleolus.
(d) Chromatin threads.
(a) Nuclear envelope:- Nucleus is surrounded by two membranes, that separates nucleoplasm
from cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear
membrane has minute pores. These are called nucleo-pores.

(b) Nucleoplasm:- The part of protopalsm which is enclosed by nuclear membrane. It contains
chromatin threads and nucleolus.
(c) Nucleolus:
• It is spherical or oval body present within the nucleus.
• It is generally bigger in size in those cells which are actively concerned with protein synthesis.
• It is more prominent in non-dividing cells.
• It contains large amount of RNA and proteins and also a small amount of DNA.
• Nucleolus is a site where ribosomes are formed.
(d) Chromatin Threads:-
• It is entangled mass of thread like structures.
• During cell division, the chromatin material gets organized into chromosomes. These are rod-
shaped structures, Chromosomes are made up of DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) and proteins.
• DNA is the master molecule and it controls all the activities of the cell. Functional segments of
 DNA are called genes. Genes control the characters.
• On one chromosomes, many genes are present. Chromosomes are considered as “heredity
vehicle”. Heredity means the transfer of characters from parents to the next generation.
 Functions of Nucleus :
(i) It controls all the metabolic activities of the cell and regulates the cell cycle.
(ii) It helps in transmission of hereditary characters from parent to offspring.
(iii) Nucleus plays a central role in the cellular reproduction (division of single cell to form two cells).
(iv) Along with environment, nucleus also directs the chemical activities of the cell. This determines
the development and future form of the cell.
(B) Cytoplasm :
• It is a large region of each cell enclosed by the cell membrane.
• It is a transparent, semi-solid ground substance in which various cell organelles are present.
• Water is the main component of cytoplasm which contains fats, proteins, carbohydrates and
various organic substances.
 Functions :
1. It helps in exchange of materials between cell organelles.
2. It acts as a site of chemical reactions like glycolysis.
 Cell Inclusions :
Cell inclusions are dead stored substances of the cells such as oil drops, starch grains, yolk, glycogen,
etc.
 Cell organelles / Cytoplasmic organs:-
Cell organelles are the living part of cell having definite shape, structure and function. They are playing
an important role in cell activities and embedded into cytosol. Cell organelles are often called as
“small organs” and also bounded by a plasma membrane like fluid-mosaic membrane.
A. Living Part of a Cell B. Non Living part of a cell

1. Plasma Membrane 1. Cell wall (Plant cell

2. Cytoplasm only)

3. Endoplasmic 2. Vacuoles
reticulum 3. Granules (Inclusions)
4. Mitochondria
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Ribosomes
7. Lysosomes
8. Peroxisomes
9. Centrioles
(animal cells only)
10. Plastids
(Plant cells only)

(i) Mitochondria:- It is a rod shaped structure found in cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells except
mammalian RBC’s. It is absent in prokarytes.It is power house of cell or ATP- mill in cell and
 cell within cell / second largest organelle of cell. Mitochondria term given by Benda(1897).

 Structure :
 It is double membrane bound cell organelle.
 The outer membrane is smooth and straight. The inner membrane is infolded into the cavity.
These finger-like infoldings are called as cristae.
 Mitochondrial matrix have enzyme for kreb’s cycle. Beside these enzymes matrix
have a complete protein synthesis apparatus (Ribosome- 70-s, DNA &
RNA, enzymes ) so mitochondria called as semi autonomous cell organelle.

 Function:-
 Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, where energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine
triphosphate) is formed and they are called as the powerhouses of the cell.
(i) Mitochondrial matrix- Site of Krebs cycle.
(ii) Peri- mitochondrial space- Site of link reaction.
(iii) Oxysomes - Site of ETS.
 Since mitochondria have their own ribosomes and DNA, they can synthesize their own proteins,
and they are self-duplicating units.
 Mitochondria may store and release calcium when required.
(ii) Plastids :
Plastid term used by Haeckel, Chloroplast term given by Schimper.
 Structure :
It is double membrane bound cell organelle and is the largest organelle of the cell.
 Plastids have following 2 parts :

(a) Grana:- It constitues of the lamellar system.

 These are found in layer on top of each other, these stacks are called as grana.
 Each lamella is made up of unit membrane.
 Each granum of chloroplast is formed by superimposed, closed compartments called
thylakoid.
 Different grana are connected with the help of tubular connection, called stroma
lamellae or fretchannels or intergranum.
Function:- Site of light reaction.
(b) Stroma:- It is a granular transparent substance filled in cavity of chloroplast. It is also called
as matrix. Grana are embedded in it.
 It contains enzymes of calvin cycle or dark reaction. Rubisco is the most abundant enzyme
on the earth. It made 16% protein of the chloroplast.
Function:- Site of dark reaction.

 Functions:
1. Chloroplasts, the green plastids, help in photosynthesis and thus, help in the synthesis of food.
These are called kitchen rooms of the cell.
2. Chromoplasts are coloured plastids which provide colour to the flowers and the fruits.
3. Leucoplasts help in the storage of food.
(iii) Golgi Complex :
Discovered by Camillo Golgi (1898) in nerve cells of owl.

 Golgi Appartus :
(i) First described by Camillo Golgi and also known as Golgi body or Golgi complex, it consists of
smooth, flattened, membrane bound (double walled), sac-like structures called cisternae.
(ii) The cisternae are usually placed one above the other (stacked together) in parallel rows.
(iii) The Golgi apparatus is frequently surrounded by vesicles, which are discharged from the cisternae.
(iv) When present in plants in the form of subunits. Golgi apparatus is called dictyosome.

 Functions :
1. It is a secretory organelle of the cell.
2. It packages materials, synthesized in the cell and transports these out of the cell.
3. It is involved in the formation of lysosomes.
4. In some cases, complex sugars are made from simple sugars in this organelle.
(iv) Endoplasmic Reticulum
First observed by Garnier (1897)- Termed as Ergastoplasm.
E.R. name proposed by K.R. Porter. (Credit for discovery of ER goes to Porter claude and
fullam)
 Components of Endoplasmic Reticulum:-
(i) Cisternae:- Flat & unbranched
 (ii) Vesicles:- Ovate structure
(iii) Tubules:- net like structure
It is also known as “System of Membranes”.
 Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum:
(a) Rough E.R. /Granular E.R.
 Ribosomes present
 Concerned with protein synthesis

(b) Smooth E.R./ Agranular E.R.

 Ribosomes absent
 Concerned with glycogen and lipid metabolism

 Functions :
1. Rough ER is the site of protein synthesis.
2. Smooth ER takes part in secretion of lipids.
3. ER provides increased surface area for metabolic reactions to take place.
4. ER, being a membranous network, provides mechanical support to the cytoplasm.
5. Proteins are lipids synthesized in RER are used for producing new cell membrane during cell division
(termed membrane biogenesis). Some other proteins and lipids function as enzymes and hormones.
6. SER plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.
(v) Lysosome
First observed and the term coined by Christian De Duve (1955). Lysosomes are spherical bag
like structures (0.1– 0.8  m) which is covered by single unit membrane. Lysosomes are filled
about 50 different types of digestive enzymes termed as acid hydrolases. Lysosomes are highly
polymorphic cell organelles. Because, during functioning, lysosomes have different morphological
and physiological states. Mostly found in animal cells and in some plant cells e.g. neurospora,
cauliflower and bean.

 Types of Lysosomes
 Primary lysosomes or storage granules
 Digestive vacuoles or Heterophagosomes
 Residual bodies
 Autophagic lysosomes or cytolysosomes or autophagosomes
 Function:-
 It involves in digestion of foreign materials received in cell by phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
 Digestion of old or dead cell organelles. Autophagy also takes place during
starvation of cell.
 Sometimes all lysosomes of a cell burst to dissolve the cell completely.
That’s why lysosomes are also known as suicidal bags.
(vi) Ribosome (Engine of cell)
Claude (1941) first observed them and called microsome.
Plade (1955) coined the term Ribosome.
 Except mammalian RBC all living cells have Ribosomes. (Both prokaryotes&
Eukaryotes)
 These are the smallest and membraneless cell organelles.

 Function:-
Site of protein synthesis, so these are also called protein factories.
At the time of protein synthesis, several ribosomes become attached to m-RNA with the help
of smalller subunits. This structure is called polyribosome or polysome or ergosome.
(vii) Peroxisomes / Uricosomes.
 Discovered by Rhodin & Tolbert.
 Peroxisome term was first used by De Duve.
In plants peroxisomes occur in cells of green tissues and concerned with photorespiration.
(Glycolate pathway). It contains per-oxide forming enzymes.

 Function:-
(i)  -oxidation of fatty acids.
(ii) Concerned with photorespiraton.
(iii) In animal cells peroxisomes concerned with peroxide (H2O2) metabolism.
(viii) Vacuoles:-
Vacuoles of animal cells arise from
Golgi-complex. It is surrounded by tonoplast. In animals the vacuoles are smaller in size and
larger in number while in plants it is larger in size and fewer in number. Vacuoles are storage
sacs for liquid or solid contents.

 Function :
(i) These serve for storage.
(ii) Transport of dissolved, secretory or excretory substances.
(iii) Vacuoles help the plant cells to remain turgid.
(iv) They play an important role in growth by helping in the elongation of cells.
(v) They provide an aqueous environment for the accumulation and storage of water-soluble
compounds (sugars, minerals, pigments, etc.).
(vi) In protozoans like Amoeba and Paramaecium, vacuoles help in digestion and excretion.
(ix) Centrosome :- Discovered by Benden
Boveri named as centrosome.
Centrosome is generally found in animal cells. Only few types of plant cells show its presence.
It is situated near the nucleus of the cell and shaped like star. Each centrosome has two
centrioles. The two centrioles are placed perpendicular to each other. Centriole consist of 9
triple fibres of tubulin. (9 + 0 arragnement).

 Function :
(i) In animal cells centrioles play important role in initiation of cell division by arranging spindle
fibres between two poles of cell.
(ii) The location of centrioles during cell division decides the plane of division.
(iii) It form the basal granule of cilia and flagella in micro-organisms, zoo-spores& motile gametes.
(iv) Form tail of sperm.

1. Who proposed the cell theory ?

(a) Schleiden and Schwann
(b) Watson and Crick
(c) Darwin and Wallace
(d) Mendel and Morgan

2. Centrosome is found in :
(a) Cytoplasm (b) Nucleus
(c) Chromosomes (d) Nucleolus
3. Wit hin a cell t he site of respiration
(oxidation) is :
(a) Ribosome
(b) Golgi apparatus
 (c) Mitochondria
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum

4. Organisms lacking nucleus and membrane bound organelles are :

(a) Diploids (b) Prokaryotes
(c) Haploids (d) Eukaryotes

5. The membrane surrounding the vacuole of a plant cell is called :

(a) Tonoplast
(b) Plasma membrane
(c) Nuclear membrane
(d) Cell wall

6. Which of the following organelles does not have membrane ?

(a) Ribosome
(b) Nucleus
(c) Chloroplast
(d) Mitochondria

7. The history of the cell began in 1665 with the publication of Micrographia in London by
:
(a) Robert Hooke (b) Robert Brown
(c) Strasburger (d) Dujardin

8. Ordinarily the size of typical animal / plant cell varies from :

(a) 10 - 100 mm
(b) 100 - 1000 mm
(c) 1 mm - 10 mm
(d) 10 mm -100 mm
9. Cell was discovered by :
(a) Robert Brown (b) Robert Hooke
(c) Purkinje (d) Darwin

10. The limiting membrane found in an animal cell is :

(a) nuclear membrane
(b) plasma membrane
(c) tonoplast
(d) cell wall

11. The barrier between the cell contents and the external environment is formed by :
(a) plasma membrane
(b) tonoplast
(c) endoplasmic reticulum
(d) cell wall
12. The membrane surrounding the vacuole is termed as :
(a) cell membrane
(b) tonoplast
(c) nuclear membrane
(d) plasma membrane

13. Organisms in which nuclear material is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane are
called :
(a) eukaryotes (b) diploids
(c) haploids (d) prokaryotes

14. Which one of the following belongs to prokaryotic category ?

(a) Amoeba
(b) Euglena
(c) Bacteria
(d) Chlamydomonas

15. Which one of the following cell organelles is commonly called ‘cell kitchen’ ?
(a) Mitochondria
(b) Chloroplasts
(c) Ribosomes
(d) Endoplasmic reticulum

16. Protein is synthesized by

(a) ribosomes
(b) Golgi apparatus
(c) plastids
(d) mitochondria

17. The cell organelle known as the “Power house of the cell” is :
(a) ribosome (b) lysosome
(c) mitochondria (d) Golgi body

18. Which of the cell organelles is termed as “Sucide bag of the cell” ?
(a) Lysosome (b) Ribosome
(c) Centrosome (d) Chromosome

19. Centriole in the cell is associated with

(a) spindle formation (b) DNA synthesis
(c) protein formation (d) cell respiration

20. Cell secretion is done by

(a) Golgi apparatus
(b) nucleolus
(c) mitochondria
(d) endoplasmic reticulum

21. Network of endoplasmic reticulum is found in :

(a) nucleus (b) cytoplasm
 (c) chromosomes (d) nucleolus

22. Inside the cells, the hydrolytic enzymes are contained in

(a) ribosomes
(b) lysosomes
(c) chromosomes
(d) Golgi apparatus

23. A plant cell differs from an animal cell in the absence of :

(a) endoplasmic reticulum
(b) centrioles
(c) ribosomes
(d) mitochondria

24. Genes are located on the :

(a) nuclear membrane
(b) cell membrane
(c) chromosomes
(d) mitochondria

25. The largest cell in human body is :

(a) liver cell (b) nerve cell
(c) muscle cell (d) kidney cell

26. Ribosome get synthesized in :

(a) chromosomes
(b) mitochondria
(c) nucleolus
(d) Golgi apparatus

27. Which of the following cell organelle work as a garbage disposal system ?
(a) Nucleolus
(b) Mitochondria
(c) Endoplasmic reticulum
(d) Lysosomes

28. Lysosomes are formed in :

(a) Golgi apparatus
(b) plastids
(c) nucleolus
(d) mitochondria

29. Shrinkage of protoplasm when cell is kept in hypertonic solution is known as :

(a) Osmosis (b) Electrolysis
(c) Plasmolysis (d) Endosmosis

30. A cell placed in hypotonic solution will :

 (a) Swell up
(b) Shrink
(c) Not undergo any change
(d) Show plasmolysis
31. A cell will swell up if :
(a) the concentration of water molecules in the cell is higher than the concentration of water molecules
in surrounding medium.
(b) The concentration of water molecules in surrounding medium is higher than water molecules
concentration in the cell.
(c) The concentration of water molecules is same in the cell and in the surrounding medium.
(d) Concentration of water molecules does not matter.
32. Following are a few definitions of osmosis :
Read carefully and select the correct definition.
(a) Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.
(b) Movement of solvent molecules from its higher concentration to lower concentration.
(c) Movement of solvent molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration of solution
through a permeable membrane.
(d) Movement of solute molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration of solution through
a semi-permeable membrane.
33. Plasmolysis in a plant cell is defined as :
(a) break down (lysis) of plasma membrane in hypotonic medium
(b) shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium
(c) shrinkage of nucleoplasm
(d) none of them

34. Amoeba acquires its food through a process, termed :

(a) exocytosis
(b) endocytosis
(c) plasmolysis
(d) exocytosis and endocytosis both

35. Select the odd one out :

(a) The movement of water across a semi-pemeable membrane is affected by the amount of substances
dissolved in it.
(b) Membranes are made of organic molecule like proteins and lipids.
(c) Molecules soluble in organic solvents can easily pass through the membrane.
(d) Plasma membrane contain chitin sugar in plants.
36. Plasmolysis occurs due to :
(a) Absorption (b) Endomosis
(c) Osmosis (d) Exosmosis
Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans . a a c b a a a a b b
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . a b d c b b c a a a
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . b b b c c c d c a
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36
Ans . b a b b d d
 Tissue

 Introduction:  Meristematic Tissue: These are simple

 A group of similar cells which perform a living tissues having thin walled compactly
particular function is called a tissue. arranged immature cells which are capable
 Term tissue was coined by Bichat. of division and formation of new cells.
 Branch of biology deals with the study of (i) Main features of meristematic tissues
tissue is called Histology. are:
Tissues can be divided into two types -  Thin primary cell wall (cellulosic).
plant tissues and animal tissues.  Intercellular spaces are absent (Compact
tissue).
 Differences between plant and animal
tissues:  Generally vacuoles are absent, dense
cytoplasm & prominent nuclei are present.
Plant tissues Animal tissues
1. Dead, supportive tissues 1. Living tissues are  Large number of cell organelles are present.
are more abundant to more common.
provide mechanical
 Active metabolic state, stored food is absent.
strength.  Actively dividing cells are present in growing
2. There is differentiation 2. Such Different-
of meristematic and tiation is absent.
regions of plants, e.g. root & shoot tips.
permanent tissues.
3. Tissues organization 3. Tissue
(ii) Classification on the basis of origin:
pattern is of stationary organization (A) Primary (Promeristem):
type. pattern is towards
active locomotion.
Derived directly from the meristems of
4. Plants need less 4. Animals need embryo.
maintenance energy. more maintenance (B) Secondary:
energy.
5. Tissues organization is 5. Tissue Formed by primary permanent tissues.
simple. organization is (iii) Classification on the basis of location:
complex.
(A) Apical meristem:- It is present at the
 Plant Tissues
growing tips of stems and roots. Cell
Mainly they are of two types: division in this tissue leads to the elongation
1. Meristematic of stem & root thus it is involved in primary
2. Permanent growth of the plant.
(B) Intercalary meristem:- It is the part of
apical meristem which is left behind during
growth period. These are present at the
base of leaf & internode region. These lead
to the increase in the length of leaf (Primary
growth) e.g. in grass stem, bamboo stem,
mint stem etc.
(C) Lateral meristem:- It is also called as
secondary meristem.
 Permanent Tissue:
 The permanent tissues are composed of
those cells which have lost their capability
to divide.

NANCE 13
 Tissue

 The division & differentiation of the cells of  Primary function is food storage.
meristematic tissues give rise to permanent  Chloroplast containing parenchyma tissues are
tissues. chlorenchyma which perform photosynthesis.
 The permanent tissues are classified into e.g. mesophyll of leaves.
two types:  In hydrophytic plants aerenchyma (A type of
(i) Simple permanent tissues: These tissues parenchyma containing air spaces) provides
are made up of same type of cells which buoyancy.
are similar structurally and functionally.
They include two types of tissues:  Collenchyma: It is the living mechanical
(A) Protective Tissues: These tissues are tissue.
primarily protective in function. They  Elongated cells with thick corners.
consist of :  Localized cellulose & pectin thickening.
1. Epidermis: Epidermis forms unicellular  Provides flexibility to plant parts & easy
thick outermost layer of various body
bending of various parts of plant.
organs of plants such as leaves, flowers,
stems and roots. Epidermis is covered  It gives mechanical strength & elasticity to the
outside by cuticle. Cuticle is a water proof growing stems.
layer of waxy substance called as cutin.  Sclerenchyma: (Scleras-hard)
Culticle is very thick in xerophytes.  Strengthening tissue.
Cells of epidermis of leaves are not
continuous at some places due to the  Composed of extremely thick walled cells little
presence of small pores called as stomata. or no protoplasm.
Each stomata is guarded by a pair of bean  Cells are dead & posses very thick lignified
shaped cells called as guard cells. walls.
 Function:
 Lignin is water proof material.
 The main function of epidermis is to protect  Intercellular spaces are absent.
the plant from desiccation and infection.  Cells of sclerenchyma are of two types:
 Cuticle of epidermis cuts the rate of 1. Sclereids:- Small stone cell or grit cell,
transpiration and evaporation of water and having small lumen and thick cell wall.
prevents wilting. 2. Fibres:- They are very long, narrow, thick,
 Stomata in epidermis allow gaseous lignified cells.
exchange to occur during photosynthesis
Sclerenchyma fibres are used in the
and respiration.
manufacture of ropes, mats & certain textile
 Stomata also helps in transpiration. Cork
fibres.
is made up of dead cells with thick walls
and do not have any intercellular spaces. Jute & coir are obtained from the thick
The cell walls in cork deposit waxy bundles of fibres.
substance called as suberin. (ii) Complex permanent tissue: It consists
(B) Supporting tissue: These are supportive of more than one type of cells which work
in function and are of three types: together as a unit.
Parenchyma: It is the fundamental tissue, It helps in transportation of organic
parenchymatous cells have thin cell wall. materials, water & minerals.
 Cell wall mainly composed of cellulose & It is also known as conducting or vascular
pectin. tissue.
 Large central vacuole for food & water Xylem & phloem together form vascular
storage. bundles.

NANCE 14
 Tissue

Comparative study of three different types of simple permanent tissues:

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
1. It consists of living cells. 1. It consists of living cells. 1. It consists of dead cells.
2. Intercellular spaces are present. 2. Intercellular spaces or may not 2. Intercellular spaces are absent.
be present.
3. Cell wall is thin without 3. Cell wall is thick due to 3. Cell wall is thick as it has lignin
having secondary deposition. secondary deposition. deposition.
4. Its cells contain cytoplasm. 4. Its cells contain cytoplasm. 4. Its cells are devoid of cytoplasm.

5. Cell wall does not have pits. 5. Cell wall does not have pits. 5. Cell wall bears simple pits.
6. They have vital functions like 6. They have both vital as 6. It is chiefly a mechanical tissue.
synthesis and storage of food. well as mechanical functions,
providing support and elasticity to
plant body.

(A) Xylem:- Also known as wood and is a (B) Phloem: They also consist of both
vascular and mechanical tissue. Thick parenchymatous & sclerenchymatous cells.
walled cells are found in the form of tubular Phloem consists of four types of
passages. elements:
 Sieve tubes: Sieve tubes are slender tube
 Xylem consists of four types of cells like structures made up of elongated, thin
called as elements: walled cells placed end to end. Nucleus of
 Tracheids: They are elongated angular sieve cell is absent at maturity.
dead cells (primary elements) mainly  Companion cells: Companion cells have
involved in conduction of water & minerals dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei.
in gymnosperms.  Phloem fibre: They give mechanical
 Vessels: They are advance elements support to sieve tubes.
(generally found in angiosperms). Vessels  Phloem parenchyma: They store food &
are cylindrical tube like structures placed help in radial conduction of food.
one above the other end to end which form In phloem except phloem sclerenchyma all
a continuous channel for efficient elements are living.
conduction of water. Xylem Phloem
 Xylem parenchyma: They are small & 1. It contains mainly dead 1. It contains mainly
elements. Xylem living cells, namely
thick walled parenchymatous cells parenchyma cells are the sieve tube cells,
subjected for storage of starch (food). only living cells. companion cells and
phloem parenchyma
 Xylem sclerenchyma: They are non living cells.
fibres with thick walls & narrow cavities. 2. It conducts water and 2. It transfers
Provide mechanical support. minerals from roots to prepared food like
Except xylem parenchyma all other xylem stem and leaves. sucrose from leaves
to storage organs and
elements are dead. growing points of
plant body.
The annual rings present in the trunk of a
tree are xylem rings.By counting the number 3. Two types of conducting 3. Only one type of
elements, tracheids and conducting element,
of annual rings we can determine the age vessels are found. namely sieve tubes
of a tree is known as dendrochronology. are present.

NANCE 15
 Tissue

 Animal Tissue :-  General functions of epithelial tissue:

Outline classification of Animal tissue  Protection: Epithelia protects the underlying
Animal Tissue cells from mechanical and chemical injuries
and bacterial or viral infection.
 Acts as Barriers: It acts as selective
(1) Epithelial (2) Connective (3) Muscular (4) Nervous barriers.
Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue  Absorption: Helps in absorption of water
(i) Squamous
Epithelium products.
(ii) Columnar  Elimination: Help in elimination of waste
Epithelium
(iii) Cuboidal products.
Epithelium (A) Striated (B) Non (C) Cardiac
(iv) Ciliated Muscles Striated Muscles
 Secretion: Some epithelial tissues secrete
Epithelium Muscles secretion, such as sweat, saliva, mucus,
enzymes, etc.
(A) Connective (B) Skeletal (C) Vascular  Respiration: Epithelia of alveoli of lungs
Tissue Tissue Tissue exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between
Proper (1) Cartilage (1) Blood
(1) Areolar tissue (2) Bone (2) Lymph blood and inhaled air.
(2) White fibrous  Exoskeleton: It produces exoskeleton
(3) Yellow fibrous
(4) Adipose Tissue structures, such as scales, feathers, hair, nails,
claws, horns and hoofs.
 Epithelial Tissue :
 Regeneration: This tissue facilitates rapid
Word epithelium is composed of two
healing of wounds by its regeneration power.
words Epi-upon, Thelio-groups.
Means- A tissue which grows upon another  Types of epithelium tissue:
tissue is called epithelium. (i) Squamous Epithelium:
Nature: It is made up of thin, flat, irregular-
 Nature :
shaped cells which fit together like floor tiles
It is the simplest tissue.
to form a compact tissue.
It is the protective tissue of the animal body
Function: It protects the underlying parts of
(as epidermis of plants)
body from mechanical injury, entry of germs,
It always rest upon underlying connective
chemicals and drying. It also forms a
tissue. Epithelium cells are closely packed
selectively permable surface through which
with each other so there is very little
filteration occurs.
inter-cellular space.
(ii) Cuboidal Epithelium:
Epithelial tissue may be simple (composed
of a single layer of cell) or stratified (made Nature: It consists of cube-like (cubical) cells
up of several layers of cells). which are square in section but the free surface
appear hexagonal.
The epithelial tissues is composed of one or
more layers of cells and is the simplest among Functions: It helps in absorption, excretion
all types of tissues. It forms outer covering of and secretion. It also provides mechanical
the body and the lining of the internal organs, support.
and hence, also called covering tissue or (iii) Columnar Epithelium:
epithelium. Nature: It consists of cells which are taller
The term epithelium (epi = upon, thelio = than broad (i.e., pillar-like). The nuclei are
grow) was given by 18th century Dutch towards the base and sometimes the free ends
anatomist, Ruysch, referring to the fact that of cells has a brush border containing
these tissues grow upon other tissues. microvilli.

NANCE 16
 Tissue
 Function: Its main functions include collagen) and yellow fibres (made of elastin).
absorption (e.g., stomach, intestine) and
These fibres are found between the skin and
secretion (e.g., mucus by goblet cells or
mucous membrane). muscles, around blood vessels, nerves and
(iv) Ciliated Epithelium: bone marrow.
Nature: Certain cuboidal or colulmnar cells  Function : This tissue (i) binds the skin with
have a free border which bear thread-like underlying parts, (ii) repair of tissues.
cytoplasmic outgrowths, called cilia. Such
(b) Adipose Connective Tissue : It occurs
cells form the ciliated epithelium.
below the skin, around internal organs and
Function: The rhythmic, concerted beating yellow bone marrow. Cells are modified to
of the cilia moves solid particles (e.g. mucus)
store fat ; each cell consists of a large vacuole
in one direction through the ducts.
filled with fat which is surrounded by a small
 Connective tissue: amount of cytoplasm containing a nucleous
As the name suggest, this tissue serves to towards the periphery.
‘connect’ or bind the cells of other tissues in  Functions : It acts as a filling tissue ; stores
the body, and gives them rigidity and support. fat and keeps the body warm (insulator)
It is composed of cells and numerous, thick (c) Tendon : Tendon is tough and non-elastic
structures called fibres. The cells are living and made up of white fibres and connect muscles
are embedded in a non-living, intercellular to bones.
matrix. Based on the nature of matrix, the (d) Ligaments : Though strong, ligaments are
connective tissue is divided into three general elastic, consisting of yellow fibres. They
types : connect one bone to another bone.
A. Connective tissue proper – where the B. Skeletal tissue:
matrix is relatively less rigid. (i) Cartilage:
B. Supportive connective tissue (skeletal Nature: The cartilage is a specialized
tissue) – where the matrix is rigid. connective tissue which is compact and less
vascular. It has widely spaced cells. Its
C. Fluid connective tissue – where the
extensive matrix is composed of proteins and
intercellular matrix is a fluid called plasma. is slightly hardened by calcium salts. It matrix
Connective tissue
is produced and maintained by t he
Connective Supportive Fluid chondrocytes. Matrix is solid, cheese-like and
tissue proper connective tissue Connective tissue
(Skeletal tissue) firm but also some what elastic. This accounts
Blood Lymph for its flexible nature.
Loose Compact Cartilage Bone
The matrix of cartilage have a delicate network
Tendon Ligament
Areolar Adipose
of collagen fibres and living cells,
A. Connective Tissue Proper : chondrocytes. Chondrocytes are present in
fluid-filled spaces known as lacunae. Blood
(a) Areolar Connective Tissue : It is the most
vessels are absent in matrix. Chondrocytes
widely distributed connective tissue in the body multiply by mitosis and help in internal growth
having in the matrix, irregular shaped cells and of cartilage. Thus, cartilage is capable of
two kinds of fibres – White fibres (made of continued and rapid growth.

NANCE 17
 Tissue
 Function: It provides support and flexibility (i) Lymph
to the body parts. It smoothens surface at (ii) Lymph capillaries
joints. (iii) Lymph vessels
(ii) Bone: (iv) Lymph nodes (or lymph glands)
Nature: Bone is a very strong and non-
flexible tissue. Like cartilage, bone is a  Functions of Lymphatic System :
specialised connective tissue. It is porous,  Lymph absorbs some of the fluid from the
highly vascular, mineralised, hard and rigid. digestive tract. It passes proteins from
Its matrix is made up of proteins (e.g., circulation to tissues. It also carries the
osteonectin, osteocalcin, proteoglycan and digested fat.
collagen). Matrix of bone is heavily coated
with salts of calcium and magnesium such as  The lymph drains excess fluid from
phosphates and carbonates of calcium and extracellular spaces back into the blood.
magnesium (e.g., hydroxyapatite). These  It carries carbon dioxide and nitrogenous
minerals are responsible for the hardness of waste materials from tissues to the blood.
the bone. The matrix of bone is in the form of  It protects the body by killing the germs.
thin concentric rings, called lamellae. Bone
cells, called osteoblasts or osteocytes, are  Blood :
present between the lamellae in fluid-filled Blood is an important fluid conducting
spaces called lacunae. All lacunae of the bone tissue, which transport the materials to
communicate with each other by network of different parts of body by conduction.
fine canals, called canaliculi. Each canaliculus
1 Study of blood – Haematology
is filled with delicate cytoplasmic process of
the bone cells. Through canaliculi each bone 2 Process of blood
cells of each lacuna receives food and oxygen formation – Haemopoiesis
and eliminate waste. 3 Colour – Red
4 By weight – 7 to 8% of body
 Function: Bone forms endoskeleton of
weight
human beings and other vertebrates except
the sharks. It serves the following functions: 5 By volume – 5-6 litres in male
and 4-5 litres in
1. It provides shape to the body.
female
2. It provides skeletal support to the body.
3. It protects vital body organs such as brain,  Composition of Blood :
lungs, etc. Liquid part – matrix – plasma 55%
4. It serves as storage site of calcium and Solid part – Blood corpuscles – 45%
phosphate. (RBC, WBC and Platelets)
5. It anchors the muscles.
 Functions of Blood :
C. Fluid connective tissue:
 Blood plasma helps in the transport of
(i) Lymphatic System:- nutrients, hormones, waste materials and
Lymphatic system is the second important vitamins to every part of the body.
circulatory system that permeates the entire
 RBC helps in the transport of respiratory
human body and transports the liquid called
lymph from body tissue to the blood vascular gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from
system. It consists of the following : lungs to tissues and back.

NANCE 18
 Tissue

 WBC help to fight disease by engulfing and uninucleated & branched. Branches are
destroying foreign bodies by producing united by intercalated disc. In these muscles
antibodies and antitoxin. rhythmic contraction & relaxation occurs
 Blood platelets help in the clotting of blood throughout the life.
at the site of injury.  General functions of muscular tissue:
 Blood helps in thermoregulation, water  It supports the bones and other organs of the
Balance and maintenance of pH of body. body.
 Muscular Tissue :  Muscles cause peristalsis of gut, heart beat,
Movements are brought about in our body production of sound, etc.
with the help of muscular tissues.  Muscles cause movements of body parts and
locomotion of the animals.
Types : It is of three types:  Facial expression also depends on muscles.
(i) Striated muscles: They are also called as
 Contraction of muscles causes delivery of a
voluntary muscles because these are under baby.
the control of one’s will.
(ii) Non- striated muscles:- They are  Nervous Tissue :
involuntary muscles also called as smooth They are highly specialized tissue due to
muscles. These muscles fibres are which the animals are able to perceive and
uninucleated & spindle shaped. respond to the stimuli.
(iii) Cardiac muscle fibres:- They are Their functional unit is called as nerve cell
involuntary muscles. Only found in the walls or Neuron.
of heart. Their structure is in between the Cell body is cyton covered by plasma
striated & non-striated muscles. They are membrane.
 Differences between unstriated, striated and cardiac muscles:
Unstriated muscles Striated muscles Cardiac muscles
1. Present in the wall of 1. Present in limbs, tongue, They are present in the wall
alimentary canal, blood vessels, body wall and pharynx. (myocardium) of heart.
respiratory tract, urinogenital
tract, urinary bladder, in hair
muscles and ducts of glands.
2. M uscle fibres are spindle- 2. M uscle fibres are 2. M uscle fibres are
shaped. cylindrical. cylindrical.
3. Fibres are unbranched. 3. Fibres are unbranched. 3. Fibres are branched.
4. M uscle cells are multinucleate. 4. M uscle cells are 4. M uscle cells are
uninucleate. uninucleate.
5. Nerve supply from 5. Nerve supply from 5. Nerve supply from both
autonomous nervous system. central nervous system. autonomous and central
nervous system.
6. Cross striations absent. 6. Dark and light bands 6. Cross striations and
(cross striations) present. intercalated discs present.
7. Exhibit slow contraction. 7. Exhibit rapid 7. Exhibit rapid contraction.
contraction.
8. Involuntary. 8. Voluntary. 8. Involuntary.
9. Do not get fatigued. 9. Get fatigued. 9. Do not get fatigued.
10. Cause contraction and 10. Cause movement of 10. Cause hearbeat.
mobility in visceral organs and limbs and locomotion.
involuntary muscles.

NANCE 19
 Tissue

Short, hair like extensions arising from cyton (ii) Cell process:-
are dendron which are further subdivided (a) Axon:-
into dendrites.  It is a long fibre-like cytoplasmic process that
Axon is long, tail like cylindrical process carries impulses away from the cell body.
with fine branches at the end. Axon is  Axon is branched terminally. The terminal
covered by a sheath. branches are called telodendria or terminal
arborisations.
 Neuron is made up of-
 Axon terminals may end in muscle fibres,
(i) Cell body glands, other structures or form synapses with
(ii) Cell process (axon and dendron) dendrites of other neurons.
(i) Cell body:- or Cyton or Soma or  Axon terminals are often knob-like (synaptic
Perikaryon knobs or boutons).
 It is broad, rounded, pyriform or stellate part  Axon is covered by one or two sheaths. The
of the neuron that contains a central nucleus, sheathed axon is called nerve fibre.
abundant cytoplasm and various cell  A number of nerve fibres are joined to form a
organelles except centrioles. nerve.
 Because of the absence of centriole, neurons  The cell membrane covering the axon is called
cannot divide. Injured neurons are either axolemma.
replaced or repaired.  Cytoplasm of axon is termed as axoplasm. It
 Cytoplasm of cell body is also called lacks Nissl granules. Neurofibrils are present.
neuroplasm. Nucleus is large with a prominent  The single sheath present over the axon is
nucleolus. made of Schwann cells. It is called
neurolemma or neurilemma. If two, a layer of
 Special structures present in cell body of a
insulating myelin or fat occurs between
neuron are small ribosome containing Nissl
neurolemma and axon.
granules and fine fibrils called neurofibrils.
 The two types of nerve fibres are respectively
called nonmyelinated and myelinated.
 Myelinated fibres are more efficient in
transmission of impulses than nonmyelinated
fibres. At intervals they bear unmyelinated
areas called nodes of Ranvier.
(b) Dendron:-
 They are fine short and branched protoplasmic
processes of the cell body that pick up
sensations (physical, mechanical, electrical,
chemical) and transmit the same to the cell
body.
 Cell body maintains the neuron through its  Dendrites contain Nissl granules and
metabolic activity and growth. neurofibrils.

NANCE 20
 Tissue

 Function:
(i) They control all the body activities
(ii) They co-ordinate between various body parts during any body function.
Spinal cord & brain are made up of nervous tissue.
Neuron (nerve cell) is the longest of human body (up to 100 cm)

 Comparison of Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous tissues

S. No. Properties Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Nervous Tissue

1. Types of Same type of cells in Different type of Same type of Same type of cells
cells a particular sub-type cells in a sub-type cells e.g., e.g., neurons
e.g., squamous, e.g., histocytes, mast sacromere.
cuboidal or columnar cells, adipose cells
etc. etc.

2. Arrangement Compactly arranged Loosely arranged Compactly Moderately compact

of cells arranged

3. Secretion of Secretion of cells Secretion of cells Secretion of cells Secretion of cells form
cells never form the part form the part of does not form the the part of the tissue
of the tissue tissue in the form of part of the tissue
matrix

4. Intercellular No intercellular Conspicuous No intercellular Moderate intercellular

intercellular spaces space space

5. Basement Present Absent Absent Absent

membrane

6. Functions (i) Covering Interconnections of Contractile and so Irritability and so

(ii) Protection various tissues and help in conducts messages
(iii) Secretion filling locomotion and from one part of the
(iv) Sensory movement of the body to others
body

7. Sub-types (A) Simple (A) Proper (A) Skeletal (A) Myelinated nerve
(B) Stratified connective tissue muscles fibres
(B) Supportive (B) Smooth (B) Non-myelinated
connective tissue muscles nerve fibres
(C) Fluid connective (C) Cardiac
tissue muscles

NANCE 21
 Tissue

1. A group of cells alike in form, function and 8. The most common type of ground tissue is
origin is called (a) Epidermis (b) Collenchyma
(a) Tissue (b) Organ (c) Sclerenchyma (d) Parenchyma
(c) Organelle (d) None of these
9. Collenchyma differs from sclerenchyma in
2. Plant length is increased by (a) Retaining cytoplasm at maturity
(a) Apical meristems (b) Having thick walls
(b)Lateral meristems (c) Having a wide lumen
(c) Periblem (d) Being meristematic
(d) Parenchyma 10. Collenchyma mainly forms
(a) Hypodermis (b) Epidermis
3. The cell division is restricted to
(c) Phloem (d) Inner cortex
(a) Meristematic cells
(b) Permanent cells 11. Whose living cells provide tensile and
(c) Secretory cells mechanical strength
(d) All the above (a) Collenchyma (b) Sclerenchyma
(c) Phloem (d) Sclereids
4. Active divisions take place in the cells of
12. Lignified elongated dead cells are
(a) Xylem (b) Phloem
(a) Parenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma (d) Cambium
(b) Collenchyma
5. Grass stem elongates by the activity of (c) Sclerenchyma
(a) Primary meristem (d) None of the above
(b) Secondary meristem
13. Which of the following tissues is composed
(c) Intercalary meristem
of mainly dead cells ?
(d) Apical meristem
(a) Phloem (b) Epidermis
6. Simple tissues are these (c) Xylem (d) Endodermis
(a) Parenchyma, Xylem and collenchyma
14. Phloem in the plants perform the function of
(b) Parenchyma, collenchyma and
(a) Conduction of food
Sclerenchyma
(b) Conduction of water
(c) Parenchyma, Xylem and Sclerechyma
(c) Providing support
(d) Parenchyma, Xylem and Phloem
(d) Photosynthesis
7. Complex tissue consists of
15. Simple epithelium is a tissue in which cells
(a) Different type of cells carrying out the same are
function (a) Hardened and provide support to organs
(b) Different types of cells carrying out (b) Continuously dividing to provide to form
different functions an organ
(c) Same type of cells having the same origin (c) Cemented directly to one another to form
and carry the same function a single layer
(d) Different types of cells having the same (d) Loosely connected to one another to form
origin and carry the same function an irregular layer

NANCE 22
 Tissue

16. Pavement epithelium is the name of (a) Lamelia (b) Canaliculi

(a) Squamous epithelium (c) Dendrites (d) Haversian canals
(b) Cuboidal epithelium
26. Fluid part of blood after removal of
(c) Ciliated epithelium
(d) Columnar epithelium corpuscles is
(a) Plasma (b) Lymph
17. Brush bordered epithelium is found in (c) Serum (d) Vaccine
(a) Stomach (b) Small intestine
(c) Fallopian tube (d) Trachea 27. Which are not true cells in the blood ?
(a) Platelets (b) Monocytes
18. Ciliated epithelium is found in
(c) Basophils (d) Neutrophils
(a) Tongue (b) Oesophagus
(c) Trachea (d) Uterus 28. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling of
19. Which type of tissue forms glands ? (a) Nerves (b) Tendons
(a) Epithelial (b) Connective (c) Muscles (d) Ligaments
(c) Nervous (d) Muscle 29. Tendon is a structure which connects
20. Areolar tissue is a (a) A bone with another bone
(a) Nervous tissue (b) Connective tissue (b) A muscle with a bone
(c) Muscular tissue (d) Bony tissue (c) A nerve with a muscle
(d)A muscle with a muscle
21. What are the functions of goblet cells ?
(a) Production of HCI 30. Smooth muscles occur in
(b) Production of mucus (a) Uterus (b) Artery
(c) Production of enzymes (c) Vein (d) All the above
(d) Production of hormones
31. Which of the following plant tissues do not
22. The end of a long bone is connected to possess living protoplasm at maturity ?
another bone by
(a) Sclerenchyma (b) Collenchyma
(a) Ligament (b) Tendon (c) Tracheids (d) Epidermis
(c) Cartilage (d) Muscle
32. White fibres of connective tissue are made
23. Ligaments and tendons are formed of
up of
(a) Epithelial tissue
(a) Elastin (b) Reticular fibre
(b) Muscular tissue
(c) Collagen (d) Myosin
(c) Cartilage
(d) Connective tissue 33. The hardness of the bone tissue is due to the
phosphates and carbonates of
24. When boiled in water collagen changes into
(a) Calcium and sodium
(a) Gelatin (b) Reticulin
(b) Calcium and magnesium
(c) Elastin (d) Myosin
(c) Magnesium and sodium
25. Process from osteoblasts are found in (d) Magnesium and potassium

NANCE 23
 Tissue

34. The study of tissues and their functions is (a) parenchyma (b) chlorenchyma
known as (c) collenchyma (d) sclerenchyma
(a) histology (b) physiology
40. Haversian canal occurs in
(c) anatomy (d) morphology
(a) cartilage (b) bone
35. External ear (pinna) is made up of (c) internal ear (d) live
(a) cartilage (b) bone
(c) adipose tissue (d) ligament 41. Ciliated epithelium is found in
(a) stomach (b) intestine
36. Which one is a meristematic tissue ?
(c) oesophagus (d) trachea
(a) xylem (b) parenchyma
(c) apical tissues (d) phloem 42. Cardiac muscle fibres are
(a) striated and voluntary
37. Tracheids are components of
(b) striated and involuntary
(a) xylem (b) phloem
(c) non-striated and voluntary
(c) intercalary tissues (d) collenchyma
(d) non-striated and involuntary
38. Areolar tissue is a
(a) ligament 43. Simple tissues are
(b) connective tissue (a) parenchyma, xylem and collenchyma
(c) muscle (b) parenchyma, collenchyma and
(d) nervous tissue sclerenchyma
(c) parenchyma, xylem and phloem
39. Which tissue provides mechanical strength to
(d) parenchyma, xylem and sclerenchyma
plants ?

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. a a a d c b b d a a
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. a c c a c a b c a b
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. b a d a b a a d b d
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. a c b a a c a b d b
Ques. 41 42 43
Ans. d b b

NANCE 24
 Bio Diversity

 Bio-Diversity : For animals scientific name- “Systema

The term “biodiversity” is a concise form of Naturae” (1758).
“Biological Diversity” and was coined by He provided two names to each organism.
Walter G. Rosen in 1986.
1. The first name denoting the name of ‘genus’
Biological diversity means the variability
among living organisms from all sources and second name denoting ‘species’
including terrestrial, aquatic (fresh water and 2. First letter of generic name must be written in
marine) and other ecosystems. capital letter whereas species name is started
The system of grouping of living forms on the with small letter.
basis of similarities and differences is called 3. Scientific name is generally derived from
classification. The branch of biology Greek or Latin words.
concerned with classification is called 4. The binomial names are printed in italics and
taxonomy.
underlined separately when written.
Father of Modern Taxonomy 
Carolus Linnnaeus Examples:
Term “Taxonomy” given by  Potato- Solanum tuberosum
A.P. De Candolle Tiger- Panthera tigris
 Hierarchy of Categories
Categories Features  Five -kingdom system of classification:
1. Kingdom The largest group; for example. R.H. Whittaker (1969), an American
plants and animals ecologist, advocated a five-kingdom system
2. Phylum Organisms constructed on a
(or Division) similar plan
of classification in which the whole living world
3. Class A group of order within a phylum has been classified,
(or division)
4. Order A group of related families 1. Kingdom Monera: Prokaryotic bacteria and
5. Family A group of apparently related blue-green algae.
genera (plural of genus)
6. Genus A group of similar and closely
2. Kingdom Protista: Unicellular eukaryotic
related species organisms.
7. Species A group of organisms capable of 3. Kingdom Plantae: All multicellular green plants
interbreeding to produce fertile
offspring and advanced forms of algae.
4. Kingodom Fungi: Multicellular fungi
 Classification and Evolution:
1. Charles Darwin first described the idea of 5. Kingdom Animalia: All multiceullar animals
evolution in 1856 in his book, “The Origin of Organisms
Species”.
2. The ancestral forms simple and are called Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
‘primitive’. From the primitive organisms have Kingdom 1. Monera
evolved advanced organisms which are more Unicellular Multicellular
complex. Kingdom 2. Protista

 Nomenclature: (The naming of

organisms) With Cell Wall Without Cell Wall
Kingdom 5. Animalia
Binomial Nomenclature:
Carolus Linnaeus: He proposed scientific Do not perform Perform
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis
name of plants in his book “Species Kingdom 3. Fungi
Kingdom 4. Plantae
Plantarum” (1753).

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 Bio Diversity
 kingdom Monera :  Most of them become multicellular at certain
Monera ( Monos = single). These include stages in their lives.
prokaryotes.  A tough cell wall made of present chitin.
Characteristics :
 They normally show no locomotion.
 They do not have well defined nucleus and
cell organelles. Nuclear membrane is absent.
 Some of them may be parasites.
 Reproduction is both by asexual and sexual
 They lack multicellular designs as they are
means.
typically unicellular.
Examples: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Agaricus,
 Some of them have cell walls while some do Yeast, Mucor, Rhizopus etc.
not.
 The mode of nutrition of organisms in this  Kingdom Plantae :
group can be either auto-trophic (synthesising  This kingdom includes all organisms which are
their own food) or heterotrophic getting from multicellular, eukaryotic and green autotrophs.
environment.  The kingdom which consists of green plants
 Reproduction is predominantly asexual. is further divided first on the basis of the
Examples of this group are: Bacteria, blue differentiation of the plant body, whether well
green algae or cyanobacteria and differentiated into different parts (like root,
mycoplasma. stem, leaf, etc.) or not.
Second level of classification is based on
 kingdom Protista : whether the differentiated plant body has
Protists are also primitive organisms. vascular tissues or not. Further classification
Characteristics:- is based on (i) whether seeds are present or
This group includes simple, unicellular or not, and (ii) whether seeds are enclosed within
colonial organisms. fruits or not.
 They are eukaryotes i.e. have a well defined  Kingdom Plantae, thus, consists of
nucleus. thallophyta, bryophyta, pteridophyta,
 Tissues are not formed. gymnosperms and angiosperms.
 Some of the organisms have cilia or flagella (i) Thallphyta (Thallos = undifferentiated;
which help them in their locomotion. phyta = plant) :
 The mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or These are the simplest plants, exhibiting
heterotrophic. following characters:
 Reproduction is both by asexual and sexual (i) The plant body is not differentiated into root,
stem and leaves, rather it is undifferentiated
means.
and present in the form of an undivided
Examples: Unicellular algae, diatoms and
thallus.
protozoa.
(ii) Vascular tissues are absent.
 kingdom Fungi : (iii) Sex organs are simple and single-celled.
This include non-green organisms. Example- Algae (Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva,
Characteristics : Chara, Cladophora)
 These are heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms. (ii) Bryophyta (Bryon = moss; Phyta = plant):
 They obtain their nutrition from decaying Bryophyta represent the simplest land plants.
organisms hence they are called saprophytes. They are among the first plants to live on land
They have the capacity to dissolve the and in water. For this reason, they are called
decaying matter and then absorb it. the amphibians of the plant kingdom.

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 Bio Diversity
 The plants show following characters : Angiosperms, on the basis of the number of
 The plant body is either thallus-like (thalloid) cotyledons (present inside the seed), are
divided into two classes:
or leaf- like (foliose).
1. Dicotyledonae
 True leaves and roots are lacking; the plants
2.Monocotyledonae
are anchored to the soil by means of
filamentous rhizoids. Cotyledons are also called ‘seed leaves’, as
in many cases they emerge and become green
 The vascular tissues are absent; plants, when the seed germinates.
therefore, remain short in stature.
 Dicotyledonae (or simply dicots) :
 The plant body is green and autotrophic.  Seeds contain two cotyledons in the embryo.
 Sex organs are multicellular.  Leaves are dorsiventral and show reticulate
 Water is required for fertilization. Plants are, venation.
therefore, restricted to moist and shady  Tap root is present.
places. Examples: Pea, bean, gram, mango, castor, mustard,
Examples: Liverworts (Riccia, Marchantia), sunflower, buttercup.
hornworts (Anthoceros) and mosses  Monocotyledonae (or simply monocots):
(Funaria). Liverworts are more primitive than  Seeds contain only one cotyledon in the
mosses. embryo.
(iii) Pteridophyta:-  Leaves are isobilateral, with parallel vention.
The pteridophytes are the first land plants  Fibrous root system is present.
which have vascular tissues.
Examples: Wheat, rice, maize, palm, onion,
 These are green autotrophic plants. lily.
 The plant body is differentiated into root, stem  Special Point :
and leaves. 1. In Thallophytes the male sex organs are called
as antheridia and female sex organs called
 Vascular tissues are present.
oogonia.
 Sex organs are multicellular. 2. Bryophytes are also known as amphibians of
Examples: Ferns (Dryopteris, Pteris), Club moss plant kingdom.
(Lycopodium), Horsetail (Equisetum), Water 3. Study of Bryophytes is known as Bryology.
fern (Marsilea). 4. Pteriodophytes are also known as reptiles of
(iv) Angiospermss (Angion = enclosed, plant kingdom.
sperma = seed):- 5. The thallophyt es, bryophyt es and
pteridophytes have naked embryos that are
 The angiosperms are the dominant group of
called spores.
land plants. These are the most common
flowering plants. 6. All of these have inconspicuous reproductive
organs are called cryptogams or those with
 The angiosperms are seed- bearing plants and hidden sex organ.
the seeds are enclosed inside the fruit formed 7. Xylem lack vessels and phloem lack
from the ovary. companion cells in Gymnosperm.

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 Bio Diversity



 Important characteristics of five kingdoms :

Important Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
features
1. Cellularity Uni or multi Unicellular Uni or Uni or Multicellular
cellular multicellular multicellular

2. Nature of Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

cell
3. Cell wall is Peptidoglycan It is present, Chitinous Cellulosic Absent
made up of can be diverse
in nature
4. Mode of Autotrophic or Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Nutrition heterotrophic heterotrophic (saprophytic
and parasitic)
5. Asexual Amitosis Binary and Spores Vegetative Replaced by
reproduction multiple propagation regeneration
fission
6. Sexual – Syngamy Syngamy Syngamy with Syngamy
reproduction alternation of
generation
7. Important Eubacteria Protozoans Bread mould Algae Non-chordates
members Cyanobacteria Slime moulds Yeast Bryophytes and chordates
Archaebacteria Mushrooms Pteridophytes
Gynmosperms
Angiosperms

NANCE 28
 Bio Diversity

 Animal kingdom :

 Term : (ii) Bilateral : Body can be divided into

Body Shape and Symmetry : two similar halves only by one plane
Every living organism is characterised by a that passes through the central or
definite shape. The shape of body in terms of median axis ; e.g., tortoise, humans
symmetry, is of following two types : (iii) Radial : The animal body can be
divided into equal halves by any plane
1. Asymmetrical : The body of some animals
passing through the middle from top
like snails are built in such a way that it cannot to bottom e.g., Hydra.
be cut into equal halves from any plane. Such
 Germ Layers :
animals are called asymmetrical.
Germ layers are the primary layers of cells
2. Symmetrical : When the parts of an animal
which differentiate in the animal embryo. The
body are arranged in such a way that it can
germ layers given rise to all the tissues and
be cut into two similar halves by one or more organs in an individual. In porifera and
planes, such animals are called symmetrical. Coelenterata, the embryos have two germ
 The symmetrical animals are of following layers – the ectoderm and endoderm. Such
animals (having two germ layers) are called
three types :
dipioblastic animals. The embryos of all other
(i) Spherical : Some animals have ball
animals, from phylum platyhelminthes onwards
like spherical bodies which are to phylum chordata, have three germ layers –
divisible into similar halves by any the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
plane passing through the centre. Such animals are called triploblastic.

NANCE 29
 Bio Diversity

 Coelom : Example : Amoeba

Coelom or body cavity is a closed cavity Paramaecium
which contains the various body organs in it Euglena
in multicellular animals. In some phyla like the Plasmodium
Porifera, Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes,  Phylum Porifera
coelom is not present. Such animals which Common name – “the sponges”
do not have coelom are called acoelomate.
1. They live mostly in the sea (marine) but a few
Ot her animals belonging to phyla occur in fresh water.
Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, 2. They have cellular level organization with two
Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata and germ layers i.e. diploblastic animals.
Chordata possess a body cavity and are 3. They are sessile (stalkless) or stationary.
therefore called coelomate. However, this sedentary (attached to the substratum)
body cavity, depending on its origin, may be 4. Most of sponges are asymmetrical, some are
false (pseudocoel, false coelom) or true radially symmetrical.
coelom. Pseudocoel is found in round
5. Sponges have pores on body and these pores
worms.True body cavity is present are called ostia. Ostia open into a canal system
in Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, and canal opens to outside a large opening ;
Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata. named osculum present at top, cavity known
Protostomia – Blastopore forms mouth as spongocoel.
Deuterostomia – Blastopore forms anus 6. Sponges may be vase like, rounded sac like
 Phylum Protozoa (Protos – first, zoon - branches.
animals) : 7. Have organization at celluar colony level thus
cells are loosely bound together and do not
1. The most primitive one celled (unicelluar)
form tissue.
animals.
2. Mostly aquatic, found in fresh and marine Example : Sycon (scypha)
water. Bath sponge (Euspongia)
Boring sponge (Cliona)
3. Free living or parasitic. Fresh water sponge (Spongilla)
4. Locomotion by different organelles like hair Glass-rope sponge (Hyalona)
like cilia, whip like flagella or false feet Horse sponge ( Halichondria)
pseudopodia. Venus flower basket (Euplectella)
Neptune’s goblet sponge (Porteria)
5. Body shape irregular, flattened or oval.
 Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata :
6. Nutrition mostly heterotrophic – It can be
1. Aquatic animals mostly marine, some of
holozoic or saprozoic or parasitic.
them live in colonies (corals) while others live
7. Reproduction – Asexual by binary or multiple solitary, a few such hydra is fresh water
fission and sexual by conjugation. animal.
2. Body is radially symmetrical.

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 Bio Diversity
3. These are the first multicellular diploblastic 4. Body cavity (coelom) is absent i.e.,
animals having tissue level organization with acoelomate
disintct labour of division. 5. Suckers and hooks are usually present.
4. Body has a central gastrovascular cavity 6. Alimentrary canal has only one opening i.e.,
coelentron which lacks anus but has mouth mouth anus is absent.
which is surrounded by tentacles.
7. Excretory system consists of blind tubules
5. The body bears specialized cells cnidoblasts,
called protonephridia ; having flame cells.
bearing stinging cell organelles called
8. They are hermaphrodite i.e. male and female
‘nematocysts’
reproductive organs are present in same
6. Nematocysts serve the function paralysing the
animal.
prey by injecting poison.
7. Nervous system is primitive, has only network 9. Circulatory, respiratory and skeleton system
of nerve cells (nerve net) are absent.
8. Coelenterates show two main forms, the polyp Example :
(asexual) and the medusae (sexual) Liverfluke (Fasiola hepatica)
9. Exhibit the phenomenon of polymorphism Bloodfluke (Schistosoma)
(eg. Physalia) Pork tapeworm (Taenia solium)
Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata)
Example : Freshwater polyp (hydra)
Echinococcus
Organ pipe coral (Tubipora) Planaria
Portuguese man of war (Physalia)
 Phylum Nematoda orAschelminthes :
Jellyfish (Aurelia)
Common name : Thread worm or Round
Sea pansy (Renilla)
worm
Sea anemone (Metridium)
1. They are parasitic, most are free living (in fresh
Red coral (Corallium)
or marine water or terrestrial)
Sea pen (pennatula)
2. They have narrow, elongated and cylindrical
Mushroom coral (Fungia)
bodies. Bodies covered by cuticle.
Sea fan (Gorgonia)
3. Triploblastic unsegmented animals with
Soft coral (Alcyonium) bilateral symmetry and organ system level of
 Phylum Platyhelminthes : organization having tube within tube body
Common name : Flatworms plan.
Characters : 4. Pseudocoelom is present.
1. Mostly parasitic animals, some are free living 5. Alimentary canal straight and complete with
(e.g. Planaria) and aquatic. mouth and anus.
2. They are triploblastic animals showing bilateral 6. Unisexual organisms.
symmetry and tissue organ grade of body Example : Ascaris : round worm
organization.
Enterobius : pin worm
3. The organisms are unsegmented, dorsiventrlly
Wuchereria – filarial worm
flattened, body thin, soft, leaf like or ribbon
like. Ancyclostoma : Hook worm

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 Bio Diversity
 Phylum - Annelida :  PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (Largest
Common name : Segmented worms Group) :
Characters : Common Name: Jointed animals
1. They occur in fresh water, sea water or moist Characters:
soil. Some are free living, some are burrowing 1. They are found everywhere on earth- on land,
and a few are parasites. in soil, in water and as parasites on plants and
other animals.
2. Body is metamerically segmented i.e., body
2. Triploblastic, bilaterally symmetrical and
is divided externally by transverse grooves as
metamerically segmented animals.
well as
3. The body is segmented into 2 regions- head
internally by septa, these segments are called and thorax together (cephalothorax) and
metameres. abdomen or 3 regions- head, thorax and
3. They are the first animals with true body cavity abdomen.
i.e., coelom. 4. Arthropods have compound eyes, having
4. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic many lenses to make mosaic vision.
animals. 5. Exoskeleton is made of chitin.
5. Body is covered by thin cuticle. 6. The body cavity is filled with blood i.e.
6. Locomotion by Parapodia or Chitinous setae haemocoel. Open circulatory system is
which are segmentally arranged lateral present . Blood may be colourless-
Haemolymph (e.g. insects) or with copper
appendages.
contain pigment - Haemocycanin (e.g. prawn)
7. Alimentary canal is complete.
7. Respiration occurs through general body
8. Respiration is through the general body surface, gills trachae or book lungs.
surface. 8. Excretion occurs by ‘Malpighian tubules’ or
9. Excretion by nephridia. green glands or coxal glands.
10. Blood vascular system is closed. Blood is red 9. Sexes are separate.
due to the presence of the pigment 10. Each body segment usually bear paired lateral
“haemoglobin”. and joint legs or appendages.
11. The nervous system consists of a dorsal Example : Prawn (Palaemon)
“brain” and a ventral nerve cord having Scorpion (Palamnaeus)
ganglia and lateral nerves in each body Water flea (Daphnia)
segment. Cockroach (Periphaneta)
12. Sexes may be united (hermaphrodite) or Crab (Cancer)
separate. Housefly (Musca)
Example : Earthworm (Pheretima) Centipede (Scolopendra)
Ragworm or calmworm (Nereis) Honey bee (Apis)
Sea-mouse (Aphrodite) Millepede (Julus)
Lug or lobeworm (Arenicola) Wasp (Polistis)
Bloodworm (Tubifex) King crab (Limulus)
Paddleworm (Chaetopterus) Silver fish (Lepisma)
Indian cattel leech (Hirudinaria) Spider (Aranea)

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 Bio Diversity
 Phylum-Mollusca : 2. Body surface covered all over by calcareous
Common Name: The soft bodied animals spines. Body is triploblastic, coelomate and
second largest group. without segmentation with radial symmetry in
Characters: adult and bilateral in larvae.
1. They are mostly aquatic, living in sea water, 3. Body lacks head, but has oral and aboral
some of fresh water. surfaces. Oral surface of body has five radial
2. They are soft, unsegmented, triploblastic, areas called ambulacra.
coelomate animals with bilateral symmetry. 4. Shape may be star like, spherical or elongate.
3. The body is divided into an anterior head, a 5. Body cavity is modified into water vascular
ventral muscular foot and a dorsal visceral system. Tube like extensions called tube feet.
mass of hump. Over the hump, a fold of thin Tube feet help in locomotion and food
skin called mantle or pallium is present, which collection.
secretes the shell. 6. Digestive system is complete, mouth is on the
4. The soft body is usually supported by a hard lower surface and the anus is on the upper
shell of calcium carbonate. surface.
5. Locomotion is brought about by muscular 7. Respiration by gills, genital bursae, or
foot. respiratory trees.
6. Buccal cavity contain a rasping organ the 8. Reproduction sexual, asexual or by
‘radula’ for feeding. Digestive organ called regeneration . Sexes are separate.
hepatopancreas.
9. Aristotle’s lantern for mastication.
7. Respiration occurs through gills called ctendia.
8. Open blood vasuclar system. Blood is usually Example : Starfish (Asterias)
blue due to a blue pigment called Cake urchin (Clypeaster)
“haemocyanin”. Sea lily (Isocrinus)
9. Excretion by a pair of kidneys or Brittle star (Ophiothrix)
metanephridia, known as Kaber’s organ or
Sea urchin (Echinus)
Organ of Bojanus.
Sand dollar (Echinarachinus)
Example : Apple snail (Pila) Feather star (Antedon)
Grey slug (Limax) Sea cucumber (Cucumaria)
Cuttlefish (Sepia)
 Phylum Hemichordata :
Pearl oyster (Octopus)
Characters:
Sea hare (Aplysia)
1. Exclusively all are marine.
Fresh water mussel (Unio)
2. These animals posses a combination of
Sea lemon (Doris) nonchordate and chordate characters.
Sea squid (Loligo) 3. Worm like, unsegmented, bilaterally
Tusk shell (Dentalium) symmetrical
 Phylum-Echinodermata : 4. No notochord, nerve cord restricted to collar
Common Name: Spiny Animals region
Character: 5. Gill slit similar to notochord
1. They are exclusively marine animals, 6. Body has 3 part proboscis, collar, trunk.
gregarious (live in group) and free living. E.g. Balanoglossus- Acorn worm.

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 Bio Diversity
 Phylum Chordata : 4. They have paired fins for locomotion.
All chordates posses the following features. 5. They respire through gills.
(i) They have a notochord. 6. Heart is two chambered.
(ii) They have a dorsal nerve cord. 7. Their endoskeleton is made up of cartilage
(iii) They are triploblastic or bones.
(iv) They have paried gill pouches 8. They are unisexual and lay eggs.
 Subphylum-Urochrodata (Tunicata) : 9. They are cold blooded.
1. Notochord is present only in the tail of free
living tadepole like larva Fishes are of two types based on the
2. Unsegment body covered by tunicin nature of their endoskeleton.
3. Gill slit present, they show retrogressive 1. Cartilaginous fishes [Chondrichthyes]
metamorphosis. 2. Bony fishes [Osteichthyes]
Example : Sea squirt (Herdmania) Example : Tuna, Sharks, Electric ray, Sting ray
Tube sea squirt (Ciona)
 Amphibia :
Salpa Doliolum
Characters
 Subphylum-Cephalochordata : 1. These are the first vertebrate which come out
Characters of water but these are not able to live on land
1. First complete chordate animals. permanently.
2. Notochord, Nerve cord and pharyngeal gill These depend on water for their
clefts remain throughout the life span. reproduction.Amphibians are vertebrates
3. Transparent fish like e.g. Branchiostoma or leading two lives.
Amphioxus
2. Their skin is smooth or rough, moist, slimy,
Example : Amphioxus or Brachiostoma (Lancelet) glandular and without scales.
 Subphylum Vertebrata : 3. Head and trunk distinct, tail may be present.
Characters 4. Two pairs of pentadactyl (five digits) limbs
1. Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, are present.Digits without claws.
tiploblastic, coelomic and segmented animals. 5. Three chambered heart, has two auricles and
2. In vertebrates notochord is replaced by one ventricle.
vertebral column. 6. Respiration by gills, lungs, skin and buccal
3. Nerve cord remains enclosed within vertebral lining.
colulmn. 7. Excrete either ammonia (by tadepole) or urea
4. Nervous system includes brain encolsed in (by adults)
cranium. 8. They are cold- blooded animals.
Vertebrates are classifed into following five 9. Animals are unisexual; fertilization external,
groups mostly lay eggs.
1. Pisces 2. Amphibia 3. Reptilia
Example : Salamander (Salamandra)
4. Aves 5. Mammalia
Frog (Rana)
 Pisces : Tree frog (Hyla)
Characters
Toad (Bufo)
1. This class includes true fishes
Flying frog (Rhacophorus)
2. They are exclusively water living animals.
3. Their body is streamlined and covered by Midwife toad (Alytes)
scales. Mud eel (Siren)

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 Bio Diversity

Mud puppy (Necturus)  Aves :

Newt (Triton) Characters
Salamander (Triturus) 1. All types of birds are included in this class.
Coecilians- limbless, amphibian 2. Body is boat shaped and covered by soft
(Icthyophis) feathers, called “plumage”.
3. Fore limbs modified into wings for flight.
 Reptilia : Kiwis have vestigial wings.
Characters
4. Hind- limbs bear four clawed digits and are
1. First successful terrestrial animals but some adapted for walking and perching.
are aquatic. 5. Teeth are absent, jaws form a horny beak.
2. Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and 6. Endoskeleton is made up of hollow, air-filled
tail. bones, known as pneumatic bone.
3. Skin is dry, cornified, rough, nonglandular. 7. Four chambered heart with two auricles and
4. Two pairs of pentadactyl limbs with incurved two ventricles is present.
nails or claws (limbs are absent in snake and 8. They excrete uric acid.
some lizards) 9. Sound producing organ at the junction of
5. Exoskeleton is made up of horny epidermal trachea and bronchi of birds is called syrinx.
scales or dermal scute or bony plates. 10. Parental care is present.
6. Heart is three chambered i.e. two auricles and 11. Fertilization internal. They are oviparous and
an incompletely divided ventricle. Only lay large eggs having hard shell.
crocodiles have four chambered heart. 12. They are warm- blooded animals.
13. Size range from smallest humming bird to
7. One pair of metanephric kidneys, animals are
largest ostrich.
uricotelic
Archaeopteryx- Connecting link between
8. Fertilization is internal. reptiles and birds.
9. These are mostly oviparous, eggs are cleidoic
Example : House sparrow (Passer)
i.e. eggs are covered by a shell made up of
Pigeon (Columba)
calcium carbonate.
Chicken (Gallus)
10. These are cold blooded animals.
Parrot (Psittacula)
11. Teeth are present in all reptiles except in Crow (Corvus)
tortoise and turtles. Peacock (Pavo)
Example : Wall lizard (Hemidactylus) Kiwi (Apteryx)
Flying lizard (Draco) Vulture (Gypus)
Garden lizard (Chameleon) Myna (Acridotheres)
Monitor lizard (Varanus) Ostrich (Struthio)
Tuatara (Sphenodon)  Mammalia :
Magur (Crocodilus) Characters
1. Members are cosmopolitan and most evolved
Gharial (Gavialis)
animals of animal kingdom
Tortoise (Testudo)
2. Body is divided into head, neck, trunk and
All types of snakes (cobra, krait, python, tail with movable eyelids
viper, pitviper, sea snake, freshwater snake, 3. Mammary glands are found in females for
etc.) are reptiles. baby feeding.

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 Bio Diversity
4. The body is covered by a coat of hairs (made (Canis), Gorilla (Gorilla), Lion (Panthera leo),
of keratin). Cutaneous glands such as sweat Man (Homo sapiens), Blue whale
glands and oil glands. Hairs and subcutaneous (Balaenoptera)
fat form an insulating layer.
5. They have two pairs of pentadactyl limbs.  Special Points :
6. Fleshy external ear (pinnae) present. 1. Hemichordata- Connecting link between non-
chordata and chordata
7. Respiration is by one pair of lungs.
2. Archaeopteryx- Connecting link between
8. A horizontal diaphragm present in between
reptiles and aves
thorax and abdomen.
9. Heart is four chambered. Non nucleated red 3. Ornithorhynchus & Tachyglossus-
blood corpuscles. Connecting link between reptiles and
mammals
10. They excrete urea i.e. ureotelic.
4. Neopilina- Connecting link between annelida
11. Mammals are warm- blooded animals.
and mollusca
12. Sexes are separate, internal fertilization
5. Peripatus- Connecting link between Annelida
present, mostly viviparous but a few are
and Arthropoda.
oviparous and lay eggs (e.g. Platypus &
Echidna), and some like Kangaroos give birth 6. Phlebotomy- To suck impure blood by leech.
to very poorly developed young ones Leech have an anticlotting agent ‘hirudin’.
13. 7 Cervical vertebrae (except Whale & 7. Icthyology- Study of fishes
Dolphin) 8. Mammology- Study of mammals
9. Ornithology- Study of birds .Dr. Salim Ali-
Example :
Birdman of India
Asian elephant (Elephas), Dolphin
10. Pterylosis- Arrangement of wings on the body
(Delphinus), Monkey (Macaca),Squirrel
of birds
(Funambulus), Ass (Equus asinus), Horse
(Equus equus), Spiny anteater (Echidna), 11. Nidology- Study of birds nest
Tiger (Panthera tigris) Cat (Felis domesticus), 12. Ophiology or Serpantology- Study of snakes
African elephant (Loxodonta), Pig (Sus), 13. Herpetology- The branch of biology which
Bat (Pteropus) Camel (Camelus), Dog deals with the study of reptiles.

Features Pisces Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Habitat Aquatic Terrestrial and Terrestrial Arboreal Terrestrial
aquatic aquatic and
arboreal
Body Cold-blooded Cold-blooded Cold- Warm-blooded Warm-
temperature blooded blooded
Exoskeletion Slimy scales Absent Dry and Features, claws Hairs, nails
scaly etc
Respiratory Gills Gills, lungs Lungs Lungs Lungs
organ and skin
Locomotary Fins Limbs Limbs Wings and legs Limbs
organ
Heart 2-chambered 3-chambered Incomplete 4-chambered 4-chambered
4-chambered
Reproduction Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Oviparous Viviparous

NANCE 36
 Bio Diversity

1. Who is known as the father of taxonomy? (i) Thallophyta (ii) Bryophyta

(a) Linnaeus (b) Darwin (iii) Pteridophyta (iv) Gymnosperms
(c) Mendel (d) Watson (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)

2. The lowest category of classification is (c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
(a) Phylum (b) Genus 9. Which among the following produce seeds ?
(c) Species (d) Family (a) Thallophyta (b) Bryophyta
3. The mode of nutrition in most fungi is (c) Pteridophyta (d) Gymnosperms
(a) Autotrophic (b) Saprophytic
10. Pteridophyta do not have
(c) Holozoic (d) Symbiotic
(a) root (b) stem
4. In Whittaker’s system of classification, uni- (c) flowers (d) leaves
cellular organisms are kept under
(a) Monera (b) Fungi 11. Organisms without nucleus and cell organelles
(c) Protista (d) Protozoa belong to
(i) fungi (ii) protista
5. Amphibians of the plant kingdom are
(iii) cyanobacteria (iv) archaebacteria
(a) Algae (b) Pteridophytes
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) Bryophytes (d) Fungi
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii)
6. Pinus is a ___________ plant.
(a) Bryophytic 12. Which of the following is not a criterion for
classification of living organisms ?
(b) Gymnospermous
(c) Pteridophytic (a) Body design of the organism
(d) Angiospermous (b) Ability to produce one’s own food
(c) Membrane bound nucleus and cell
7. Find out incorrect sentence
organelles
(a) Protista includes unicelluar eukaryotic or-
(d) Height to the plant
ganisms.
(b) Whittaker considered cell sturcture, mode 13. The book Systema Nature was written by
and source of nutrition for classifying the (a) Linnaeus (b) Haeckel
organisms in five kingdoms. (c) Whittaker (d) Robert Brown
(c) Both Monera and Protista may be au-
totrophic and heterotrophic. 14. Karl von Linne was involved with which
(d) Monerans have well defined nucleus. branch of science ?
(a) Morphology (b) Taxonomy
8. Which among the following has specialized
(c) Physiology (d) Medicine
tissue for conduction of water ?

NANCE 37
 Bio Diversity
15. In taxonomic hierarchy family comes between 25. Haemocoel is found in:
(a) Class and Order (a) Arthropods (b) Molluscs
(b) Order and genus (c) Both of these (d) None of these
(c) Genus and Species
26. Excretory organs of annelids are:
(d) Division and Class
(a) Protonephridia (b) Nephridia
16. 5-kingdom classification was given by (c) Green glands (d) Kidneys
(a) Morgan (b) R. Whittaker
27. Study of molluscs is called:
(c) Linnaeus (d) Haeckel
(a) Malacology (b) Conchology
17. Well defined nucleus is absent in (c) Mycology (d) Phycology
(a) blue green algae (b) diatoms
28. Aristotle’s lantern is found in:
(c) algae (d) yeast
(a) Star fish (b) Brittle star
18. The ‘Origin of Species’ is written by (c) Sea urchin (d) Sea cucumber
(a) Linnaeus (b) Darwin
(c) Haeckel (d) Whittaker 29. Link between animal kingdom and plant
kingdom is:
19. The most simple and primitive plants are (a) Euglena (b) Amoeba
(a) bacteria (b) algae
(c) Trypansoma (d) Paramecium
(c) protista (d) fungi
30. Which one is not diploblastic:
20. Bacteria are placed under kingdom
(a) Protista (b) Fungi (a) Sponge (b) Cnidaria
(c) Monera (d) Plantae (c) Nematoda (d) Ctenophora

21. Which of the following organism lacks 31. Match the type of cells given under column I
chlorophyll ? with the examples given under column II;
(a) Rhizopus (b) Cycas choose the answer which give the correct
(c) Spirogyra (d) Wheat combination of the alphabets:
Column I Column II
22. Prokaryotic organisms are found in kingdom
(a) Protista (b) Fungi (Cells) (Examples)
(c) Monera (d) Plantae (i) Flame cells (p) Sponges
(ii) Collar cells (q) Hydra
23. To which group of animals, the nematocysts
are unique: (iii) Stinging cells (r) Planaria
(a) Cnidaria (b) Porifera (s) Ascaris
(c) Platyhelminthes (d) Annelida (a) i = r. ii = p, iii = q
24. Tube- within -tube plain is shown by: (b) i = r, ii = p, iii = s
(a) Coelenterates (b) Flatworms (c) i = r, ii = s, iii = p
(c) Round worms (d) Sponges (d) i = r, ii = p, iii = s

NANCE 38
 Bio Diversity
32. Metameric segmentation first appeared in : (a) Respiration (b) Digestion
(a) Platyhelminthes (b) Annelida (c) Excretion (d) None of these
(c) Cockroach (d) Arthropoda
38. Which of the following classes has largest
33. The following vertebrate respires by skin: number of animals?
(a) Fish (b) Frog (a) Pisces (b) Reptilia
(c) Crocodile (d) Whale (c) Mammalia (d) Insecta
34. True coelom is lined with: 39. An open circulatory system occurs in the :
(a) Ectoderm (a) Reptiles (b) Birds
(b) Endoderm (c) Insects (d) Annelids
(c) Mesoderm
(d) Ectoderm and endoderm 40. The pigment haemocyanin is found in:
(a) Mollusca (b) Annelida
35. Study of lizards is called:
(c) Echinodermata (d) Chordata
(a) Herpatology (b) Saurology
(c) Ophiology (d) Serology 41. 4-chambered heart is present in:
(a) Mammals (b) Fishes
36. Excretory cells of platyhelminthes are :
(c) Reptiles (d) Amphibians
(a) Flame cells
(b) Nephridia 42. Peripatus is a connecting link between:
(c) Solenocytes (a) Protozoa and Porifera
(d) Both (a) and (c) (b) Annelida and Mollusca
(c) Annelida and Arthropoda
37. Green glands present in some arthropods
help in : (d) Mollusca and Echinodermata

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. a c b c c b d c d c
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. b d a b b b a b b c
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. a c a c c b a c a c
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. b b b c b d c d c a
Q. N. 41 42
Ans. a c

NANCE 39
 Health and Disease

 Factors affecting health : Features Acute disease Chronic

disease
1. Intrinsic factors- Disease causing factors
Example Cough and cold Tuberculosis
which exist within human body. come to an end of the lungs
(i) malfunctioning or improper functioning of within a week or being over
so without any the years
body parts. permanent bad cause bad
(ii) Genetic disorder effect on our effects on
health. our health
(iii) Hormonal imbalances
like fatigue
2. Extrinsic factors - Factors which enter the and loss of
weight.
human body from outside.
(i) Unbalanced diet
 Congenital diseases: These are inborn
(ii) Disease causing pathogens
diseases which are present since birth. They
(iii) Environmental pollutants
are caused either due to genetic and
(iv) Tobacco, alcohol and narcotic drugs.
chromosomal abnormalities or due to
 Classification of diseases: metabolic disorders or malfunctioning of
 Acute Disease:- organs. These diseases are generally not easily
A disease that occurs suddenly and lasts for curable and may be inheritable. For example,
a short period of time is called an acute colour blindness and thalassemia.
disease e.g. common cold, Malaria disease.
 Acquired diseases :
 Chronic Disease:-
These diseases are acquired during one’s
A disease that lasts for a long time is called
lifetime, i.e., after birth. Generally, such
chronic disease e.g. tuberculosis.
diseases are caused by pathogens and are
 Differences between acute and chronic non-inheritable. Acquired diseases are of two
diseases: types:
Features Acute disease Chronic
disease 1. Communicable diseases (infectious
Duration Lasts for less Lasts for diseases): Diseases which can be transmitted
duration longer
duration from one individual to another directly or
Intensity Severe intensity Less severe indirectly are called communicable, infectious
of intensity or contagious diseases. These diseases are
symptoms
Effect on Less due to the Very high caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoans,
health shorter duration, due to helminthes and fungi. Diseases like
e.g., longer
– No loss of duration,
tuberculosis, influenza, cholera, etc.
weight e.g., 2. Non-communicable diseases (non-
– No tiresome – Loss of
effect weight will infectious diseases): Diseases which are not
– Very short- occur transmitted from one individual to another,
term effects – Feel tired
all the time either directly or indirectly are called non-
– Drastic communicable diseases. These diseases may
long-term
effects be of the following types:
Example Cough and cold Tuberculosis

NANCE 41
 Health and Disease

 Deficiency diseases: These diseases are  Parasites :

caused due to lack or deficiency of certain Parasites are those living organisms which
nutrients, like proteins, vitamins, minerals and live temporarily or permanently in or on other
hormones. For example, scurvy, rickets, living organisms. Such organisms are called
kwashiorkor, marasmus, etc. hosts. The parasites derive benefits from the
hosts and harm then in the process. Some
 Degenerative diseases: These diseases
parasites live inside the body of the host
are caused due to the degenerative process
(endoparasites), while others live on the
leading to malfunctioning of body parts.
Generally, such degenerative changes occur surface of the host (ectoparasites).
in the old age, e.g., retinal atrophy, joint  Conditions required for the spread of
pain, cataract.
the diseases:
 Allergic diseases: These diseases are These diseases spread through: Air, water,
caused due to hypersensitivity of the body contaminated food, direct contact with the
against foreign substances, such as asthma. patient, crowded places, fairs, insanitary
conditions, absence of personal and public
 Cancer: This is caused due to the hygiene. Hence these are the major causes
occurrence of abnormal cell division ahd responsible for the spread of diseases.
uncontrolled growth of certain tissues in the
body.  Air :
When a person suffering form Tuberculosis,
 Causes of disease :
Flu and Pneumonia, sneezes, or coughs, little
Disease (disturbed ease) is a condition that
droplets of saliva or fluid are thrown in the
impairs the proper functioning of the body
air. Another person standing close by while
or one of its parts. A disease can be defined
breathing inhales these droplets containing
as: Any deviation from normal functioning or
the microbes which get a chance to infect
state of complete physical or mental well-
the new person.
being.
 Contaminated food :
 Bacteria :
When flies sit on stools or excreta of a
Bacteria are very small organisms and can
person, the microbes get attached to them.
be seen with an optical (light) microscope.
The flies carrying the microbes sit on food,
They can grow and reproduce even when
they pass the germs to the food. If such a
they are not inside a living cell.
food is eaten, the germs get introduced in
 Virus : the healthy person and cause the disease.
Virus may be defined as an ultramicroscopic Cholera, typhoid, amoebic dysentry, viral
disease-producing particle that can multiply hepatitis are the diseases which spread
only within living organisms. through water, and contaminated food.

NANCE 42
 Health and Disease

 Sexual contact : The name “antibiotics” comes from two

Diseases like syphillis (a bacterial disease) Greek words meaning “aganist life”.
and AIDS (viral disease) are transmitted Examples - penicillin, streptomycin,
through sexual act. tetracycline.
The development of antibiotics began the
 Animal :
discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander
Many diseases are transmitted through Fleming in 1928.
animals which carry infecting agents from a
sick patient to a potential host. Mosquitoes  Immune System :
are responsible for spreading many diseases. This is because our bodies have an immune
system which helps to protect us from the
 Organ-specific and Tissue-specific
microbes. The body’s power to resist and
Manifestations of Disease:
overcome infection is called immunity. Artifical
The disease -causing microbes entering the
immunity can be provided to children
body through air, water, food and sexual
particularly by injecting specific vaccine in
contact reach thr target organ or tissue
the body for protection against the diseases.
through a specific route. The selection of
This is the basis of vaccination
the organ or tissue seems to depend on the
plant of entry into the body of a person.  Vaccination :
The infected tissue/organ will show the Jenner took some pus with a sterile needle
symptom and signs of the disease caused from the cowpox rash of an infected girl
by the harmful microbe. For example, if the
and injected it into scratches made in the
lungs are infected, the symptoms are dry
skin of an uninfected boy, who soon got
cough, sore throat, breathless-ness and so
cowpox. After he recovered, Jenner injected
on. If liver is infected, it will cause jaundice.
the boy’s arm with pus from the spots of a
Liver shows inflammation and the person
person suffering from smallpox. Luckily, the
suffers from fever, loss of appetite and so
boy did not get smallpox and Jenner’s
on. If the brain is the target organ for
experiment was successful. The modern term
infection, the symptoms can be fever,
headache, fits or unconsciousness, vomiting ‘vaccination’ comes from the Latin words
and so on. Thus, by knowing the target organ vacca which means cow and ‘vaccinia’
that gets infected and the functions carried which means cow pox. It tells us how Jenner
out by the infected organ, the symptoms and made the first vaccine aganist smallpox using
signs of the disease can be ascertained the microbes of cowpox, a similar but less
accurately. severe disease.

 Ways of prevention:  Pulse polio programme :

Antibiotics: The pulse polio programme is an
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or stop immunization drive against polio. Polio is a
the growth of certain kinds of microbes. They disease of the muscles and nerves which
help our body to fight disease. can cause paralysis. To prevent polio, oral

NANCE 43
 Health and Disease

vaccine are given periodically to all children Lungs are the favourite site of infection where
under 5 years of age in our country. This is small tubercles are formed. They release a
an effort to eradicate polio, so no child will toxin called tuberculin. The disease spreads
be infected by the polio virus. mostly by the throat and nose discharges
from a person suffering from an active stage
 Smallpox vaccine : of the disease.
An immunization programme was carried out
 Symptoms :
earlier to eradicate smallpox. Earlier, in
The symptoms of lung tuberculosis are
smallpox epidemics people were afraid of
tiredness (which is not relieved by rest),
going near someone suffering from it.
unexplained loss of weight and appetite,
Smallpox was controlled and eradicated with
persistent cough and afternoon fever,
the help of a vaccine. followed later by spitting of blood-coloured
sputum. These are some of the danger
 Diseases Caused by Bacteria:
signals and need prompt medical attention.
1. Tuberculosis (TB):
 Cause :  Preventive measures :
Tuberculosis, is a very serious infectious This disease can be effectively treated by
diseases caused by the bacteria drugs such as Streptomycin, Isoniazed and
para-amino salicylic acid (PAS). Also,
Mycobacteria tuberculosis. The bacteria may
complete rest, especially in the early stages,
attack bones, joints, kidneys, adrenal glands,
is essential. Vaccination against TB with
etc., but in 90 percent of the cases, the
Bacillus-Calmette Guarin (BCG) vaccine is
affected organ is the lung. effective in building up an immunity against
the disease.
 Transmission :
This disease spreads by contact with the 2. Typhoid:
infected persons and through the bacteria  Cause :
they throw out while coughing, sneezing, It is an acute infection of the intestines.
spitting, talking etc. It is an airbrone disease Specific bacteria, namely, the typhoid bacillus
which spreads by droplet infection. Persons, (Salmonella typhi) cause typhoid.
who are victims of poor nutrition, overwork,
 Transmission :
insufficient rest, and living in overcrowded,
The bacteria are present in the faeces and
poorly ventilated, and insanitary conditions
urine (and sometimes in the saliva and
are most susceptible to the disease. The
perpiration) of a patient. The disease spreads
diseases may take a long time to develop
mainly by consuming contaminated food, ice,
after the first infection is caused, but this water, milk, and also by direct contact with
depends on a number of factors such as the the sick. Houseflies act as carriers of the
age of the person, his health and general bacteria from the infected wastes to the
living conditions. human food.

NANCE 44
 Health and Disease
 Symptoms : of neck and convulsions. Later, as the viruses
Typhoid is a serious illness characterised by damage the motor neurons of the central
high fever, acute headache, and rose-red nervous system, legs become atrophied and
blotches on the skin. The disease can be paralysed.
effectively cured by antibiotics such as
 Preventive measures :
Chloramphenicol.
Two vaccines that can help to prevent the
 Preventive measures : disease are:
Protection against typhoid is provided by (i) Killed ‘Salt’ vaccine: It was discovered
anti-typhoid inoculation which should be by Jones Salk. The body is given three doses
taken every year. The Treatment and of killed viruses at intervals of 4-6 weeks in
Prevention: There is no effective treatment. the age group of 3-12 months. It is followed
Avoidance of drug abuse and promiscuous
by fish booster dose between 18-24 months
homosexual contact are best preventive
of age and second booster dose between
measures. Moreover, those at risk from AIDS
5-6 years of age.
should not be blood donors. A recently
introduced drug N-butyl deoxynojorimycin (ii) Oral ‘Live’ Sabin vaccine: It is given orally
and AZT (azidothymidine) is used for the and is called oral polio vaccine (OPV). It
treatment of AIDS. Other drugs in use are consists of living, but tamed polio virus.
DDI (Dideoxyinosine), DDC 2. Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
(Dideoxycytidine) and DHT (Stavudine). (AIDS):

 Disease caused by Viruses: AIDS is a fatal disease comprising serious

clinical condition of various manifestations
1. Poliomyelitis:
characterised by underlying cellular
 Cause :
immunodeficiency. AIDS is caused by a
It is caused by the smallest known RNA- retrovirus, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
virus called Polio-virus. Virus).
 Transmission :
The virus spreads from the faecal matter of  Structure of HIV :
patient and is transmitted by flies or by The structural model of HIV shows that the
contaminated food and water. The virus virus is a sphere containing RNA as genetic
multiplies in the intestinal cells. The viruses material and an enzyme reverse transcriptase.
reach the central nervous system through An elongated protein coat forms the capsid
blood, where their toxins damage the brain which is enveloped by a two-layered lipid
and dorsal horns of the spinal cord. (fatty) coat. The surface of the virus particle
Incubation period is about 7-14 days. is studded with knob-like glycoproteins.
 Symptoms : AIDS is a disorder which impairs the body’s
Early symptoms are headache and fever T4 lymphocyte cell immune system in humans,
followed by loss of head support, stiffness in that virus replicates within the T4 or

NANCE 45
 Health and Disease

‘helper’ cells. Thus these cells can no longer 3. Rabies (Hydrophobia)

‘help’ or induce other T cells , called killers,  Cause :
to fight invaders. The body’s immune system
It is caused by a RNA-virus, Rabies virus.
breaks down, leaving the patient exposed
to a variety of diseases. Infection with the  Transmission :
virus (HIV) does not necessarily result in The viruses are injected in the human blood
AIDS. As with other diseases, some people by the bite of rabid animals like dogs,
remain symptomless and are therefore monkeys, cats, etc. alongwith their saliva.
termed ‘carriers’. Incubation period vaies from 10 days to 3
months. It depends upon the distance of bite
 Transmission :
from central nervous system (CNS), depth
The HIV virus can only survive in body fluids of bite and number of germs injected.
and is transmitted by blood or semen. People
can contact the disease as follows:  Symptoms :
1. Intimate sexual contact mainly in male It is characterized by severe headache, high
homosexuals or by multiple intimate sexual fever and painful contraction of muslces of
contact between heterosexual. throat and chest. The patient feels
restlessness, chocking and difficulty in taking
2. By blood transfusion or by hypodermic
even liquid food. The patient fears from sight
needles shared by drug addicts.
of water. Severe damage to motor neurones
3. From infected mother to child before, during, of CNS causes paralysis and painful death.
or shortly after birth or through milk of breast
feeding mothers.  Preventive measures :
(i) Isolation and killing of rabid dogs.
 Symptoms :
(ii) Immunization of domestic cats and dogs.
Early symptoms of AIDS may be vague and
(iii) Louis Pasteur Treatment – 14 vaccines are
ill-defined. They include weight loss, fever,
given, one on each day to the person who
diarrhoea, oral thrush, and enlargement of is bitten by rabid dog.
the lymph glands. A number of individuals
develop of a mild condition known as ARC  Plasmodium - the Malarial Parasite:
(AIDS -related complex). In severe This parasites caused malaria in man. The
condition, the patient may develop disease is transmitted by the female
pneumonia, kaposi’s sarcoma (a skin cancer) Anopheles mosquito (insect vector).
and lymphoma (cancer of lymph system). When an infected female Anopheles
Although AIDS has a long incubation period mosquito bites a healthy man to suck his
(possibly five years), once it does develop, blood, thousands of parasites are injected
there is rapid decline in health and death into his blood along with the mosquito’s
occurs. saliva. The parasites enter the liver cells and

NANCE 46
 Health and Disease

red blood corpuscles, where they grow and  Preventive measures:

multiply asexually by fission. As their number 1. Personal protection:
increases, more and more liver cells and (a) As far as possible, we should wear clothes
red blood corpuscles are attacked and which leave as little of our skin exposed.
consequently damaged. The parasites (b) The exposed parts of our bodies may be
release posionous t oxins into t he treated with mosquito repellents.
bloodstream and an accumulation of these (c) Doors and windows should preferably be
toxins causes malaria in man. screened with mosquito-proof gauze and
mosquito nets should be used while sleeping
 Symptoms :
at night.
Fever with high temperature, chill and
2. Destruction of adult mosquitoes:
shivering, a muscular pain, severe headache
Spraying liquid insecticides and fumigation
and vomiting tendency are the primary
with sulphur dioxide gas is effective.
symptoms of malaria. Remission of fever
with profuse sweating and fall of temperature 3. Destruction of larvae:
indicate malaria. Fever recurs after every (a) If paraffin or kerosene oil is introduced into
24 hours or 48 hours, as the case may be. stagnant water where larvae are present, it
During severe attack, the patient may even forms a layer on the water and suffocates
die. both larvae and pupae by blocking their
respiratory openings.
 Process of Transmission : (b) Liquid insecticides are effective.
When a female Anopheles mosquito bites 4. Biological control:
an infected man to feed on his blood, the
Fish such as minnows, sticklebacks, and
parasites settle in the walls of the stomach
Gambusia feed on larvae and pupae, and
of the mosquito and reproduces there,
may be introduced into ponds and lakes to
sexually. The number of parasites increase
eradicate them.
once again.
5. Elimination of breeding places:
 Mode of infection : Breeding of mosquitoes can be minimized
When this infected mosqutio bites another by ensuring that our cities, towns, and villages
healthy person it again injects thousands of are kept free of stagnant ponds, open drains,
parasites, along with its saliva, into the and ditches. Water should not be allowed to
person’s bloodstream, and the same cycle stand and the openings of drains should be
is repeated. cleaned regularly.
The malarial parasite has two hosts, man 6. Preventive medicine:
and mosquito and it spends a part of its life For the destruction of the malarial parasite in
cycle in each. The mosquito does not suffer the human host, anti-malarial drugs such as
from malaria but it serves as a means for Quinine, Paludrin, Atabrin, Plasmochin,
transfering the parasite from one person to Avinacrine, Pamaquine, Mepacrine and
another and acts as vector. Chloroquine is effective.

NANCE 47
 Health and Disease

 Protozoan Disease :
Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure
Malaria Plasmodium High fever with chill of intermittent
Periodically Pain in joints- Quinine
Vector- Anopheles
Amoebiasis Entamoeba Intestinal spasms, dysentry,
histolytica Antibiotics
Diarrhoea Giardia Vomiting, loose motions
intestinalis
African sleeping Trypanosoma Patient feels sleepy, nervous system
sickness gambiens impairment, Vector- Tse- tse fly
Kala azar Leishmania High fever associated with
donovani enlargement of spleen and liver,
Vector- Sand fly

 Bacterial Disease :
S.N. Disease Pathogen Sym ptom s and Cure
1. Tuberculosis M ycobacterium Chronic cough, Fever, weakness, bloody
tuberculosis sputum, breathlessness.
Treatm ent: DOTS- Direction
observation treatment strategy.
Vaccine: B.C.G. bacille Calm ette
Guerin
2. Cholera Vibrio cholerae Diarrhoea- dehydration, vom iting
Antibiotics- ORS and salt sugar solution
3. Typhoid Fever Salm onella typhi Fever, loss of appetite, intestinal ulcers.
Erruption of spots and rashes on
abdom en diarrhoea
Detection by widal test, Antibiotics and
vaccine.
4. Diarrhoea Salm onella; W atery stools, vom iting, headache,
Shigella fever, abdom inal pain- Antibiotics like
penicillin.
5. Diphtheria Corynebacterium High grade fever, difficulty in breathing
diphtheriae DPT vaccine: Diphtheria, Pertussis,
Tetanus vaccine
6. W hooping Bordetella Persistant large bouts of cough
cough pertussis Prevention by DPT vaccine
(Pertussis)
7. Pneum onia Streptococcus Infection in lungs and difficulty in
pneum oniae breathing, high fever
8. Tetanus Clostridium tetani Sustained contraction of body m uscles,
or Lock jaw spam s, Lock jaw, unconsiousness. T.T.
vaccine (Tetanus, toxoid)
9. Plague Yersinia pestis High Fever, headache, unconsciousness,
or Black Death Enlargem ent of axillary lym phnodes
Antibiotics
10. Leprosy M ycobacterium Patches on skin, ulcer and nodules
or leprae form ation in skin and nerves
Hanson disease deform ilites wasting of fingers and toes
Treatm ent- M ultidrug therapy (M DT)

NANCE 48
 Health and Disease

 Viral Disease :
S.No. Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure
1. Poliomyelitis RNA Polio Atrophy of muscles and paralysis of legs. Oral Polio
virus vaccine and ‘Salk’ vaccine
2. Mumps Mumps-virus Painful enlargement of parotid salivary glands. Mumps
vaccine, isolation of infected babies and use of antibiotic.

3. Rabies Rabies –Virus Spasm of throat & chest muscles, fear from water,
(Hydrophobia) paralysis and death. Immunisation of dogs. Pasteur-
treatment.

4. AIDS HIV (Human Weight loss, fever, diarrhea, oral thrush, enlargement of
Immune lymph nodes, pneumonia, cancer of skin and lymph
Deficiency system, rapid decline in health and death. Avoid drug
Virus) abuse and promiscuous homosexual contact. Only
disposable needle and syringes should be used. Screening
of blood donors should be done. Azidothymidine (AZT)
is one of the drugs that has prolonged the life of AIDS
victim.
5. Measles Rubeolla High fever, rash eruption of the skin, inflammation of the
(Rubella) RNA Virus respiratory mucous membranes and loss of appetite.
Edmonston-B-vaccine, isolation, Antibiotic and Sulpha
drug

6. Common cold Virus Fever, headache, running nose. More prevalent in cold
weather. Avoid crowded places. Cover nose and mouth
when coughing and sneezing.

7. Influenza RNA Virus Headache, fever, fatigue, drowsiness, general ache all
(Myxovirus over the body. Some-times dry cough and pain-ful eyes.
influenzae) Running nose is less common.. Avoid crowds, changes in
temperature, and fatigue. Cover nose and mouth when
coughing, as secretions from nose and throat are infected.

 Helminthes Disease:
S. No. Disease Pathogen Symptoms and Cure
1. Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides Abdominal spasm,
insomia, vomiting loose
motion, restlessness.
2. Dracunculiasis Dracunulus Blisters on skin of arms
medinenis shoulder and legs
3. Elephantiasis Wuchereria bancrofti Swelling of hand,
scrotum, testis and
breasts
4. Taeniasis Taenia solium Abdominal pain, nausea,
Anaemia, loss of
appetite, indigestion,
nervous disorders

NANCE 49
 Health and Disease

1. Identify a genetic disease : (a) Malaria-Protozoan

(a) Beri-beri (b) Scurvy (b) AIDS - virus
(c) Haemophilia (d) Diabetes (c) TB - Bacterium
(d) Amoebiasis - Worms
2. Which is a chronic disease ?
(a) Tuberculosis (b) Night blindness 11. Common cold is a/an
(c) Cholera (d) Rickets (a) genetic disorder
(b) acute disease
3. Which one is not a sexually transmitted (c) chronic disease
disease ? (d) deficiency disease
(a) AIDS (b) Gonorrhoea
12. Choose the wrong statements :
(c) Syphilis (d) Diabetes (a) High blood pressure is caused by excessive
4. Which one is not a bacterial disease ? weight and lack of exercise
(a) TB (b) Typhoid (b) Cancers can be caused by genetic
abnormalities
(c) Pneumonia (d) Poliomyelitis
(c) Peptic ulcers are caused by eating acidic
5. Identify a protozoan disease food
(a) Ringworm (b) Measles (d) Acne is not caused by staphylococcl
(c) Diphtheria (d) Amoebiasis 13. We should not allow mosquitoes to breed in
our surroundings because they
6. AIDS can be transmitted through
(a) multiply very fast and cause pollution
(a) Blood transfusion (b) are vectors for many disease
(b) Pregnant mother to foetus (c) bite and cause skin disease
(c) Sexual contact (d) are not important insects
(d) All the above
14. Which one of the following causes
7. Which one of the following is a deficiency kala-azar ?
disease ? (a) Ascaris (b) Trypanosoma
(a) Diabetes (b) Malaria (c) Leishmania (d) Bacteria
(c) Goitre (d) Tetanus 15. If you live in a overcrowded and poorly
ventilated house, it is possible that you may
8. Which is not an infectious disease ? suffer from which of the following disease
(a) Diabetes (b) TB (a) Cancer (b) AIDS
(c) Leprosy (d) Typhoid (c) Air borne disease (d) Cholera
9. Which disease is caused due to deficiency of 16. Which disease is not transmitted by
a hormone ? mosquitoes ?
(a) Chickenpox (b) Diabetes (a) Dengue
(c) AIDS (d) Malaria (b) Malaria
(c) Brain fever or encephalitis
10. Identify a mismatch (d) Pneumonia

NANCE 50
 Health and Disease
17. Which one of the following is not important (a) viruses make use of host machinery
for individual health ? (b) viruses are on the border line of living and
(a) living in clean space non-living
(b) Good economic condition
(c) Viruses have very few biochemical
(c) Social equality and harmony
mechanisms of their own
(d) Living in a large and well furnished house
(d) viruses have a protein coat
18. Which one of the following is not a viral
disease ? 26. You are aware of Polio Eradication
(a) Dengue (b) AIDS Programme in your city. Children are
(c) Typhoid (d) Influenza vaccinated because :
(a) vaccination kills the polio causing
19. Which one of the following is not a bacterial microorganisms
disease ?
(b) prevents the entry of polio causing
(a) Cholera (b) Tuberculosis
organism
(c) Anthrax (d) Influenza
(c) It creats immunity in the body
20. Which one of the following disease is not (d) All the above
transmitted by mosquito ?
27. The chemicals that kill or stop the growth of
(a) Brain fever (b) Typhoid
certain kinds of microbes are called :
(c) Malaria (d) Dengue
(a) vaccines (b) microbes
21. The technique of providing immunity by (c) antibiotics (d) fungi
vaccination was first developed by
(a) Robert koch (b) Alexender fleming 28. Penicillium is a/an
(c) William harvey (d) Edward Jenner (a) antibiotic (b) vaccine
(c) alga (d) fungus
22. ‘Penicillin’ a life saving antibiotic, was
discovered by : 29. The diseases that can be transmitted
(a) Alexander Fleming (b) Edward Jenner through body fluids are -
(c) H.G. Khorana (d) William Harvey (a) AIDS and hepatitis B
23. For which disease ‘oral’ vaccine is given ? (b) TB and typhoid
(a) TB (b) Typhoid (c) influenza and cholera
(c) Pertusis (d) Poliomyelitis (d) cholera and rabies

24. ‘BCG’ vaccine is given to infants for 30. Which of the following does not spread
protection against AIDS by -
(a) Diarrhoea (b) Cholera (a) having sex with unknown person
(c) Pneumonia (d) Tuberculosis (b) kissing on lips
(c) transfusing infected blood
25. Making anti-viral drugs is more difficult than
making anti-bacterial medicines because : (d) taking unsterlized injections

NANCE 51
 Health and Disease

31. ‘Congential diseases’ are those which :- 36. Match the following pairs
(a) are these since birth A B
(b) are inherited 1. Tuberculosis I. Entamoeba
2. Typhoid II. Streptococcus
(c) are transmitted easily
3. Malaria III. Plasmodium
(d) are fatal
4. Dysentery IV. Salmonella
32. Widal test helps to diagnose- (a) 1- III, 2- IV, 3- I, 4- II
(a) Tetanus (b) Tuberculosis (b) 1- II, 2- IV, 3- III, 4- I
(c) Typhoid (d) Whooping cough (c) 1- III, 2- I, 3- II, 4- IV
(d) 1- IV, 2- III, 3- II, 4- I
33. DPT Vaccine is for -
37. Polio is caused due to :
(a) Diptheria, Polio, Tetanus
(a) bacteria (b) virus
(b) Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
(c) fungi (d) helminthes worm
(c) Diptheria, Pertussis, Typhoid
(d) Diptheria, Pertussis, Tuberculosis 38. The Pulse Polio Programme is organized in
our country for :
34. World TB day is celebrated on -
(a) eradicating polio (b) spreading polio
(a) March 21 (b) March 24
(c) curing polio (d) none of these
(c) March 30 (d) March 18
39. AIDS day is celebrated on :
35. Who discovered antibiotic streptomycin
(a) 5th June (b) 1st October
effective against Tuberculosis -
(c) 11th July (d) 1st December
(a) Selman A. Waksman
(b) Louis Pasteur 40. Vector of malaria is :
(c) Robert Koch (a) female Anopheles (b) male Anopheles
(d) Ianowsky (c) female Culex (d) male Culex

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c c d d d d c a b d
Ques. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. b d b c c d d c d b
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. d a d d c c c d a b
Ques. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. b c b b a b b a d a

NANCE 52
 Natural Resources

Basic needs of human life are fulfilled by the photosynthetic activities of green plants.
materials available in the nature, these Forests, forest products, crops, fruits, food,
materials are called natural resources. wood, fibre, milk and milk products,
Natural resources are of two types, livestock, fishes, animals including their by-
renewable resources and non- renewable products and human being are all biotic natural
resources. resources. Fossil fuels like coal, petroleum,
and natural gas are also the biotic resources
Renewable resources are present in unlimited
as they have been derived from plants.
quantity in the nature and having the capacity
to get replaced by quick recycling through  The breath of life: Air
natural cycles. Oxygen, in air is renewable
Air is an important form of inexhaustible
resource because it is replaced by the plants
by the process of photosynthesis. Some of natural resource which is essential for our
the other renewable resources are solar survival. Air consists of a mixture of gases,
radiation, water and atomic power. However, containing nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).
these resources can be exhausted if used too Carbon dioxide, ammonia, ozone and noble
rapidly by improper management and they do gases (helium, argon etc.) constitute to 1% of
not get enough time for renewal. Non- the total volume of the air. Atmosphere is the
renewable resources are limited in nature.
layer of air above the earth surface. The
These resources once used cannot be
density of air in the atmosphere varies at
replaced within a reasonable time. Some of
non- renewable resources are soil, forests, different altitudes from the surface of the earth.
wild animals, minerals, fossil fuel (coal, The atmosphere is thus divided into different
petroleum). For example, mineral deposits of zones. The air, which we breathe, exists in
fossil fuels are formed slowly over millions of the first zone, 10 to 12 km from the surface
years, if they are once used cannot be of the earth. This zone of the atmosphere is
regenerated. called troposphere. Above the troposphere
is the stratosphere. This is rich in ozone gas
 Types of natural resources:
forming ozone layer. It absorbs many harmful
On the basis of origin, natural resources can
solar radiations such as ultraviolet rays. This
be classified into two types:
zone provides protection to our life. Some of
 Abiotic resources:-
the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays radiation
Nonliving materials like water, air, soil, rocks, are cataracts, inflammatory diseases, cancer,
salts, minerals, chemicals, etc., are the abiotic etc. This zone provides protection to our life.
natural resources. Biological activity is not
* It is observed that a normal human being
involved in their formation but they are vital
requires about 250 to 265 kg air per day for
for the survival of biotic organisms.
doing various activities. Air is also essential
 Biotic resources:-
to grow crops, support animal life and as a
These are living resources or resources
medium of communication.
derived direct ly or indirectly from

NANCE 53
 Natural Resources
* Study of atmosphere is very important for us. winds. Land absorbs and radiates heat faster
Atmosphere plays an important role in the than water, but water releases heat over a
formation of clouds, occurence of rain and longer period of time. The result is that, in
formation of snow. It prevents certain harmful locations where sea and land meet, heat
radiation from reaching the surface of the absorbed over the day will be radiated more
earth. It also helps in the formation of winds. quickly by the land at night, cooling the air.
The studies on atmosphere also help in making Over the sea, heat is still being released into
weather forecast. The weather forecast help the air at night, which rises. This convective
us taking necessary measures to prevent loss motion draws the cool land air in to replace
of human life, cattle and crops due to torrential the rising air, resulting in a land breeze in the
rains, cloud bursts, cyclones and dry spells. late night and early morning. During the day,
They also facilitate in taking appropriate the roles are reversed. Warm air over the land
measures against drought and floods. In a way, rises, pulling cool air in from the sea to replace
weather forecast helps us in disaster it, giving a sea breeze during the afternoon
management. and evening.
* Air carries many impurities, which are not  Rain :
good for our health. The chief constituents of
When water bodies are heated during the day
the impurities are carbon dioxide, carbon
a large amount of water evaporates and goes
monoxide, oxides of sulphur and nitrogen,
into the air. The wind carries the water vapour
fluoride compounds, met als and
to various places. When this vapour reaches
hydrocarbons. These impurities are known as
a certain height, it cools and in turn changes
pollutants, which cause air pollution. Air
to tiny droplets of water or snow. An
pollution causes many diseases; therefore, we enormous collection of these tiny droplets
must maximize our effort to keep air pure for appears to us in the form of clouds. From the
our survival. clouds the water comes down to the surface
* Nitrogen reduces the activity of oxygen in air. of Earth in the form of rain or snow.
* At sea level, atmospheric pressure is Rainfall patterns are decided by the wind
approximately equal to the weight of 1 kg mass patterns.
acting on every square centimeter.
 Air Pollution:
 Wind:  Degradation of air quality and natural
Wind is the flow of air. More generally, it is atmospheric conditions constitutes air
the flow of the gases which compose an pollution. Natural sources of air pollution are
atmosphere; since wind is not only an Earth forest fires, ash from smoking volcanoes, dust
based phenomenon. The three major driving storm and decay of organic matter. Pollen
factors of large scale global winds are the grains floating in air are also a natural source.
differential heating between the equator and Man- made sources are population
the poles (difference in absorption of solar explosion, deforestation, urbanization and
energy between these climate zones), and the industrialization. Certain activities of human
rotation of the planet. Differential heating is beings release several pollutants in air, such
the motive force behind land breezes and sea as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide,
breezes (or, in the case of larger lakes, lake hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, lead,
breezes), also known as on- or off- shore arsenic, asbestos, radioactive matter, and dust.

NANCE 54
 Natural Resources
 Air pollutants can be classified into two  Acid rain refers to various ways in which
categories. These are: primary and secondary acids from the atmosphere are deposited on
air pollutants. the Earth. Acid deposition includes wet and
 Primary pollutants enter the atmosphere dry deposition. Wet deposition refers to acidic
directly from various sources. Amongst the water received through rain, fog, and snow.
primary air pollutants, most important are Dry deposition relates to the wind blown
particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), acidic gases and particles in the atmosphere
hydrocarbons (HCs), sulphur dioxide (SO2) that settle down on the ground. About half of
and nitrogen oxides (NOx). the acidity in the atmosphere is transferred to
 Secondary pollutants are formed during Earth through dry deposition. Dry deposited
chemical reactions between primary air gases and particles can also be washed from
pollutants and other atmospheric constituents, trees and other surfaces by rainfall. Nirtrogen
such as water vapour. Commonly, these oxides (NOx) and SO2 are produced during
reactions occur in the presence of sunlight. the combustion of coal (in industry) and
 Photochemical smog occurs in urban areas petroleum (in automobile). Lightning in sky
receiving large amounts of sunlight; caused by also produces NOx naturally. These gases are
photochemical (light- induced) reactions highly reactive in air. They rapidly oxidise to
among nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and acids (sulphuric or nitric), which quickly
other components of polluted air that produce dissolve in water and are washed out to the
photochemical oxidants. Photochemical smog ground as acid rain. Normally, rainwater is
is composed mainly of ozone (O 3 ), slightly acidic (pH 5.6-6.5) because water and
peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and NOx . It is CO2 combine in air to form a weak acid. The
often called brown air where solar radiation pH of acid rain is less than 5.6, and could be
is intense. In areas or seasons of lesser solar as low as 4 or below. Acid rain results in
radiation, smog formation is incomplete and discolouration and deterioration of buildings,
the air is referred to as grey air. sculptures, painted surfaces, fabrics, paper,
 Smog, ozone may damage plant as well as leather, etc. Our heritage monuments (such
animal life. In plants, the main damage occurs as Taj Mahal at Agra) are threatened by the
in leaf. Ozone aggravates lung diseases in corrosive action of acid deposition. Acid rain
humans. Ozone, an effective oxidant, adversely affects terrestrial and aquatic
corrodes the heritage building surfaces and vegetation. Low pH conditions also harm soil
damages marble statues and other cultural microbial community.
assets. Several plant species are also very  Gases that trap the heat of the sun in the
susceptible to PAN in smog. PAN damages Earth’s atmosphere, producing t he
chloroplasts and, thus, the photosynthetic greenhouse effect. The two major
efficiency and growth of plants are reduced. greenhouse gases are water vapour and
It also inhibits electron transport system and carbon dioxide (CO2). Other greenhouse
interferes with enzyme system that perform gases include methane (CH 4), ozone,
significant role in cellular metabolism. In chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrous
humans, PAN causes acute irritation of eyes. oxide (N2O).

NANCE 55
 Natural Resources
 The atmosphere cover around the Earth acts water available to us come from the rainfall
like a window glass pane. It allows most of and snow which are a part of the hydrological
the solar radiation to enter right up to the cycle.
Earth’s surface, but does not allow a In our country, the intensity of annual rainfall
significant amount of the long wave radiation varies from region to region and accordingly
emitted by the Earth to escape in space. The we have four zones
greenhouse gases normally present in the
atmosphere absorb the outgoing long- wave (i) Wet zone:- Rainfall is very high in this
region(over 200 cm)
infrared radiation. The atmosphere radiates
part of this energy back to the Earth. This (ii) Intermediate zone:- Heavy rainfall (100-
downward flux of radiation, called greenhouse 200 cm)
flux, keeps the Earth warm. Consequently, the (iii) Semi arid zone:- Annual rainfall in the zone
atmospheric greenhouse gases forming a is moderate (50 to 100 cm).
blanket over the Earth, control the escape of
(iv) Arid zone:- Annual rainfall in this zone is very
heat from the Earth’s surface to outer space
low (20-50 cm).
so as to keep it warm and hospitable. This
phenomenon is referred to as greenhouse Water that percolates into the ground through
effect. the pore spaces of the rocks is available as
ground water. The porous rocks are saturate
 Bhopal gas leakage tragedy : with water at a certain level below the surface
The leakage of poisonous gas pollution air with that is known as zone of saturation. The upper
‘methyl isocyanate’ from a gas plant with a level of the zone of saturation is called the
‘Carbile’ factory at Bhopal killed thousands water table. The water table is expressed with
of people in their sleep and disabled many reference to the mean sea level. However the
with nervous disorders. vertical distance from a place on the surface
to the water table is called water level. The
 Water : A wonder liquid water table reaches the surface in springs,
Water is essential for sustaining life. It is an permanent rivers, lakes and swamps and it is
important medium for all the life processes deeper on hilltops and in dry areas. The
and acts as universal solvent. The most unique ground water provides soil moisture for plant
feature of water is that its density is similar to growth, supplements water in streams and
that of protoplasm. Water is a prime natural lakes, and is frequently used for human
resource, basic human need and precious consumption.
national asset. We have both the surface and About 84 percent of the total global
ground water. India has rich water bodies evaporation occurs from ocean surface and
consisting of rivers, lakes, streams and ponds 16 percent from land surface. At any given
besides a long coastline. Water resources in time, the amount of moisture in the air is only
our country have been estimated to an average enough to meet a total rainfall requirement of
run off in the river system of 1,896 km3 and 10 days.
432 km3 ground water. We are dependent About 77 percent of the total rainfall on earth
on water for many purposes like drinking, is received on the sea surface (as against 84
cooking, cleaning, agriculture, transportation, percent evaporation from this segment) and
hydelpower, etc. The surface and ground 23 percent on land (16 percent share of total

NANCE 56
 Natural Resources
evaporation to the atmosphere). There is a  Water Pollution :
net gain of 7 percent rainfall water on land
surface to support plant and animal life  The water pollution may be defined as
throughout the year. “presence of foreign organic, biological,
radiological or physical substance in water that
 Why is water so necessary?
ends to lower its quality and either constitutes
Water is an inevitable part of the living a health hazard or decreases the utility of
organisms as it performs the following water”.
functions for the survival of living organisms:
 There are two types of sources of water
(i) Cellular Processes: All cellular process take
pollution: (1) Point sources (2) Non- point
place in a water medium.
sources. Point sources include factories,
(ii) Chemical Reactions: All the reactions that take power plants, underground coal mines and
place within our body and within the cells oil wells situated close to water source.They
occur between substances that are dissolved discharge pollutants directly into the water
in water. source. But, it is generally possible to treat
(iii) Transportation: Transportation of substances the pollutants before they enter the water
from one part of the body to the other always body. Non- point sources are scattered and
occurs in a dissolved form. Hence, organisms do not have any specific location for
need to maintain the level of water within their discharging pollutants into a particular water
bodies in order to stay alive. Terrestrial life body. They include run- off from fields, lawns,
forms require fresh water for this purpose as gardens, construction sites, logging areas,
their body cannot tolerate the high amounts roads and streets, etc. Non- point sources
of dissolved salts present in saline water. are difficult to monitor, regulate and treat.
Hence, we can easily say that water sources  Water pollutants are substances (impurities)
should be easily accesible for animals and such as calcium and magnesium compounds,
plants to survive on land. which get dissolved in water from natural
(iv) Household Activities: At home, we need water deposits in and around water sources.
for drinking, bathing, washing and cooking. Micro-organisms, such as protozoans and
(v) Commercial Purposes: Water is an essential other metals, detergents, domestic waste and
requirement for navigation, fishery, agriculture, radioactive wastes are also water pollutants.
industry and electricity generation.  Soil :
(vi) Universal Solvent: Due to its universal solvent  Soil forms the uppermost layer of the land.
property, it dissolves all chemical substances
in it.  Mismanagement of this resource as a result
of indiscriminate cutting of trees
(vii) Climate Control : It has a strong influence in (deforestation) has caused considerable
controlling climate. damage to the quality of soil.
The following activities related to water are  Soil is an important natural resource, which is
necessary to understand so that we may be essential for our survival as well as all other
able to know the availability and utility of life forms. It provides (i) food and fodder, (ii)
water.

NANCE 57
 Natural Resources
clothing, (iii) provides anchorage to the plants, These materials are essential for life and are
(iv) water and minerals to the plants, and water known as biogenic nutrients. These are
for various human needs, irrigation and absorbed by plants from the soil, water and
industry, and (v) home to a number of soil air. The major nutrient elements are carbon,
organisms. hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. These
elements enter the living organisms at the
 Soil is formed from parent rock material over producer level in the ecosystems and, from
millions of years by a process called the producers, they get transferred to other
weathering. trophic levels. The cyclic flow of nutrients
 Weathering occurs by (i) physical means such between non-living environment (soil, rocks,
as the sun (temperature), rain, wind, frost or air, water) and living organisms is termed as
biogeochemical cycle.
by (ii) biological means, through the action of
plants, animals and micro-organisms.
 Soil Pollution :
 Any unfavourable alteration in soil by addition
or removal of substances and factors, which
decreases soil fertility, is called soil pollution.
 Natural agents like water and wind, constantly
tend to remove the topsoil and cause erosion.
Rain falling upon the unprotected topsoil,
washes it down into the streams. Due to the
absence of plant covering, eroded soil cannot
hold water. Water rushes into the rivers and  Carbon Cycle :
overflows as flood.
In the abiotic environment, carbon is present
 Dust storm also causes soil erosion. The in four forms:
particles of topsoil are picked up in such (a) As carbon dioxide in the atmosphere or air
quantities that they form clouds of dust. (about 0.03 – 0.04%),
Human beings also cause soil erosion. The (b) As dissolved carbon dioxide or carbonic acid
growing human habitation and expansion of and bicarbonates in water or hydrosphere,
urban areas lead to removal of vegetation. (c) As fossil fules like coal, petroleum and natural
Once vegetation is removed, the naked soil gas, and
gets exposed to wind and water. (d) As carbonates and graphite in the rocks.
Carbon, a constituent of all living organisms,
 Biogeochemical cycle (Cycling of
is an integral part of all the major organic
materials) :
compounds of t he protoplasm like
Different materials and minerals not only carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acid
provide the building blocks for the living while atmosphere is the main reservoir of
substance i.e., protoplasm, but are also gaseous carbon. Oceans are the main
needed for the operation of the living system. depositors of biological carbon.

NANCE 58
 Natural Resources
The basic movement of carbon is from the of converting atmospheric nitrogen into
atmosphere. nitrates is called nitrogen fixation.
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon  Ammonification : The process of conversion
dioxide from the atmosphere to synthesise of complex organic compounds like proteins
organic compounds. These organic into ammonia (NH3) is called ammonification.
compounds enter the food chain as food and  Nitrification : The process of conversion of
reach animals in successive trophic levels. ammonia into nitrites and nitrates is called
Carbon dioxide returns to the biosphere in nitrification. Nitrification is brought about by
five ways: nitrifying bacteria in the soil.
(a) Both plants and animals release carbon (i) Ammonia is oxidised to nitrites (NO 2 ) by
dioxide to the atmosphere as a product of
respiration. the action of Nitrosomonas bacteria.
(b) By decomposition of organic wastes and dead (ii) Nitrites are further oxidised to nitrates
bodies by decomposers. (NO 3 ) by the action of Nitrobacter..
(c) By burning of fossil fuels, like wood, coal, Nitrates enter in the soil and water and are
petrol, gas, and kerosene. absorbed by the plants.
(d) By volcanic eruptions.  Denitrification: The conversion of nitrates
(e) By weathering of carbonate-containing rocks salts present in the soil and water to free
through the action of soil micro-organisms, nitrogen gas is called denitrification. Bacteria
plant roots and acid rain. called Pseudomonas bring about
denitrification.

 Nitrogen Cycle :
Nitrogen is an important component of
biologically important molecules essential to
life like amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids  Oxygen Cycle :
(DNA and RNA). Air contains about 78% Oxygen forms about 21 percent of the
of nitrogen, which exists in molecules form as atmospheric gases. It is also present in
N2. Water bodies also contain nitrogen. dissolved form in water bodies and helps in
Producers cannot absorb nitrogen in its the survival of aquatic life. Oxygen is also
elemental form. It has to be first converted present in combined forms such as carbon
into nitrates for the use of plants. The process dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). It is also

NANCE 59
 Natural Resources
present in the combined form in the Earth’s serves as a habitat for a variety of organisms
crust as the oxides of most metals and silicon. including bacteria, protozoa, other aquatic
Oxygen is also an essential component of animals and plants. It has a strong influence in
most biological molecules like proteins, regulating climate.
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and fats. Plants lose water to the atmosphere through
All living organisms, plants, animals and transpiration. Water is also released into the
decomposers, take oxygen from their atmosphere from soil, by evaporation rivers
surroundings (air or water) and utilize it for and oceans. These water vapours form cloud
respiration. which bring rain and the water is returned to
Oxygen also enters the plants as CO2 during the soil, rivers and oceans.
photosynthesis and into all the organisms From the above discussion on mineral cycling,
(including plants) as water. Oxygen is utilized we can conclude that
in decay and decomposition of dead (i) The mineral cycle through living and non-living
organisms, as also in the burning of fuels such components of the biosphere.
as wood, coal and petroleum, Here, again, (ii) The amount of various materials cycling
the by products, CO2 and H2O, are released
through the biosphere remains more or less
into the atmosphere. constant.
The green plants, in turn, utilize carbon dioxide
Unfortunately, certain human activities disrupt
and water (in the presence of sunlight and
the harmonious movement of minerals in the
chlorophyll) to prepare carbohydrates
nature, making these biogeochemical cycles
through photosynthesis, releasing oxygen as
acyclic. Activities such as the over use of
a byproduct. In fact, green plants are a major
chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in
source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
agriculture, excessive use of fossil fuels, use
of machines and vehicles with improper
combustion mechanism and mining operations
discrupt these cycles. This may also upset the
food chains operating in nature and also cause
serious environmental hazards.
Condensation
Atmospheric Clouds
moisture

Precipitation
material and respiration

Ev

(rain, snow, hail,

ap
Discharge as waste

or

sleet, etc.)
Tr

ati
a ns

on
pi
ra
tio

Water reservoir
n

(lakes, ponds,
rivers, oceans, etc.)

Consumption
 Water cycle : Animals Plants

Water is essential and a principal component Ground water

of living beings and also vital for life processes. Consumption
It forms 60 to 90% of the cell content. It Water cycle in nature

NANCE 60
 Natural Resources

1. Cholera spreads due to (a) methane

(a) food adulteration (b) humid weather (b) chloroflurocarbons
(c) water pollution (d) bacteria (c) nitrogen
(d) carbon dioxide
2. Acid rain is caused by an increase in the 8. Soil conservation is a process in which
atmosphere concentration of
(a) soil is aerated
(a) ozone and dust (b) SO2 and NO2 (b) soil erosion is allowed
(c) SO3 and CO (d) CO and CO2 (c) sterile soil is made fertile
(d) soil is protected against loss
3. Maximum deposition of DDT will occur in
9. Plants die in water -logged soil because of
(a) phytoplankton (b) crab
(a) nutrient leaching
(c) eel (d) sea gull (b) dilution of soil nutrient
(c) stoppage of root respiration
4. A lake with an inflow of domestic sewage rich
(d) dilution of cell sap
in organic waste may result in
(a) drying of the lake very soon due to algal 10. A pair of non-renewable resources is
bloom (a) coal and mineral (b) plants and coal
(b) an increased production of fish due to lot (c) water and natural gas (d) energy and water
of nutrient 11. If more trees are grown in the industrial towns:
(c) death of fish due to lack of oxygen (a) there will be rains
(d) increased population of aquatic food web (b) inhabitants will have more shades
organism (c) oxygen will be replenished
5. The term ‘biomagnification’ refer to the (d) they will provide more fuel and food
(a) growth of organism due to blood
consumption 12. Depletion of forest result in
(b) increase in population size (a) less rainfall (b) soil erosion
(c) blowing up of environmental issues by man (c) loss of fertility (d) all the above
(d) increase in the concentration of non-
13. Which one of the following is an example of
biodegradable pollutants as they pass
both organic and inorganic resources?
through food chain
(a) Metallic ferrous ores(b) Microbes
6. Which one of the following pair is (c) Soil (d) Air
mismatched?
(a) fossil fuel burning - release of CO2 14. Life supporting part of earth’s surface is
(b) nuclear power - radioactive waste known as:
(c) solar energy - greenhouse effect (a) lithosphere (b) stratosphere
(d) biomass burning - release of CO2 (c) biosphere (d) ecotone
7. Greenhouse effect is the cumulative result of 15. The most important function of Rhizobium is
the influences of certain gases. Indentify the (a) N2 assimilation (b) N2 fixation
gas which is not involved in this influence. (c) Ammonification (d) Nitrification

NANCE 61
 Natural Resources
16. Harmful UV rays of the Sun are absorbed by 26. Which substance is responsible for depletion
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Ozone of ozone layer?
(c) Oxygen (d) Helium (a) CO2 (b) CH4 (c) CFCs (d) CO
17. One of the important gases that is responsible 27. Which organism cannot fix atmosphere
for greenhouse effect is nitrogen?
(a) CO2 (b) O2 (c) N2 (d) CO (a) Rhizobium (b) Nostoc
(c) Azatobacter (d) E. coli
18. Air is a mixture of gases with the following
gas in maximum percentage 28. Which gas causes ‘greenhouse effect’ and
(a) Oxygen (b) Hydrogen leads to global warming ?
(c) Nitrogen (d) Carbon dioxide (a) Carbon monoxide
(b) Carbon disulphide
19. Biosphere includes:
(c) Carbon dioxide
(a) Hydrosphere (b) Lithosphere
(d) Oxygen
(c) Atmosphere (d) All of the above

The quality of environment can be improved 29. ‘Freeing’ of N2 gas from nitrates present in
20.
by soil and water is known as -
(a) Deforestation (a) Nitrification (b) Ammonification
(b) Overuse of natural environment (c) Denitrification (d) Nitrogen fixation
(c) Soil erosion 30. Long exposure of UV light to man can cause
(d) Soil conservation (a) Loss of air (b) Skin cancer
21. Fertility of the soil is reduced by (c) Loss of skin colour (d) Loss of vision
(a) Decaying organic matter 31. Harmful UV radiations coming from sun to
(b) Crop rotation earth are absorbed by
(c) Intensive agriculture (a) O2 (b) CO2 (c) N2 (d) Ozone
(d) None
32. What would happen, if all the oxygen present
22. Deforestation causes: in the environment is covered with ozone?
(a) Soil erosion (b) Pollution (a) We will be protected more
(c) Both of above (d) None of these (b) It will become posionous and kill living
23. The average amount of CO2 in atmosphere is forms
(a) 0.3% (b) 0.003% (c) 3.0% (d) 0.03% (c) Ozone is not stable, hence it will be toxic
(d) It will help harmful sun radiations to reach
24. The average amount of N2 in atmosphere is
earth and damage many life forms.
(a) 78% (b) 0.3%
(c) 7.8% (d) 0.03% 33. The two forms of oxygen found in the
25. The ozone layer blocks atmosphere are
(a) sunlight (a) water and ozone
(b) infrared radiations (b) water and oxygen
(c) UV radiations (c) ozone and oxygen
(d) both (b) and (c) (d) water and carbon dioxide

NANCE 62
 Natural Resources

34. The process of nitrogen fixation by bacteria 38. Which step is not involved in the carbon cycle?
does not take place in the presence of (a) Photosynthesis
(a) molecular form of hydrogen (b) Transpiration
(b) elemental form of oxygen (c) Respiration
(c) water
(d) Burning of fossil fuels
(d) elemental form of nitrogen
39. ‘Ozone hole’ means
35. The nitrogen molecules present in air can be
(a) a large sized hole in the ozone layer
converted into nitrates and nitrities by
(a) a biological process of nitrogen fixing (b) thinning of the ozone layer
bacteria present in soil (c) small holes scattered in the ozone layer
(b) a biological process of carbon factor (d) thickening of ozone in the ozone layer
present in soil
40. Ozone layer is getting depleted because of
(c) any of the industries manufacturing
nitrogenous compounds (a) excessive use of automobiles
(d) the plants used as cereal crops in field (b) excessive formation of industrial units
(c) excessive use of man-made compounds
36. One of the following processes is not a step containing both fluorine and chlorine
involved in the water cycle operating in nature (d) excessive deforestation
(a) evaporation (b) transpiration
41. Which of the following is a recently originated
(c) precipitation (d) photosynthesis
problem of environment?
37. Which of the following is not a green house (a) Ozone layer depletion
gas? (b) Green house effect
(a) Methane (b) Carbon dioxide (c) Global warming
(c) Carbon monoxide (d) Ammonia (d) All of the above

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c b d c d c c d c a
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. c d c c b b a c d d
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. c c d a b c d c c b
Q. N. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. d b c b a d d b b c
Q. N. 41
Ans. d

NANCE 63
 Improvement in food resources
Out of these sixteen elements, nine elements  Manure or organic manure :
are required by plants in relatively large Organic substances are obtained from the
quantities. These are called macronutrients. decomposition of plant and animal wastes,
Seven elements are required in comparatively which added to soil in order to increase soil
less amount. These are called micronutrients.
fertility, aeration and water holding capacity.
 Macro and micronutrients with their
sources:  Types of manure :
Source Nutrients Type (i) Farm yard manure: Consist of cattle dung,
1. Air Carbon (C), Macronutrient
farm refuse, fallen leaves and twigs.
Oxygen (O)
2. Water Hydrogen (H) Macronutrient (ii) Compost: Consist of rotten vegetable,
3. Soil (i) Nitrogen (N), sewage and sludge and animal refuse.
Ph osph or ous(P),
Potassium (K), Macronutrient (iii) Green manure: These are fast growing
Calcium (Ca), herbaceous crops which are ploughed down
Magnesium(Mg),
Sulphur (S) and mixed with the soil, while still green.
(ii) Iron (Fe), Micronutrient
Manganese(Mn),  Advantages of manure :
Boron (B),
Zinc (Zn),  Increase organic matter in soil and have low
Copper (Cu), cost.
Molybdenum(Mo),
Chlorine (Cl)
 Reduced soil erosion.
 Increase soil fertility, water holding capacity
 Differences between macro and and aeration.
micronutrients:  Improve the texture of soil.
Characteristics Macronutrients Micronutrients  Increase the number of friendly microbes.
Quantity Required in Required in
comparatively very small
large quantities. quantities (in  Disadvantages of manure :
traces).  They have low amount of nutrient.
Concentration More than Less than
1mg/gm of dry 1mg/gm of dry  Manure are bulky and not easy to be
matter of plant. matter of plant. absorbed.
Use Used in building Used in
plant body and enzymatic  Fertilizer :
different activities.
protoplasmic These are commerically manufactured
structures. inorganic salts containing one or more
Examples Nitrogen, Iron, Zinc,
Phosphorus, Manganese, essential plant nutrients like N, P, K, which
Potassium, Chlorine, are used to increase soil fertility.
Calcium, Copper, Boron,
Magnesium, etc. etc.  Advantages of fertilizers :
(ii) Manures and fertilisers :  They are nutrient specific and require in small
Manuring : Farmers have to add manure amount.
to the field to replenish the soil nutrient  They are water soluble and absorbed by
process known as manuring. the plant easily.

NANCE 65
 Improvement in food resources
 Disadvantages of fertilizers : are minimally used or not used at all. Instead,
Fertilizers can change the chemical manures, recycled from wastes and
composition of soil and cause water pollution biofertilisers are used in place of chemical
(eutrophication). fertilisers. Neem leaves or turmeric are used
as biopesticides specifically in case of stored
 Differences between manure and foodgrains.
fertilizer :
 Advantages of Organic Farming :
Manure Fertilizer (i) Natural ecosystem is not disturbed,
as organic farming is in harmony with
Organic substances obtain Artificial inorganic the natural ecosystem.
by the decomposition of salts. (ii) Soil fertility is preserved.
plant and animal waste. (iii) Harmful effects of chemicals on the
living organisms are avoided.
They are rich in organic They are rich in (iv) Pollution in air, water and soil does
nutrient not rich in (N.P.K.) nitrogen not take place.
(N.P.K.). phosphorus and (iv) Irrigation : Supply of water to crop at
potassium different intervals is called irrigation. Sources
They are not nutrient They are nutrient of irrigation:- Well, tube well, ponds, lakes,
specific specific. river, canal and dams.
They are not soluble in They are soluble in  Methods of irrigation :
water so slowly absorbed water and quickly Traditional methods-
by plants. absorbed
(i) Moat (pulley system)
They are not harmful to They are harmful to (ii) Chain pump
the environment. the environment.
(iii) Dhekli
(iv) Rahat (lever system)
They have nutrients in They have higher
 These are cheaper and less efficient
small quantity so needed amount of nutrients
methods.
in large quantity. so required in very
small quantity.  Cattle and human labour is used.

 Modern methods of irrigation :

They are bulky substances They are in (i) Sprinkler system :
so difficult to store and concentrated form  Useful for sandy soil and uneven land.
transport and easy to
 Efficient system in the canal irrigated area of
transport and
Haryana, Rajasthan, M.P.
storing.
 Spread water uniformly over plant and field.
They are prepared in field They are prepared  In this system the perpendicular pipes having
in factories. rotating nozzles on top, are joined to main
line at regular intervals.
(iii) Organic farming : (ii) Drip system:-Boon in poor water region.
Organic farming is a farming system in which  Provide water to plants drop by drop at the
chemical fertilisers, herbicides or pesticides root.

NANCE 66
 Improvement in food resources
 Water is not wasted at all. Wheat + Chickpea
 Best irrigation technique for fruit crop, garden Barley + Chickpea,
and trees.
Sorghum + Pigeonpea
 Advantages of irrigation : 2. Inter-cropping:
 Maintain the moisture of soil.  Inter-cropping is the practice of growing two
 Nutrient dissolved in water get transported or more crops simultaneously in the same
to each part of plant. field in rows.
 Disadvantages of Excessive or Untimely  Advantages :
Irrigation:
 Productivity is increased.
All crop plants require water at different
stages of their development. Plants require  It economises space and time of cultivating
the right amount of water at the right time. two or more crops.
 Excess of water (waterlogging) in the soil  It helps to maintain soil fertility.
inhibits the process of germination of the 3. Crop Rotation : The crop rotation means
seeds as the seeds do not get sufficient air growing different types of crops alternately
to respire.
(or pre-planned succession) in the same soil.
 Roots do not grow well if there is
 Crop protection management : It includes
waterlogging in the field.
eradication of pests, pathogens, weeds and
 If the crop is irrigated when fully mature, it
other organisms that is harmful to the crop
gets damaged. The plants, which are unable
to resist the strong winds, fall down affecting plants.
the yield. The falling down of the crop due
(i) Weeding:- Removal of weeds or desirable
to untimely irrigation is termed as lodging.
The excess from the field then has to be plants is called weeding.
drained of immediately. Weeds are unwanted plants which grow
(v) Cropping Patterns : along with the crop. Some of the common
1. Mixed Cropping : Mixed cropping is the weeds found in wheat and rice fields are:
practice of growing two or more crops  Amaranthus (chaulai)
simultaneously in the same field.
 Chenopodium (bathua)
 The basic objective of mixed cropping is to
achieve insurance against total crop failure  Convolvulus (hiran khuri)
under poor rainfall conditions and thereby  Wild-oat (javi)
minimising risk and monetary losses.
 Parthenium (congress grass)
 Some mixed crops grown in India :  Cyperinus rotundus (motha)
Soyabean + Pigeonpea,
Pigeonpea + Mung bean  Control of Weeds :
Cotton + Sunflower, (a) Mechanical control- It can be done by
Groundnut + Sunflower ploughing, burning and cutting of weeds
Wheat + Mustard, before they produce flower and seeds.

NANCE 67
 Improvement in food resources

(b) Chemical control- By Spraying weedicides.  By using natural insecticides: Like neem,
(c) Biological control- By living organisms to nicotine, pyrethrum, etc.
destroy weeds. Cassia plant prevents the  Biological method of pest control: In this
growth of Parthenium weed. Herbivorous method, some insects, birds or some other
fish (Carps) feed on aquatic weeds organisms are deliberately left in the affected
(Hydrilla). Cochineal insect used to remove crop fields to kill the pests selectively, e.g.,
opuntia. Australian ladybirds were left in citrus
orchards to control the scale insects in
 Advantage :
California, U.S.A.
 It does not cause pollution. (iii) Storage:- There are two types of food
 Organisms are harmless to the main crop. materials perishable and non- perishable.
Some weedicides used to control different 1. Perishable food materials:- Perishable
weeds are: food materials are those which get spoiled
 Atrazines easily when kept for sometime at room
temperature, for example, vegetables, fruits,
 2, 4-D (2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid)
fish, meat and milk.
 Deltron 2. Non- perishable food materials:- Non-
 Isoproturon perishable food materials are those which
 MCPA (2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl acetic do not get spoiled even kept for a long time
acid) at room temperature, for example, wheat
flour, food, grains, spices and sugar.
 Butachor
(ii) Insect pests and their control :  Mode of storage :
Insects which destroy or damage crop plants There are two different modes of storage:
are called insect pests. All crops are attacked dry storage and cold storage.
by insect pests.
 Dry storage :
Insect pests attack the plants in three ways:
 This method is used for storage of non-
 They cut the roots, stem and leaves. perishable food materials, Foodgrains are
 They suck the cell sap from various parts of dried in the sun to bring down the moisture
the plants. content below 14% weight to prevent the
 They bore into the stem and fruits. attack by pests. The dried foodgrains are
then weighed, packed in gunny bags and
Thus, they affect overall health of the crop
transferred to properly ventilated halls called
and reduce yield.
godowns or granaries.
 Control of insect pests : The gunny bags in the godown should be
 By using pesticides : The chemicals used kept about 60 to 70 cm away from the
to eliminate pests are called pesticides. walls and on wooden platforms about 10 to
Pesticides include insecticides (for killing 15 cm above the ground. The godown must
the insects), weedicides (for killing the be kept pests free by spraying various
weeds), rodenticides (for killing rats), pesticides from time to time.Farmers store
fungicides (for killing the fungi). foodgrains for their personal use in metal

NANCE 68
 Improvement in food resources

bins. Dried neem leaves are added in the  Precautions :

bin to prevent pest infestation.  They should be safe from moisture insect,
 Grain silor are specially designed tall rats, and microorganism.
cylindrical structures for bulk storage of  Grains are properly dried in the sun.
foodgrains. These silor can store different
 Store grains in jute bags or metallic bins.
stocks of foodgrains at different levels. The
required foodgrain can be taken out from  Store in silos, granaries and godown with
chemical treatment.
the openings provided in the silor.
 Dried neem leaves are used for storing food
 Granaries and silor should be inspected from
grains.
time to time to check for infestation of any
kind. In our country food grains are stored  Crop Variety Improvement :
in large godowns by agencies like Food Varietal improvements mean to develop
Corporation of India, State Warehousing varieties with desired character such as
Corporation, etc. higher yields, better qualities, resistance to
diseases and pests, etc. Plant breeding can
 Cold storage : be defined as a science of improving genetic
This method is used for storage of perishable make-up of plants in relation to their
food materials. These food material have economic use.
very short shelf- life so that these are usually
stored at low temperature. Icebox or  Principle :
refrigerator is used at home to store fruits, The basic principle of this approach depends
vegetables, milk, milk products, fish etc. On on finding a crop variety that can give a
commercial scale, the perishable food better yield. Varietal improvement means
materials are stored in either a deep freezer combining desirable characteristics in one
plant and then multiplying it.
or a cold storage.
The varieties of crops can be improved by
 Advantages of Food Storage : breeding for various desirable characteristics
 It prevents the food from being spoiled by such as disease resistance, response to
the action of enzymes and microorganisms. fertilizers, product quality, wider adaptability,
change in maturity duration and high yields.
 It increases the storage period of food There are two modes of incorporating
materials. desirable characters into various crop
 It helps in the availability of season fruits varieties:
and vegetables round the year. 1. Hybridization: The crossing between
 It makes the transportation of food materials genetically dissimilar plants to produce a new
easier. type of plant (hybrid) is called hybridization.
Hybridization always incorporates the desired
 It helps to maintain prices in the market.
characteristics of both parents in a newly
 It helps in maintaining buffer stock to meet developed variety. The crossing may be
any emergency in the country. either of the following three types:

NANCE 69
 Improvement in food resources
(a) Intervarietal, i.e., between different varieties  Improved quality: The varieties are
(b) Interspecific, i.e., between two different improved to enhance the desirable qualities,
species of the same genus. e.g., baking quality in wheat, protein quality
(c) Intergeneric, i.e., between different genera. in pulses, oil quality in oilseeds, better taste
The intervarietal hybridization is most quality in fruits, preserving quality in fruits
common and extensively used. and vegetables.
2. Genetic Modification: In this mode of  Biotic and abiotic resistance: Under
crop improvement, a desirable gene is natural condition, the crop plants are prone
introduced into the particular crop for the to certain biotic factors like diseases caused
development of desired characteristic. This by bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects, etc.
results in genetically modified crops. and abiotic factors like drought, salinity, water
 Improved varieties of some important logging, heat, cold, frost, etc. These biotic
crops: and abiotic stresses cause a great deal of
Commodities Crops Varieties loss of production. Varieties resistant to these
Cereals Rice IR-36, Pusa, stresses can improve crop production.
Vikas, Jaya,
Padma, IR-8,  Change in maturity duration: The shorter
Pusa-205
Sonara-64,
the duration of crop variety from its sowing
Sharbati Sonara, to harvesting the more economical is the
Pusa Lerma,
Sonalika variety. It helps the farmers in raising multiple
Wheat Kalyan Sona, rounds of crops in a year over the same
Hira Moti, Arjun
Maize Ganga 5, Ganga piece of land. This will also reduce the cost
101, Shakti, of crop production.
Vikram Ranjit,
Deccan Hybrid  Wider adaptability: Farmers should
Pulses Chickpea K 850, H 208, develop plant varieties which are insensitive
Pusa 240, Pant
114 to temperature and duration of light. This
Pigeonpea Pusa Ageti, will help in crossing the cultivation barriers
UPAS 120, Pusa
84, Manak, T21 so that crop plants can be grown throughout
Uradbean T9, Pant 430, PS
1, CO5
the year under different climate conditions in
Mungbean PS 16, S 8, T 44, different areas.
K851, Aasha
Oilseeds Groundnut MH2, IC G51, M  Desirable agronomic traits: To acheive
37, Kaushal higher productivity, varieties should have
Mustard Pusa Gold,
Kranti, Pusa desirable agronomic characteristics, e.g.,
Agani, RH 30 cereal crops should be dwarf with short
Soyabean PK 262, PK 327,
Pusa 24, Durga, maturation period, so that they consume less
Gaurav nutrients and are strong enough to withstand
Sunflower BSH 1, Modern,
Arun, Paras fast blowing winds. Fodder crops should be
tall and should have intensive branching and
 Higher yield: Higher productivity of crop high tillering.
per acre can be brought about by developing
 Easy to acclimatize: The varieties should
High Yielding Varieties (HYV) by cross-
havesssss the ability to adopt themselves to
breeding and hybridization.
new climatic conditions.

NANCE 70
 Improvement in food resources

 Animal husbandry :  Roughage :

The branch of agriculture which deals with It consists of coarse and fibrous substances
the management, breeding, feeding, weeding having low nutrient content. The animals get
and care of domestic animals is called animal roughage from hay (straw of cereals) and
husbandry. Important components of animal fodders like berseem, lucerne, maize, bajra
husbandry are as follows: and jowar.
 Proper feeding and clean drinking water.  Concentrate food :
 Clean and ventilated shelter.
Foods rich in one or more nutrients (like
 Prevention and care of animal diseases from carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and
spreading. vitamins) and low in fibres are provided by
 Proper breeding of animals.Animals that cotton seeds, oilseeds, oilcakes, and cereal
provide food for human consumption may grains like gram and bajra. In winters cattle
be listed as: are mostly fed on green fodder, mainly
(i) Dairy animals : berseem and lucerne (leguminous fodder),
They include animals that provide milk e.g. while in other seasons they are given maize,
cow, buffalo, goat, camel etc. India has the bajra, jowar and dry fodder.
largest population of milk producing animals A breed is a group of animals of common
but the total quality of milk produced by origin within a species with certain special
them used to be comparatively low as identifying characteristics.
compared to some other countries. But in Breeds are grouped under three categories:
recent years, with the efforts of National (i) Milch breeds (dairy animals): These
Dairy Development Board (NDDB) , it has include the animals which are kept for
greatly increased. obtaining milk.
Milk is a highly nutritious food. It contains (ii) Draught breeds: These animals are used
nearly all the nutrients required by us, and is in agriculture and transportation.
called as complete food. Cow’s milk contains (iii) Dual-purpose breeds: Cows yield fairly
3.6 % fat, 4% protien, 4.5 % sugar, 0.70 % good milk and the bullocks are good for
minerals and 87.20 % water. Milk is mostly draught work.
obtained from cows and buffaloes.In order
to get more milk, the cows and buffaloes  Breeds of Cows :
have been brought from other countries. (a) Indigenous breeds : The Indian breeds
They are called exotic breeds while Indian found locally are called indigenous breeds.
breeds are called indigenous breeds. Efforts Indigenous breeds of dairy are mainly of
are being made to produce better breeds of three types :
cows and buffaloes which produce more (i) Red Sindhi: This cow is medium in size
milk. and red in colour with dark and light red
Feed for dairy animals generally contains shades.
two types of substances- roughage and (ii) Sahiwal: This breed of cow is other dairy
concentrates - in the form of fodder and cows. The animal is large and of heavier
grain respectively along with a lot of water. built.

NANCE 71
 Improvement in food resources
(iii) Gir: This is the native breed of Gir forest in S.No. Causal Disease
Gujarat. This cow is medium in size and Organism
fairly good milk yielder. 1. Virus Foot and mouth
(b) Exotic breeds : The breeds that are brought disease, Pox,
Dermatitis
from outside are called exotic (foreign
2. Bacteria Rinderpest,
breeds) Anthrax
The exotic (foreign) breeds of cows that 3. Fungi Ringworm
have been used for cross-breeding are:
 Prevention of cattle diseases:
1. Jersey from USA
 The animals should be kept in spacious and
2. Brown Swiss from Switzerland
airy shelter.
3. Holstein-Friesian from Holland.
 Proper cleanliness should be maintained in
(c) Cross breeds : Cross breeds are produced cattle sheds.
by mating the bulls of the exotic breeds and
 The animals should be given regular bath
cows of the indigenous breeds or vice versa.
and groomed.
Some successful cross-breeds on these lines
 The animals should be given nutritious feed.
are:
 They should be vaccinated at regular
 Karan Swiss: It is a cross-breeds of Brown
intervals.
Swiss and Sahiwal.
 Proper disposal of wastes and isolation of
 Karan Fries: It is a cross-breeds of Holstein- sick animals is very important.
Friesian and Tharparkar.
(ii) Fish Farming :
 Frieswal: It is a cross-breed of Holstein-
The rearing and management of fish on a
Friesian and Sahiwal.
large scale is called pisciculture.
Brown Swiss × Sahiwal  Karan Swiss
The term aquaculture is used to describe
Holstein-Frissian × Sahiwal  Frieswal the culture of aquatic organisms in fresh or
marine waters. However, the culture of
 Breeds of buffaloes :
marine fish is called mariculture.
 Murrah: This is the original breed of Punjab
and Haryana. It produces about 2000 to  Blue Revolution :
2500 litres of milk during its location period Increase in the production of fish, shellfish,
with fat content upto 7 percent. prawns, crabs and shrimps through culture
 Mehsana: This is a breed of Mehsana and fishery has brought a revolution. This
Vadodra districts of Gujrat. The milk yield revolution in fish food is called Blue
given by these is about 1500 to 2500 litres Revolution.
during the lactation period. 1. Capture fishing: The fish is caught from
 Surti: It is also a breed of Gujarat and found natural water, both marine and inland.
in Vadodra and Kairi districts. The milk yield 2. Culture fishing: It is cultivating, rearing
given by them varies from 1600 to 1800 and harvesting of fish. Culture fishery is
litres during their lactation period. also called fish farming or pisciculture.

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 Improvement in food resources
 Inland Fisheries : Spawning occurs at midnight. In the next
Inland fisheries refers to the conservation morning few eggs are examined: the fertilized
and utilization of fish in the inland water eggs are crystalline, transparent and look
bodies such as ponds, flooded plains, like a pearl. They come up to surface on a
wetlands, rivers, canals, esturarne bodies, slight movement of water. The unfertilized
etc. It also includes a study of the way the eggs are opaque and whitish.
fish population interacts with each other in  Hatchlings: It is a stage immediately after
the inland water bodies exceeding 10 ha (ha hatching.
is the symbol for hectare) in water area.  Sac fry: It is newly hatched larva with yolk
 Marine Fisheries : sac.
The broad objective of marine fisheries are  Fry: Young larvae after yolk sac is absorbed
the same as that of inland fisheries, except form fry. Fry is up to 40 mm size.
that it deals with fish that live in the sea. It  Juveniles: Young ones resembling adult fish.
aims at optimizing the production and capture  Fingerlings: Young ones of large fishes,
of edible and ornamental marine fish and resembling the adult fish, but only 4-12 cm
harnessing their products. in length.
 Yearlings: Young ones that are one year
 Compositive Fish Culture System: old.
This is a very intensive fish farming system. Technique of fish-seed production by
It is also known as polyculture of fish. In induced breeding:
this system, a combination of 5 or 6 fish  Use of inducing agents: Breeding among
species is used in a single fish pond. Both the fish is synchronized by injecting them
local and imported fish species are used in with gonadotropin hormone obtained from
such systems. The species are selected in
the pituitary gland of donor fish.
such a way that they should not compete
Synthetic inducing agents : ovaprim, ovatide
for food, i.e., they should have different types
and nova.
of food habits.
 Hormone extraction: A particular fish is
 Catlas and silver carp are surface feeders,
chosen to obtain the extract. Its brain is
 Rohus feed in the middle-zone of the pond, dissected out and its pituitary gland
i.e., column feeder, (hypophysis) is taken out.
 Mrigals and common carps are bottom  Injecting hormones into healthy
feeders and brooders: The filtered material (liquid) is
 Grass carps feed on the weeds. injected into a female fish that is gravid. A
similar dose is injected into the male fish,
 What is Fish seed? which too is sexually mature.
The term “fish seed” is used to include various  Spawning: After a few hours of sluggish
developing stages of a fish, required for movement in the water, the brooders
stocking ponds for culture. This includes the discharge gametes. This is called spawning.
following:  Hatching: The pure seeds of eggs begins
 Spawn: This term is used for developing to develop into embryos and then into fish
fertilized eggs. It is 1 to 2 days long. fries.

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 Improvement in food resources

 Care of fish fries: The fish fries should be  Advantages of cross breeds:
collected gently to ensure minimum or no The cross breeds of fowls are quite
injury to the fish fries. Some times it is useful advantageous over the indigenous breeds
to add some antibiotics also so that the fish because of following reasons:
fries do not catch any infection.
 They lay more eggs (about 200 eggs annually,
 Transfer of fish fires: Fish seeds are while desi hen lay about 60 eggs per year).
transferred to the nursery pond and then to
 They yield more meat (about 2.3 kg of feed
the rearing pond. As the fish grow up to a
for 1kg meat; while desi varieties consume
stage called the fingerling, they are transferred
about 5-6 kg feed to give 1kg meat).
to the stocking pond.
 The eggs produced by cross breeds are
 Diseases of Fish: larger as compared to indigenous breeds.
Diseases in fish are caused mainly by viruses  Cross breeds consume less feed (about 2kg
and bacteria. The two well known infectious for producing a dozen eggs; while the
diseases are IPN (Infectious Pancreatic indigenous breeds consume 6kg feed for
Necrosis) and VHS (Viral Haemorrhagia producing the same number of eggs.
Septicemia).
 Egg and broiler production :
(iii) Poultry Animals
Eggs and meat are obtained from hen, duck Hens raised for egg production are called
and turkey. Over the year, the demand of layers. Egg production is one of the
eggs and meat has increased considerably. important economic aspect of poultry. Young
Hence efforts are being made to improve birds are vaccinated. Their food should be
the egg and meat production. rich in vitamins, minerals and macronutrients.
 Growers: The first phase of life of poultry They start laying eggs at the age of 5 months.
is growing period (upto sexual maturity). The average egg production period in
During this period, the chicken are called commercial layers is 500 days. When egg
growers. production becomes uneconomical, the
layers are sold for slaughtering.
 Layers: The period from sexual maturity till
the end of egg laying is called laying period Broilers are quick growing birds which are
and the chickens which are used for raised for 6-8 weeks. They attain the weight
producing eggs are called layers. of 700 g to 1.5 kg. Their food is rich in
 Broilers: Those fowls which are used for vitamin A and K.
producing meat are called broilers.
 Diseases and pests of poultry birds :
 Desi or indigeneous breeds : Poultry birds suffer from a number of
 Indigenous or desi fowls: diseases caused by virus, bacteria, fungi,
Assel, Kadaknath, Chattisgarh and Bursa. parasites as well as nutritional deficiencies.
Some common poultry diseases are:
 Exotic breeds:
White Leghorn, Rhode Island Red  Viral diseases – Ranikhet, Bird Flue
 Cross breeds or Improved breeds:  Bacteria diseases – Tuberculosis, Cholera,
Diarrhoea of chick
HH260, IBL -80, B-77 and IIS-82

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 Improvement in food resources

 Fungal disease – Aspergillosis  Levulose is the main sugar of honey.

Diseases can be controlled with better  Honey is used as a nutritive substance and
management like: in the form of medicine.
 By providing proper housing, cleanliness,  The wax obtained from beehive is called
sanitation and rich diet. Bee Wax. This wax is used in sculpturing
 By spraying disinfectants at regular intervals. and manufacturing of creams, floor polish,
boot polish and medicines.
 By timely vaccination aganist infectious
diseases.  Rearing of Bees :
(iv) Bee Keeping :  Closed, box shaped, artificial beehives are
The practice of keeping or rearing, caring used for apiculture.
and management of honey bee on a large  The artificial hives are provided with large
scale for obtaining honey and wax is called broad chamber and metallic or plastic plates
apiculture. The place where the bees are lined with wax.
raised is called apiary.  These plates provide a base for the
formation of the hive. The closed boxes
 Common species of honey bee :
bear many pores through which the worker-
(a) Indigenous variety:
bees can come in and out.
 Apis cerana indica - Indian bee
 The queen bee always remains inside the
 Apis dorsata - Rock bee hive. The drones (male) go for one nuptial
 Apis florea - Little bee flight and provide sperms to the queen which
(b) Exotic variety: are sufficient for complete life span.
Apis mellifera - Italian bee.  After this drone have no utility in the hive.
Either the drones die on their own or they
 Colony of honey bee : are expelled out of the hive, so that they are
Honey bees are social, polymorphic insects forced to die.
which live in colonies in nests or hives. The  The artificial beehives are put in such places
colony of honey bee has bees belonging to where nectar- bearing flowers are in
three castes. proximity.
 Queen bee: She is the supreme bee in a
 The flowering time of the crop is suitable
colony.
from the point of view of apiculture.
 Drones: They are smaller and stouter than
 The queen bee lays two types of eggs. The
the queen bee.
fertilized eggs can develop into worker bees
 Workers: They are the most active members
and queen bees while the unfertilized eggs
of the colony.
gives rise to drones. This process is known
 Components of Honey : as parthenogenesis.
 Honey contains glucose, fructose, sucrose  Development of worker or queen from the
sugars, mineral salts, a few other substances fertilized eggs depends upon the difference
and water. in their nutrition.

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 Improvement in food resources

 The larvae which are fed on royal jelly (c) Proteins

continuously have the capability of (d) Minerals and Vitamins
developing into queen bee. But usually there
is only one queen in one bee hive. 6. Which macronutrient is required in largest
 The first developed queen kills the rest of quantity by plants?
the developing queens. The previous queen (a) Phosphorus (b) Potassium
leaves the hive and goes elsewhere. (c) Nitrogen (d) Magnesium
 The worker bees collect nectar from the 7. Which one is not a ‘Rabi’ crop?
flowers but it is not possible to store it as
(a) Wheat (b) Barley
such.
(c) Gram (d) Maize
 The bees concentrate it and convert it into
honey and then store it into cells of the hive. 8. Identify the ‘Kharif’ crop.
 After the accumulation of honey the plates (a) Potato (b) Mustard
of the hive are removed. Honey and extra (c) Rice (d) Wheat
bee wax is separated from the plates.
9. Which one is not a micronutrient?
(a) Iron (b) Copper
(c) Manganese (d) Magnesium
1. The science of growing crop plants is called
10. Identify the macronutrient.
(a) Horticulture
(a) Copper (b) Zinc
(b) Floriculture
(c) Sulphur (d) Boron
(c) Agriculture
(d) Animal husbandary 11. The unwanted plants which grow with main
crops are called
2. The science of growing vegetables, fruits and
(a) Bogus plants (b) Herbs
ornamental plants is called
(c) Weeds (d) Grasses
(a) Floriculture (b) Horticulture
(c) Agriculture (d) Garden Culture 12. Which one is not a biofertilizer?
(a) Rhizobium (b) Azolla
3. Cereal plants like wheat, rice, maize and
barley are rich in (c) Anabaena (d) Urea
(a) Proteins (b) Carbohydrates 13. The example of ‘green manure’ is
(c) Fats (d) Minerals (a) Farm yard manure
4. Pulse crops are rich in (b) Compast
(a) Proteins (b) Fats (c) Ammonium phosphate
(d) Berseem
(c) Vitamins (d) Carbohydrates
14. Root nodules of leguminous plants contain
5. Vegetables and fruits are rich in
(a) Rhizobium (b) Anabaena
(a) Carbohydrates
(c) Azolla (d) Mycorrhiza
(b) Fats

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 Improvement in food resources

15. The enrichment of water bodies with nutrients (iii) It helps in draining out of excess of water
leading to excessive growth of phytoplankton from clayey soil.
is known as (iv) Its excessive use pollutes environment
(a) Nitrification (b) Ammonification because it is made of animal excretory
(c) Eutrophication (d) Phyto-enrichment waste.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
16. To solve the food problem of the country,
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
which among the following is necessary?
(a) Increased production and storage of food 20. Which one of the following nutrients is not
grains available in fertilizers?
(b) Easy access of people to the food again (a) Nitrogen (b) Phosphorus
(c) People should have money to purchase (c) Iron (d) Potassium
the grains
21. Preventive and control measures adopted for
(d) All the above
the storage of grains include
17. Find out the correct sentence (a) strict cleaning (b) proper disjoining
(i) Hybridization means crossing between (c) fumigation (d) all the above
genetically dissimilar plants.
(ii) Cross between two varieties is called as 22. Who is known as “Father of white revolution”
interspecific hybridization. in India?
(iii) Introducing genes of desired character into (a) Prof. M.S. Swaminathan
a plant gives genetically modified crop. (b) Dr. V. Kurien
(iv) Cross between plants of two species is (c) Mrs. Indira Gandhi
called as inter-varietal hybridisation. (d) Shri Jai Prakash Narain
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
23. ‘Murrah’ is a high milk-yielding breed of
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(a) Goat (b) Cow
18. Weeds affect the crop plants by (c) Buffalo (d) Sheep
(a) killing of plants in field before they grow
24. ‘Blue Revolution’ refers to increase in
(b) dominating the plants to grow
(a) Milk production (b) Egg production
(c) competing for various resources of crops
(c) Grain production (d) Fish production
(plants) causing low availability of
nutrients 25. Which one of the following is a local breed of
(d) all the above cow?
(a) Red Sindhi (b) Brown Swiss
19. Find out the correct sentence about manure (c) Jersey (d) Karan production
(i) Manure contains large quantities of organic
matter and small quantities of nutrients. 26. Which one of following is a fresh water fish?
(ii) It increases the water holding capacity of (a) Catla (b) Sardine
sandy soil. (c) Hilsa (d) Bombay duck

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 Improvement in food resources
27. The exotic variety of bee commonly used for (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
commercial honey production is (c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
(a) Indian bee (b) Italian bee
(c) Rock bee (d) Little bee 31. Poultry farming is undertaken to raise
following
28. Find out the wrong statement from the (i) Egg production
following
(ii) Feather production
(a) White revolution is meant for increase in (iii) Chicken production
milk production
(iv) Milk production
(b) Blue revolution is meant for increase in
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
fish production
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
(c) Increasing food production without
compromising with the environmental 32. Which one of the following species of honey
quality is called as sustainable agriculture
bee is an Italian species?
(d) None of the above (a) Apis dorsata (b) Apis florae
29. Cattle husbandry is done for the following (c) Apis cerana indica (d) Apis mellifera
purposes
33. Poultry fowl are suspectible to the following
(i) Milk Production (ii) Agricultural work pathogens
(iii) Meat production (iv) Egg production (a) Viruses (b) Bacteria
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (c) Fungi (d) All the above
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
34. Which one of the following fishes is a surface
30. Which of the following are Indian cattle? feeder?
(i) Bos indicus (ii) Bos domestica (a) Rohu (b) Mrigal
(iii) Bos bubalis (iv) Bos vulgaris (c) Common carp (d) Catla

Q. N. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. c b b a d c d c d c
Q. N. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. c d d a c d a c b c
Q. N. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. d b c d a c b d a a
Q. N. 31 32 33 34
Ans. a d a d

NANCE 78