Heat Loss and Gain Calculation

Heat Loss & Gain
Calculations
How Heat Moves in

Homes
Conduction is the transfer of heat through

solid objects, such as the ceilings, walls,
and floors of a home. Insulation (and
multiple layers of glass in windows)
reduces conduction losses. The direction
of heat flow is from hot to cold, so this
illustration shows conduction from a
warm interior to a cooler outdoors.
Conduction Heat Loss

High
Temperature
Low
Temperature

High
Temperature
Low
Temperature
As Temperature Differences Increase,

Heat Loss Increases
4

Low
Temperature
High
Temperature
Resistance

High
Temperature
Low
Temperature
As Resistance Increases, Heat Loss Decreases
How Heat Moves in

Homes
Convection is the flow of heat by currents

of air. Air currents are caused by
pressure differences, stirring fans, and
air density changes as it heats and cools.
As air becomes heated, it becomes less
dense and rises; as air cools, it becomes
more dense and sinks.
Convective Heat Loss
Convective Heat Loss - Air

Leakage
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
10

Leakage
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
As Pressure Differences Increase,

Heat Loss Increases
11

Leakage
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
As Leakage Area Decreases,

Heat Loss Decreases
12
What Causes Pressure?

Natural
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Windward
Side of House
13

Natural
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Leeward
Side of House
14

Mechanical
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Tight Supply Duct

&
No Return Duct
15

Mechanical
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Tight Supply Duct

&
Return Duct Leaks
16

Mechanical
High
Pressure
Low
Pressure
Supply Duct Leaks

&
Tight Return Ducts
17
What Causes Pressure? Stack

Effect
Higher
Pressure
Hot
Air
Rises
Lower
Pressure
18

Effect
Higher
Pressure
Hot
Air
Rises
Lower
Pressure
Effected
by
Height
and
Temperature
Gradient
19

Effect
Higher
Pressure
Hot
Air
Rises
Neutral
Pressure
Plane
Lower
Pressure
20
How Heat Moves in

Homes
Radiation is the movement of energy in
waves from warm to cooler objects
across empty spaces, such as radiant
heat traveling from the inner panes of
glass to outer panes in double-glazed
windows in winter.
21
Equations - Conduction
q = A * T
R
where
q = heat flow, Btu/hr

A = area, ft2
R = resistance, ft2-hr-F/Btu
T = temperature differential, F
Higher temperature Lower
temperature
22
Where Do You Get R?

Table of R-values for various materials
Some values are for entire thickness
Brick
Plywood
Gypsum Board
Some values are per inch of thickness

Wood (framing)
Insulation
23
How do R-values Add?
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3
R1
R3
R2
24
How do R-values Add? Example

RT for a Structurally Insulated Panel (SIP)
inch plywood
= 1.25
4 inch Rigid Foam Center = 4 per inch =
16.00
inch plywood
= 1.25
25
q = U * A * T
where

A = area, ft2
U = conductance, Btu/ft2-hr-F
26
Where does U come from?
Table values
How do they add?

1 =
1 + 1
UT
U1
U2
Commonly provided for the entire
assembly
27
U-factor
A U-factor is used to describe an area
that is composed of several
materials.
Example:
Window U-factor includes the glass,
frame, and sash.
28
Relationship Between R and

U
q = U * A * T
q = A* T
R
U * A * T = A * T
R
U * A * T = A * T
R
U=1
R
29
Air Leakage - General

Equation
q = m * Cp * T
where
m = mass flow of air, lbs/hr
Cp = specific heat of air, 0.24
Btu/lbs -F
30
Air Leakage - General

Equation
q = m * Cp * T
where does m come from?
m = mass flow of air, lbs/hr
Under normal conditions in a home:
Density of Air = 13.5 ft3 per lb
air
Cubic Feet of Air = m
13.5
31
Air Leakage For Ducts

q = 1.08 * cfm * T (ducts)
where
cfm = duct leakage rate to the outside
where does the 1.08 come from?

cfm * 0.24 * 60 min/hr = cfm * 1.08
13.5 ft/lb air
32
Air Leakage for an Entire

House
q = 0.018* ft/hr * T
where
ft/hr = air leakage rate for the entire house
Where does the 0.018 come from?
ft/hr * 0.24 = ft/hr * 0.018
13.5 ft/lb air
ft3/hr = ACHnat * Volume (ft3)

where
ACHnat = Natural Air Changes per hour
Volume = volume of the conditioned space
q = 0.018* ACHnat * Volume (ft3) * T
33
Simple Heat Flow, q,

Calculation
Assume 10x10 wall A = 100 ft2
Cavity Insulation R value = 13
T = 1 degree
q = 100 * 1 = 7.69 Btuh
13
What is missing?
34

Calculation
What about the wood framing?

2x4 R-value = 4.38 (1.25 per
inch)
35

Calculation
Typical Wood Framing
36

Calculation
Minimum Wood Framing
Approximately 10 2x4s, 10 ft long

Each stud:
1.5 inches wide
10 ft * 12 inches/ft = 120
inches long
10 studs * 1.5 in * 120 in = 1800 square
inches
1800 in2 / 144 in2 per ft2 = 12.5 ft2
37
Simple Heat Flow, q, Calculation

w/Framing
Total Area = 100 ft2 10x10 wall
Cavity Insulation R-value = 13
Framing R = 4.38
Framing Area = 12.5 ft2
Cavity Insulation Area = 100 12.5 =
87.5 ft2
T = 1 degree
38

w/Framing
qinsulation = 87.5 * 1 = 6.73 Btuh
13
qframing = 12.5 * 1 = 2.85 Btuh
4.38
qtotal = qinsulation + qframing = 6.73 + 2.85 =
9.58 Btuh
39
Calculating R when q is
Known
40
Calculating R when q is
Known
41
R-Value of the Entire Wall

w/Framing
qtotal = 9.58 Btuh/F
R = A * T = 100 * 1 =
10.44
q
9.58
TOTAL WALL R
42
R-Value of the Entire Wall

w/Framing
Another Equation to Calculate Total
Wall R
RT = _______AT________
_A1_ + _A2_
R1
R2
43

Calculation
What if there is a window in the
wall?
Window:
Size 3 ft x 5 ft = 15 ft2
U-factor = 0.40
44
Framing + Window
45

With Framing + Window
Windows Require Extra Framing Materials
4 extra studs for kings and jacks
2x12 36 inch long for the header
Approximately 7.8 ft2 of extra framing
Total framing = 12.5 + 7.8 = 20.3 ft2
46

Total Area = 100 ft2 10x10 wall
Cavity Insulation R-value = 13
Framing R-value = 4.38
Framing Area = 20.3 ft2
Window U-factor = 0.40
Window Area = 15 ft2
Cavity Insulation Area = 100 20.3 - 15 =
64.7 ft2
T = 1 degree
47

qinsulation = 64.7 * 1 = 4.98 Btuh
13
qframing = 20.3 * 1 = 4.63 Btuh
4.38
qwindow = 0.40 *15 * 1 = 6 Btuh
qtotal = 4.98 + 4.63 + 6 = 15.61
Btuh
48
R-Value of the Wall

qtotal = 15.61 Btuh/F
q = A * T
R
R = A * T = 100 * 1 =
6.41
q
15.61
49
R-Value Comparison
Cavity Insulation Only
R = 13
Cavity Insulation + Framing
R = 10.44
Cavity Insulation + Framing +
Window
R = 6.41
50
Your Turn
Total Area = 1000 ft
Ceiling
R = 38
Pull Down Stairs
Area = 15 ft
R=2
What is the R value of the total
ceiling?
51
Your Turn
Ceiling
q = (1000 15) = 25.92
38
Pull Down Stairs
q = 15 = 7.5
2
Total q = 25.92 + 7.5 = 33.42
R = _1000_ = 29.92
33.42
52
HERS Rating Software

Examples
Must know:
Areas
R / U values
Temperature Differential
Indirectly by knowing what is
on the other side of the
surface
53
Above Grade Wall Properties
54
55
56

Typical Resistances in a Wall
Gypsum
Board
Cavity Insulation
Exterior Finish
Inside Air Film
Outside Air Film
High
Temperature
Low
Temperature
57
58
Exterior Finish
59
R of Cavity Wall Section

Inside Air =
5/8 Gypsum Board
=
3 Cavity
Insulation =
Exterior Finish=
Outside Air =
Cavity Wall Section
R=
0.68
0.56
13.00
0.94
0.17
15.35
60

Typical Resistances in a Wall
Gypsum
Board
Inside Air
Film
High
Temperature
Framing
Exterior Finish
Outside Air
Film
Low
Temperature
61
R of Framing Wall Section

Inside Air =
5/8 Gypsum Board
=
3 Framing =
Exterior Finish =
Outside Air =
Framing Wall
Section R =
0.68
0.56
4.37
0.94
0.17
6.72
62
Framing Factor
63
Framing Factor
64
Your Turn - Total Wall R

Cavity Wall Section R = 15.35
Framing Wall Section R = 6.72
Framing Factor = 0.23 (23% of the wall is framing)
Remember - the objective is to calculate q correctly
65
Total Wall U
Total Wall R = 11.85

Total Wall U = 1 =
1
= 0.0843
R
11.85
68
Total Wall U
69
Total UA for a House

2006 IECC Compliance
(2006 IRC, Chapter 11, Energy
Efficiency)
Prescriptive
Overall Building UA
Annual Energy Cost
70
REM/Rate Overall Building

UA
71
REM/Rate Annual Energy

Cost
72
HVAC Design Peak Loads

Heating
What is T?
Winter Design Temperature
Lexington = 6F
Inside Temperature? Typical
68F
T = 68 6 = 62F
73

Heating
Losses (qs)
Shell (UA for House)
Infiltration (ACHnat)
Duct Loss (cfm)
Gains
?? (People are not
considered)
74

Cooling
What is T?
Summer Design Temperature
Lexington = 91F
Inside Temperature? Typical
76F
T = 91 76 = 15F
75

Cooling
Gains (qs) - Complex
Shell (UA for House)
Infiltration (ACHnat)
Losses
??
Adds Moisture
Duct Gain
Solar (Radiation - Windows)
People
76
Is T the same for all surfaces?
77

Is T the same for all surfaces?
Basement Walls to the Ground
Ceiling to the Attic
Wall to the Garage
Floor to the Crawl Space
78
REM/Rate Peak Component

Loads
0.57 ACHn
15% Duct Loss to Outside
79
HVAC Annual Loads

Heating
What is an annual T?
Heating Degree Days
65F - Average daily temperature
Add them for one year
Lexington = 4683 HDD
q = U * A * T
T = Heating Degree Days *
24
Close but More Complex

80
HVAC Annual Loads

Cooling
What is an annual T?
Cooling Degree Days
Average daily temperature 65F
Add them for one year
Lexington = 1175 CDD
More Complex Calculation

Solar Radiation
Dehumidification
81
REM/Rate Annual Component

Loads
82
HVAC Annual Consumption

Heating Equipment Efficiency
Heat Pump
Heating Season Performance Factor
(HSPF)
Btu/Watt-hr
Geothermal Heat Pump

Coefficient of Performance (COP)
Watt-hr output / Watt-hr input
Gas (Combustion)
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE)
Btu output / Btu input
83

Cooling Equipment Efficiency
Heat Pump / Air Conditioner
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio
(SEER)
Btuh/Watt
Geothermal Heat Pump

Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER)
Btuh/Watt
84

Equipment Efficiency Adjustment in
REM/Rate
Formula Created by Florida Solar Center
Cooling
Reduced for Hotter Climates
Lexington: Label SEER = 13, Reduced SEER =
12.2
Heating Heat Pump

Reduced for Cooler Climates
Lexington: Label HSPF = 7.7, Reduced HSPF = 5.7
85
REM/Rate Annual Component

Consumption
86

Heat Loss and Gain Calculation

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Heat Loss and Gain Calculation

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How do heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation) work in homes?

How do heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation) work in homes?

What factors affect heat loss through conduction?

What factors affect heat loss through conduction?

Heat Loss & Gain

How Heat Moves in

Conduction is the transfer of heat through

Conduction Heat Loss

Conduction Heat Loss

As Temperature Differences Increase,

Conduction Heat Loss

Conduction Heat Loss

As Resistance Increases, Heat Loss Decreases

Conduction Heat Loss

How Heat Moves in

Convection is the flow of heat by currents

Convective Heat Loss

Convective Heat Loss - Air

Convective Heat Loss - Air

As Pressure Differences Increase,

Convective Heat Loss - Air

As Leakage Area Decreases,

What Causes Pressure?

What Causes Pressure?

What Causes Pressure?

Tight Supply Duct

What Causes Pressure?

Tight Supply Duct

What Causes Pressure?

Supply Duct Leaks

What Causes Pressure? Stack

What Causes Pressure? Stack

What Causes Pressure? Stack

How Heat Moves in

q = heat flow, Btu/hr

Where Do You Get R?

Some values are per inch of thickness

How do R-values Add?

How do R-values Add? Example

q = heat flow, Btu/hr

How do they add?

Relationship Between R and

Air Leakage - General

Air Leakage - General

Air Leakage For Ducts

where does the 1.08 come from?

Air Leakage for an Entire

ft3/hr = ACHnat * Volume (ft3)

q = 0.018* ACHnat * Volume (ft3) * T

Simple Heat Flow, q,

Simple Heat Flow, q,

What about the wood framing?

Simple Heat Flow, q,

Simple Heat Flow, q,

Minimum Wood Framing

Approximately 10 2x4s, 10 ft long

Simple Heat Flow, q, Calculation

Simple Heat Flow, q, Calculation

R-Value of the Entire Wall