COMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES FOR

DAVR
1) Digital Automatic Voltage Regulator (DAVR) is used to Regulate the
Terminal Voltage of Generator under different loading conditions and
fault conditions as per the desired value, which is fixed by the
operator.

2) One of the Critical Equipment in a Power Station, as Generator

Electrical operating point such as Terminal voltage, Reactive Power,
Power Factor, Current depends upon DAVR.

3) Fault into DAVR can also lead to the Tripping of the unit.
Types of Excitation System

 1) Direct Excitation (Static Excitation)

 2) Indirect Excitation ( Brushless Excitation)

1) Earthing

 Body Earthing

 Zero Volt Earthing

 Screen Bus Earthing.

1) Body Earthing: This is the earthing of the equipment. This can be looped with
the other equipment and can be connected to the station earth bus.

2) Zero Volt Earthing: This is the earthing of zero volt of 24V supply, generated
inside by UN0664 module. It is necessary to earth, in order to maintain a 24 V
supply, which is used for electronic modules.

* Independent Earth Pit required.

* Resistance should be less than 0.5 ohms.
* Re-commended Cable size should be 70 sq. mm copper
cable.

3) Screen Bus Earthing: Screen Cables Earthing. It is used to reduce the

disturbance into the signal.

* Independent Earth Pit required.

* Resistance should be less than 0.5 ohms.
* Re-commended Cable size should be 70 sq. mm copper
cable.
* The Screen cables used, internal or external, should be earthed at one
end only.
2) Preparation of the Cable Schedule.

 Generator Relay Panel.

 Generator Control Panel.

 PT and CT Marshalling box.

 EHTC & ATRS.

 2.1) Cabling & Termination

 Use Colour coded cables for CT & PT, AC/DC Power Supplies,
PMG & Exciter Cables.
 Multiple cores can be used for CT Connections.
 Size of the cable should be appropriately selected.
 Power Cables & Signal Cables should be routed via separate
cable trays.
 For copper cables, use copper lugs only.
 Correct tool should be used for specific jobs.
 Screen cables to be earthed at one end only.
 2.2) Cabling & Termination……….

 Where ever possible use cross ferruling.

 Cable glands should be used for providing mechanical strength to
the cable.
 Cable Tagging should be done.
 Cable Dressing to be neatly done.
 All Power Supplies, CT, PT, PMG & Exciter cables to be meggered
before connection.
 After termination, the engineer-in charge may check for the
correctness and tightness of all the connections.
 3) Links and Jumper setting checking

 All Unitrol Modules have Hardware settings such as links, jumpers,

Dip switches. These settings has to be done properly, for proper
functioning of the module.

 If these settings are not done as test report, the module may show fail
status or may not function properly.
 4) Power Supplies Checking

 Do not switch on any power supply, without checking for proper polarity, magnitude and short
circuit.

 Scheme CE100-YS601 is for 3 phase test supply.

 GW030-YS001 is for DC Power Supply.

 GW020-YS002 is for UPS.

 All AC/DC Power circuit to be checked.

 Record should be maintain, for different voltage levels, calibrations done, if any.

 Ensure, there is no ground faults in the DC supplies.

 5) Software Parameter Verification

 Ensure software settings are correctly feed into the UN0660 for
different functions. These parameters to be entered through micro-
terminal.

 These settings are available in the test report.

 Proper working of Auto Channel, requires these settings to be

correctly entered.
6) Simulation of all Fault Conditions

 Common Alarm Stage-1 ----- Any Alarm

 Common Alarm Stage-2 ----- Protective Changeover Alarms

 Common Alarm Stage-3 ----- Tripping Alarms

6.1) Simulation of all Fault Conditions………..
6.2) Simulations of Fault Conditions……….

 Check Protective Changeover for all common Alarm Stage-2.

 Check Protection Trippings for every common Alarm stage-3

(Sheet No. EG030-YS512) .

 Ensure DAVR Common Alarm Stage-3 operates, Unit Lock out

Relay and Vice-Versa.

 Ensure, all basic functionalities.

7) Simulations of Rated Generator Voltage and Current.
 Rated Generator Voltage -----
 Rated Stator Current ------
 Generator PT Ratio ----
 Generator CT Ratio ----
 Scheme No. CE010/CE020-YS601
 7.1) Simulations of Rated Generator Voltage and Current…………….

 The Generator Voltage calibrations can be done by adjusting pots Ur, Us, Ut at the front
plate of UN0661.

 The Generator Current calibrations can be done by calibrating resistances at location

R1001, R1002 (for R-Phase), R1003, R1004 (for Y-Phase) and R1005, R1006 (for B-
Phase) in module UNC4660 (U01 / U02).

 With this calibrations, the Micro-Terminal should read Uact. and Igac as 100%.

 Check in both the channels the computation of all other signals in Micro-Terminal such
as
Active Power (P)
Reactive Power (Q)
Power Factor (Cos phi)
Load Angle (Dact.)
 8) Check all the External Wiring.

 CT & PT Marshalling Box.

 Generator Relay Panel

ULR Set / Reset
GCB NO / NC
PT Fuse Failure

 TG Panels for Speed >90% & Auto Synchroniser Raise / Lower Commands.

 Generator Control Desk for all Remote commands and Annunciations.

9) Light Load Test

 SELECT SWITCH S865/1 to position 1 in UN0663 module, LED 4 glows.

 Connect Load Across AVR output terminal eg:- bulb load, heater load or
rheostat.

 Ensure correct phase sequence of input supply connected at PMG terminals, the
magnitude of input supply should not be more than rated PMG voltage.

 Ensure Usync LED is not glowing and measure Ur, Us, Ut socket voltage at
UN0663 modules.

 Switch ON FB and Excitation from LOCAL.

 9.1) Light Load Test………

 Vary the firing angle of selected channel by using HIGHER/LOWER

push button on respective UN0663 modules.

 Tabulate the Uc, AVR output and If at shunt, micro-terminal and HMI.

 Observe the AVR output waveform using an oscilloscope.

9.2) Firing Pulse Sequences
9.3) Useful Tips in Identifying the Healthiness of all the Thyristors in
a 3-Phase Rectifier Bridge.

1 ) By Observing the Waveform of DC Output Rectified Voltage

 The waveform of the Rectified DC Output Voltage Consist of Six Conducting
Zones in a single Cycle of the Input Ac Voltage.
If any of the Thyristor is not conducting then the Output DC Voltage will have
only 4 Conducting Zones in a single Cycle of the AC input Voltage
 9.3.2) By Determining the Magnitude of the DC Output Voltage

 For a 3-Phase Thyristor Rectifier Bridge, the Output DC Voltage will be:

VDC = 1.35 x VL-L x Cos α where,

VL-L = RMS Value of Line to Line input Voltage.

α = Firing Angle

 If we know the Firing Angle, then Output DC Voltage can be verified with the
above formula, for the corresponding value of Firing Angle.

 If any one of the Thyristor is not conducting in the Bridge, the magnitude of the
DC Output voltage will be 0.66 times the value at when all the Thyristors were
conducting.
9.3.3) By Measuring the frequency of the output DC Signal.

The Frequency of the Rectified DC Output Voltage is Six Times the Frequency
of the Input AC Voltage.

Frequency (Output Voltage) = 6 x Frequency (AC Input Voltage)

Therefore by measuring the Frequency of Output Rectified Voltage by a simple

Multimeter one can get to know about the healthiness of all the Thyristors in a
single Bridge.

If any one of the Thyristor is not conducting then:

Frequency (Output Voltage) = 4 x Frequency (AC Input Voltage)

 10) Full Speed No Load Testing

 Ensure correct PMG Phase Sequence and Magnitude.

 It’s good practice to do light load test with PMG supply.

 Disconnect the load and connect exciter terminals and vary excitation as per
requirement for SCC and OCC test of Generator.

 During SCC and OCC record the reading at TBs, micro-terminal, HMI and
meters and cross check the values with GRP reading.

 Normalise the circuit, after conducting SCC and OCC Test.

 10.1) Full Speed No Load Testing………

 After normalizing the circuit, perform voltage build up in Manual Channel.

 After voltage build up, ensure the following……..
* Perform raise / lower commands in both the channels
* Follow-up by the standby channel.
* Channel Changeovers, CH.1 to Ch.2 and vice-Versa and Auto to Manual
Changeovers.
 Once every thing is through, then perform voltage build up in Auto Channels.
 Recorder settings to be kept as……
10.2) Voltage build up in Manual Mode.
10.3) Voltage build up in Auto Channel.
10.4) Voltage build up in Auto Channel when PID Parameters are not tuned properly.

Parameter V0 Vp1 Vp2 V∞ Ta Tb TEX DEX Pl+

Values 140 40 50 55 6 1.5 5 100 7.6

10.5) Step Test with un-tuned Parameter

Parameter V0 Vp1 Vp2 V∞ Ta Tb TEX DEX Pl+

Values 140 40 50 55 6 1.5 5 100 7.6
10.6) Step Test with Tuned Parameter
Parameter V0 Vp1 Vp2 V∞ Ta Tb TEX DEX Pl+
Values 150 8 8 40 1.5 0.75 5 100 8.6
10.7) Step Test with Tuned Values

Parameters V0 Vp1 Vp2 Vinf. Ta Tb TEX DEX Pl+

Values 150 5 5 25 1.5 0.3 5 100 8.5
10.8) PID Parameters

 V0 = Static Gain

 Differential Time Constant = (Vp x Tb) / Vinf.

 Integral Time Constant = (V0 x Ta) / Vp

 10.9) V/Hz Limiter Testing

 Uref = ______
 Uact = ______
 Frequency at address F8B0 =_____ Hz i.e. ____%.
 So present V/F ratio is: ________
 Turn off V/F limiter by calling address F714 and changing it from 1111 to
0000.
 Now increase excitation to Uref = ______ %
 Uact = ______ %
 So new V/F ratio is ___________
 Now call address F280 and change it from 115 % to 100 %.
 Now limiter is turned ON by calling address F714 and changing it from
0000 to 1111.
 11) Unit Synchronization.

 Ensure the computation of P, Q, Generator Voltage, Current and

Power Factor in micro-terminal is matching with the respective
computations into GRP.

 Ensure Power computation is positive in micro-terminal.

 Ensure the correctness of all the Analog signals on the HMI of

DAVR.
12) Limiters Testing

 OVER EXCITATION LIMITERS (OEL)

FIELD CURRENT LIMITER
GENERATOR CURRENT INDUCTIVE LIMITER

 UNDER EXCITATION LIMITERS (UEL)

GENERATOR CURRENT CAPACITIVE LIMITER
LOAD ANGLE LIMITER
 12.1) Field Current Limiter

 Adjust, the generator excitation in such a way, that -2% changes and +3% changes from this point, will keep
the generator operation well within the safe operating point.
 Note down all the readings from the micro terminal at this operating point, as per the table.
 Now gradually increase the excitation by 2 % and note down all the readings as per the table.
 Bring back the excitation to the initial operating point. Note down the changes in the field current. In order
to check the intervention/operation of limiter, Field current limiter reference value (F400) shall be adjusted
within the above two values recorded For example, if upon changing the excitation by 2%, the field current
changes from 60 % to 70 %, then set the field current limiter reference (F400) from initial value of 105% to
testing value of 65%.
 For changing the reference value, switch off the limiter first, by calling addresses F752 and changing it
from initial value of ‘2222’ to a new value of ‘0000’. Now call the address F400 and change its value
from 105% to desired value. And now, the limiter can be made on, by making address F752 to “2222”.
 The Excitation can now again be increased by 2 % gradually, the field current will also rise, but will be
limited by the Limiter in the mid-way. The time after which limiter operates depends upon, the running
value, limit value and the integral constant. The further increase in Uref. will not cause field current to
increase.
 With limiter in operated condition, note down all the parameters as per table.
 Reduce Uref such that Gen. comes out of limiter operation.
 For normalizing the limiter reference value, the limiter shall be made off first, then restore the factory
setting and then make the limiter on.
Integral Time Constant
 12.2) Inductive Stator Current Limiter

 Adjust, the generator excitation in such a way, that -2% changes and +4% changes from this point, will
keep the generator operation well within the safe operating point.
 Note down all the readings from the micro terminal at this operating point, as per the table.
 Now gradually increase the excitation by 3 % and note down all the readings as per the table. The
Generator operation must remain in the Inductive zone only.
 Bring back the excitation to the initial operating point. Note down the changes in the stator current. In
order to check the intervention/operation of limiter, Stator Inductive current limiter reference value (F430)
shall be adjusted within the above two values recorded For example, if upon changing the excitation by
3%, the stator current changes from 60 % to 66 %, then set the stator current limiter reference (F430)
from initial value of 105% to testing value of 63%.
 For changing the reference value, switch off the limiter first, by calling addresses F754 and changing it
from initial value of ‘2222’ to a new value of ‘0000’. Now call the address F430 and change its value from
105% to desired value. And now, the limiter can be made on, by making address F754 to “2222”.
 The Excitation can now again be increased by 3 % gradually, the stator current will also rise, but will be
limited by the Limiter in the mid-way. The time after which limiter operates depends upon, the running
value, limit value and the integral constant. The further increase in Uref. will not cause stator current to
increase.
 With limiter in operated condition, note down all the parameters as per table.
 Reduce Uref such that Generator comes out of limiter operation.
 For normalizing the limiter reference value, the limiter shall be made off first, then restore the
factory setting and then make the limiter on.
 12.3) Capacitive Stator Current Limiter

 Adjust Excitation to maintain Generator Power Factor to 0.99 Leading. Reduce the excitation to
bring the Generator PF to 0.96 Leading. This variation is subject to the grid conditions and to be
followed as per the generator loading. In the entire range of this variation, the generator operation
must remain, well within the capability curve.
 Note down all the parameters of DVR as per table. Bring back excitation to 0.99 lead. Note down
Generator stator current variation zone hence obtained from reading at 0.99 lead & 0.96 lead. Hence
to check the intervention/operation of limiter, Capacitive stator current value shall be adjusted
within this zone.
 For adjusting the limit value, switch off the limiter first, by calling address F756 and changing
it from ‘2222’ to ‘0000’. Now call the limiter reference value at F460, change its value from
105% to desired value. Then switch on the limiter by making F756 to ‘2222’.
 Gradually reduce the excitation, the stator current will start to increase (in leading side), but will be
limited by the limiter in the mid-way. Further reduction in excitation, will not cause stator current to
increase.
 Note down the parameters as per the table.
 Increase the excitation, so that the limiter becomes out of operation.
 For normalizing the limiter reference value, the limiter shall be made off first, then restore the
factory setting and then make the limiter on.
 12.4) Load Angle Limiter

 With Uref at 100%, Note down all the parameters of DVR as per following table.

 Gradually reduce Uref to 95% (Variation is subjected to grid conditions). Ensure Gen.
Goes to leading side. Now, again note down all the parameters of DVR as per
following Table.
 Bring back the Uref to 100%.
 Note down load angle variation zone hence obtained by varying Uref from 100% to
95% To check the intervention/operation of limiter, the load angle shall be adjusted
within this zone.
 
 After adjusting limiter value (F4A0) to new value, reduce Uref gradually from 100 %
to 95 %.
 Check operation / intervention of load angle limiter at set value.
 With the help of dual channel recorder record the intervention. Also check the
operation of output relay at digital output card.
 At limiter operated condition, note down all the parameters as per table.
 13) Power System Stabiliser

 A synchronous generator (or motor) working with grid is susceptible to oscillation

 The magnetic field of rotor and stator form angle called load angle.
 In steady state condition it is constant and has a value ensuring balance between
mechanical driving torque and electrical o/p torque. Enables synchronous operation
or provides synchronising torque
 If any disturbance displaces load angle the electrical torque changes and brings the
load angle for equilibrium position of machine.
 Due to inertia of the machine this can take place aperiodically in the form of more or
less damped oscillations
 To damp the oscillations damping torque is required.
 The damping torque has to be proportional to difference between actual and
synchronous speed i.e., slip.
 The damper windings provide this torque.
 PSS provides supplementary signal
 13.1) Preparation for PSS Testing

 Ensure the correctness of all the factory settings in CPU for XE-identification
(AA/AB 13) and in Auto channel CPU (AA/AB 49).
 Maintain Generator loading within 60% to 80%. Ensure that, the load remains
constant during the entire testing.
 All the limiters, must remain in service.
 Adjust the excitation within -2% to +5% and ensure that the generator operation
remains well within the safe operating range.
 Recorder settings to be kept as follows………
 13.2) Procedure for testing PSS Response

 Give a step of +/- 2% into UREF. and record all the above mentioned parameters.
This step in UREf. will bring oscillations into the Active power. If oscillations are
not observed, then the step in Uref. can be increased up to 5 %. The oscillations
in power, depends upon, how well PID parameters are tuned.

 Switch off PSS, by calling address F750 and changing it from initial value of
‘2222’ to ‘0000’.

 Perform the same step as mentioned in point ‘a’. Take the recordings. Compare
the two recordings, when PSS was in Service and when PSS was not in service.
With PSS in service, the damping of oscillations in active power should be
limited to one cycle.
PSS OFF
PSS ON
13.3) Tuning for improving the Response

 Tuning of PID Parameters is required.

 Gain for Power, C330, K1 to be increased.

 Keep the Gain for Frequency, C332 to Zero or to a very low value 0.01
or 0.02.

 Positive (POL, C334) and Negative (NOL, C336) limits to be

increased if required.
Thank You

Ritesh Kumar, Sr. Engineer

BHEL EDN Bangalore
(riteshkumar@bheledn.co.in)