This document discusses the hormone ghrelin. It was discovered in 1999 by Masayasu Kojima and colleagues after discovering the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the release of growth hormone. It binds to the GH-secretgogue receptor. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after eating, influenced by factors like food intake, glucose, lipids, and insulin. Physiologically, ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, increases appetite by acting on the hypothalamus, and increases gastric acid secretion and motility. Potential clinical applications of ghrelin are also mentioned.
1. Ghrelin is a hormone produced mainly in the stomach that stimulates appetite and food intake. It is increased during fasting and decreased after eating.
2. Ghrelin acts in the hypothalamus to increase appetite by stimulating orexigenic neurons and inhibiting anorexigenic neurons. It also decreases gastric emptying to prolong the feeling of fullness.
3. Ghrelin levels are regulated by nutritional factors like food intake, nutrients, insulin, and leptin in order to maintain energy homeostasis and body weight.
This document discusses leptin, a hormone that regulates body weight. It describes how leptin is produced in fat cells and acts in the hypothalamus to reduce appetite. Leptin resistance, where the body becomes insensitive to leptin, is a major factor in obesity. The document also outlines the physiological effects of leptin, factors that influence its expression, and potential leptin-targeting drugs for treating obesity and related conditions.
Leptin is a hormone that affects appetite and metabolic rate. It is produced by fat cells and acts on the hypothalamus in the brain. Leptin signals satiety to reduce appetite and increases energy expenditure. Studies in mice found that leptin treatment cured obesity by regulating weight, and it has been successfully used to treat rare cases of human congenital leptin deficiency and lipodystrophy where fat is improperly deposited.
This PowerPoint presentation shares vital information on leptin and exactly what comprises the foundation for the Venus Factor system. Leptin is a powerful enzyme for weight loss and because of this, proper leptin resistance management has provided great success to women wanting to burn fat.
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Gastrointestinal hormones are secreted in the GI tract to facilitate digestion. The major classifications include gastrin family hormones like gastrin and CCK, secretin family like secretin, and others like ghrelin. Gastrin increases stomach acid and motility. Histamine also increases stomach acid production when stimulated by gastrin. Secretin regulates bicarbonate and pancreas secretions. Hormone release is controlled through neural and endocrine pathways involving feedback loops between the stomach, pancreas, and duodenum.
The gastrointestinal endocrine system regulates digestion through hormone secretion. It contains endocrine cells that secrete hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and ghrelin to regulate processes like nutrient absorption, gut motility, and blood flow. These hormones are released in response to factors like food intake, pH levels, and distension. They target organs like the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and hypothalamus to coordinate the digestive response. The gastrointestinal endocrine system plays an important regulatory role in fish as well through hormones that influence growth, metabolism, food intake and endocrine balance.
This document summarizes gastrointestinal secretions from several organs. The pancreas secretes enzymes like lipase, amylase and proteases to digest fat, carbohydrates and proteins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver which contains bile salts that emulsify fats to aid digestion. The small intestine produces mucus, enzymes to further break down nutrients, and bicarbonate to neutralize acid. The large intestine secretes mucus and bicarbonate to protect its walls. Hormones like CCK and secretin regulate secretions from the pancreas and bile ducts.
The document discusses several hormones secreted by the small intestine that regulate gastrointestinal function. It describes:
1) Cholecystokinin (CCK), secreted by the duodenum, which stimulates gallbladder contraction and release of pancreatic enzymes.
2) Secretin, also secreted by the duodenum, which increases bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acid and inhibits gastric acid production.
3) Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) which is secreted by the duodenum and inhibits gastric emptying and acid secretion.
The small intestine has four layers and is divided into three regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Its interior walls contain circular folds, villi, and microvilli that greatly increase its surface area for nutrient absorption. The small intestine secretes enzymes like enterokinase in the duodenum as well as hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin from endocrine cells in response to food constituents. These secretions aid in digestion and regulate secretions from other organs to maximize nutrient absorption in the small intestine.
Gastric secretion and its regulation involves many hormones. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion from parietal cells. Cholecystokinin stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. Secretin increases pancreatic bicarbonate and bile secretion. Somatostatin broadly inhibits gastric acid, pancreatic enzyme and bile secretion. VIP increases intestinal secretion and blood flow. GIP and motilin regulate gastric emptying and intestinal motility.
1) Leptin is a hormone produced mainly by adipose tissue that plays a key role in regulating appetite and energy expenditure.
2) It acts in the hypothalamus by binding to leptin receptors and stimulating anorexigenic peptides while inhibiting hunger signals like neuropeptide Y.
3) Mutations that cause leptin deficiency or leptin receptor deficiency result in obesity that can be treated with replacement of leptin or combined leptin and amylin therapy, demonstrating the important role of leptin in regulating body weight.
The document discusses pancreatic secretions and their regulation. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and proteases in inactive forms. Trypsinogen is activated to trypsin in the small intestine by enterokinase. Pancreatic secretions are regulated by vagus nerves, cholecystokinin (CCK), and secretin. CCK stimulates enzyme secretion while secretin stimulates bicarbonate secretion. Bile is also discussed, including its role in fat digestion, composition, and enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Secretions of the small intestine, including enzymes on the brush border, are also summarized briefly.
This document summarizes several gastrointestinal hormones:
- Gastrin is produced by the pyloric mucosa and stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by the stomach.
- Cholecystokinin is formed in the small intestine and stimulates pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate as well as bile and intestinal juices.
- Secretin is a peptide hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice.
This document discusses cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone secreted by enteroendocrine I cells in the duodenum and jejunum. CCK modulates digestive system activity and is released into the bloodstream rather than the gastrointestinal lumen. It stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and gallbladder contraction. The presence of partially digested fats and proteins in the duodenum is the most potent stimulus for CCK secretion.