Neutron stars and white dwarfs
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Neutron stars are extremely dense collapsed stars sometimes left behind after a supernova explosion. They are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse, compressing the protons and electrons into neutrons. Neutron stars have a diameter of only 20 kilometers but contain 1.5 times the mass of the Sun concentrated into that small, dense space. White dwarfs are stellar remnants composed mainly of electron-degenerate matter. They have a mass comparable to the Sun's but contained within a volume comparable to Earth's. In the future, as the Sun dies it will expand into a red giant, engulfing the inner planets, before collapsing into a hot, dense white dwarf.
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NEUTRON STARS AND WHITE DWARFS
NEUTRON STARS AND WHITE DWARFS
White dwarfs are the burned-out cores of stars that have collapsed into an extremely dense state with no empty space between atoms. They have a mass similar to the sun's but are very small, around the size of Earth. Neutron stars are created during supernova explosions from the central core of a star that collapsed under gravity. They are an extremely compact ball of neutrons that are very hot, small, dense, and have masses higher than the sun's. Both white dwarfs and neutron stars achieve extreme density through electron or quantum degeneracy pressure preventing further gravitational collapse.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR!
THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR!
All stars begin as clouds of dust and gas called nebulae. When gravity causes the nebula to collapse, a protostar forms at the center. The protostar grows in size and temperature through nuclear fusion reactions until it becomes a stable main sequence star. Small stars like our Sun will eventually expand into red giants and shed their outer layers, leaving behind dense white dwarf cores. Larger stars may explode as supernovae, collapsing into neutron stars or black holes. The life cycle of a star depends on its initial mass, with smaller stars ending as white dwarfs and more massive stars ending as black holes or neutron stars.
startuplife cycle of stardeath of star
life cycle of a star
life cycle of a star
The life cycle of stars depends on their mass. Lower mass stars like our Sun will eventually become red giants then white dwarfs. Higher mass stars live shorter lives and end as supernovas, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes. All stars begin as nebulae of dust and gas that collapse under gravity into protostars and main sequence stars fueled by nuclear fusion.
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White dwarfs are the burned-out cores of stars that have collapsed into an extremely dense state with no empty space between atoms. They have a mass similar to the sun's but are very small, around the size of Earth. Neutron stars are created during supernova explosions from the central core of a star that collapsed under gravity. They are an extremely compact ball of neutrons that are very hot, small, dense, and have masses higher than the sun's. Both white dwarfs and neutron stars achieve extreme density through electron or quantum degeneracy pressure preventing further gravitational collapse.
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Polyester was first produced in England in the early 1930s under the name Terylene. In 1946, DuPont acquired the license to produce polyester in the US under the name Dacron. Lycra was invented in 1959 by chemist Joseph Shivers and patented by DuPont, who named it Lycra. It provides elasticity and quality in fabrics. Nylon was discovered by Wallace Hume Carothers in 1935 and first produced by DuPont in 1938. Rayon was the first manufactured fiber and is made from a natural polymer; its properties remained unchanged until high tenacity rayon was developed in the 1940s.
The Plastics - Polystryrene Polyurethane Polyethylene -
This document provides information on three common plastic polymers: polystyrene, polyurethane, and polyethylene. It discusses their origins and histories, properties, and applications. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 and is a hard, brittle plastic used widely in packaging foams. Polyurethane was developed as a rubber replacement during WWII and has applications as coatings, adhesives, and flexible foams for insulation. Polyethylene was accidentally discovered in 1898 and is used today in products like bags, bottles, and pipes due to its moisture resistance and strength.
Composites
Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials that are combined to produce unique properties. Concrete is a common composite made of cement (binder) and gravel (reinforcement), and rebar can be added to make it stronger. Plastics composites are made of synthetic polymers like hydrocarbons and alcohols. Dental composites are synthetic resins used as restorative materials and adhesives in dentistry. Polymer composites use long chains of bonded molecules called polymers, commonly known as plastics or resins. The earliest uses of composites date back to 1500 BC by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians who used mud and straw mixtures for building. Later, Mong
Nanotechnology, smart textiles, carbon nanotubes and nanoflakes.
This document discusses several topics related to nanotechnology:
- Carbon nanotubes are hexagonal networks of carbon that are just nanometers in size and have extraordinary mechanical and thermal properties. They were first discovered in 1991 and have applications in electronics.
- Smart textiles are fabrics that can function electrically through embedded computing and digital components. They originated in the 1990s for military use and now have applications in healthcare like monitoring vital signs.
- Nanoflakes are a new material discovered by Martin Aagesen that form a perfect crystalline structure allowing absorption of all light, making them promising for highly efficient solar cells. Their use could significantly reduce the cost of solar energy production.
PVC plastics
PVC is a polymer derived from sodium chloride and oil or natural gas. It is a white, odorless powder that is light, non-flammable, and resistant to chemicals and compression. PVC can be recycled and has many applications, as it does not degrade in water and has a long service life. Common uses of PVC include wire and pipe insulation, construction materials, toys, automotive parts, medical devices, and more.
Metacrilato y polipropileno
Este documento describe el metacrilato y el polipropileno, dos plásticos sintéticos. El metacrilato fue desarrollado en 1928 como un sustituto del vidrio que es más ligero y resistente a los golpes. Se usa comúnmente en ventanas, vitrinas y letreros. El polipropileno fue descubierto en 1954 y se ha utilizado ampliamente en la industria desde la década de 1950 debido a su resistencia química y mecánica. Ambos plásticos tienen muchas aplicaciones como materiales de
Coltan
Coltan is a black metallic ore that is mined primarily in the Congo. It was discovered by a pygmy man who used the stone to sharpen weapons. When refined, coltan becomes a heat-resistant powder that can hold a high electrical charge, making it useful for tantalum capacitors found in many electronic devices as well as high-temperature alloys for turbines. While controversial to exploit due to mining practices, coltan can be recycled and reused through proper waste management and smelting techniques.
Polystyrene
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from styrene monomer. It can be rigid or foamed, and general polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. Polystyrene was discovered in 1839 by Eduard Simon and has a variety of applications including packaging, insulation and construction. While polystyrene has good thermal and electrical insulation properties, it is not widely recycled due to its non-biodegradable nature which poses environmental challenges.
Cmc
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are now made from petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, making them useful for applications in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other industries where lightweight strength is important.
CARBON FIBRE, GLASS FIBRE AND OPTICAL FIBRE
Carbon fibers are composed of carbon atoms bonded together in sheets, similar to graphite. They were first created in 1958 and are made by heating rayon or petroleum pitch. Carbon fibers have high strength and stiffness but low density, and are used in aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, and other applications.
The plastics - Polyethylene
Polyethylene was first synthesized in 1898 by German chemist Hans von Pechmann by accident while heating diazomethane. In 1933, Reginald Gibson and Eric Fawcett at ICI Laboratories synthesized polyethylene as it is known today. Polyethylene has several characteristics including being an excellent electrical insulator, transparent or opaque, resistant to low temperatures, hygienic and safe, inert to chemical attack, an excellent moisture barrier, and economic. Polyethylene has many uses such as bags, coating ditches, food and industrial packaging, disposable nappies, serum bags, containers, pipes, bottles, and irrigation pipes. Polyethylene is recyclable and can be melted and transformed into new products like
Aluminium, titanium, biochips and biosensors
This document summarizes information about aluminium, titanium, biochips, and biosensors. It describes aluminium and titanium as lightweight metals that are abundant in nature. Aluminium is a silvery white metal commonly used in transportation, construction, and packaging. Titanium is stronger than steel and highly corrosion resistant, making it useful in aerospace applications and implants. The document also notes that biochips can perform many biochemical reactions simultaneously for screening and detection, while biosensors combine biological and physical elements to detect analytes.
Aluminium. Titanium. Biochips. Biosensors
Aluminum and titanium are described along with their properties and common uses. Aluminum is a light, silvery metal that is abundant in nature and commonly used in electricity, transportation, construction and packaging. It can be recycled infinitely without loss of properties. Titanium is also described with its discovery, properties as a transition metal, and common uses in alloys, aerospace, surgery and other industries. Biochips and biosensors are also summarized, with biochips enabling simultaneous biochemical reactions for screening and detection, while biosensors combine a biological component with a transducer and detector for analytical purposes.
ACERO Y ACERO INOXIDABLE, Natalia M. Carmen G.
The document discusses steel and stainless steel. It defines steel as an alloy of iron with carbon as the primary alloying element. Steel was first produced around 4,000 years ago and is strong, resistant to corrosion, and 100% recyclable. Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel that does not rust or stain easily. It was discovered in 1913 and is used widely in cookware, buildings, transportation and industrial equipment due to its corrosion resistance, strength and recyclability. Both steel and stainless steel can be recycled repeatedly without loss of quality, saving resources and reducing environmental impact with each recycling.
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber and neoprene rubber
This document discusses three types of rubber: natural rubber, synthetic rubber, and neoprene rubber. Natural rubber comes from latex and trees, was used by ancient civilizations, and is used today mainly for tires and hoses. Synthetic rubber is made from petroleum, was invented in 1909 as a cheaper alternative to natural rubber, and accounts for two-thirds of rubber production today. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber made from chloroprene polymerization that is chemically stable over a wide temperature range and used for products like wetsuits and boots.
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Title: Relational Database Management System Concepts(RDBMS)
Description:
Welcome to the comprehensive guide on Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) concepts, tailored for final year B.Sc. Computer Science students affiliated with Alagappa University. This document covers fundamental principles and advanced topics in RDBMS, offering a structured approach to understanding databases in the context of modern computing. PDF content is prepared from the text book Learn Oracle 8I by JOSE A RAMALHO.
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Disclaimer:
This document is intended for educational purposes only. The content presented here reflects the author’s understanding in the field of RDBMS as of 2024.
Feedback and Contact Information:
Your feedback is valuable! For any queries or suggestions, please contact muruganjit@agacollege.in
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- 2. Neutron Stars • What is a neutron stars? Are extremely dense collapsed stars sometimes left behind after a core –collapse supernova explosion. • When is a neutron stars created? Neutron stars are created when giant stars die in supernovas and their cores collapse, with the protons and electrons essentially melting into each other to form neutrons.
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