DAMS
Types of dams
Selection of dam sites
Geological characters for investigation
Selection of the dam type
Gravity dams
butress dams
embankment dams
arch dams
cupola dams
composite dams
Bhakra Dam
Mir Alam multi-arch dam
Idukki Dam
Tehri Dam
Ujani Dam or bhima dam
- The document provides information about tunnels and tunneling, including background on some of the earliest tunnels constructed by ancient Egyptians and Babylonians.
- Tunnels can be classified based on their purpose, geological location/condition, and cross-sectional shape. Examples of different tunnel types and shapes are given.
- Key geological conditions that influence tunnel planning and construction are discussed, including rock properties, groundwater conditions, and fault zones. The importance of site investigations is emphasized.
- Methods of tunnel construction in soft ground, dealing with water and gases in tunnels, and controlling temperature are outlined. Excavation methods like cut-and-cover, sequential excavation (drill-and-blast), and tunnel boring
This document discusses various methods of tunneling in soft soil, including timbering methods like the fore-poling method and needle beam method, as well as other methods like the shield method and compressed air method. It provides details on the sequence of operations and characteristics of different tunneling methods based on the type of soft soil present, including challenges around maintaining air pressure for compressed air tunneling.
The document discusses the physical properties of rocks and soils that are important for civil engineering projects. It describes measuring properties like unit weight, density, porosity, strength, and permeability. It then discusses specific gravity determination and how porosity is measured. Various stress types on rocks, including compressive and tensile strength, are defined. Methods for determining rock properties like point load index and Schmidt hammer rebound number are presented. The document also covers rock mass classification systems and significance of faults and folds for engineering projects, as well as weathering and alteration of rocks.
The document discusses different methods of tunneling in soft ground and hard rock. It describes various types of soft ground and factors that affect the choice of tunneling method. Methods for soft ground include those using timber supports as well as shield, compressed air, and linear plate methods. For hard rock, common techniques are the full face, heading and bench, and drift methods. Sequence of operations are provided for different soft ground and hard rock tunneling approaches.
Engineering geology is the application of the science of geology to the technology of ground engineering. The subject requires a comprehensive knowledge of geology, as well as an understanding of engineering properties and behaviour of the geological materials. The practice involves site investigation and site characterization specific to the needs of the engineering project. The geotechnical engineer plays a key role in most civil engineering projects as most structures are built on or in the ground. Geotechnical engineers assess the properties and behaviour of soil and rock formations.
Importance of geological considerations while choosing tunnel sites and align...Buddharatna godboley
This document discusses the importance of geological considerations when selecting sites and alignments for tunnels. It notes that geological investigations are essential for choosing the best route, determining the excavation method, designing the tunnel, assessing costs and stability, and evaluating environmental hazards. The document provides details on how different rock types and geological structures like folding and faulting can impact tunnel construction and design. It emphasizes that understanding the area's geology is crucial for planning tunnels and minimizing risks.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology part 1Jyoti Khatiwada
Rock mass classification systems are used to characterize rock masses for engineering design and stability analysis. The key systems discussed include the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, Q-system, Slope Mass Rating (SMR), and the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) classification. These systems aim to identify significant rock mass parameters, divide rock masses into classes of similar quality, and provide guidelines for design and communication between engineers and geologists. The advantages and limitations of each system are reviewed.
The document discusses different types of dams, including earthen dams, gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams. It explains the typical structure of a dam, including components like the heel, toe, abutments, galleries, spillway, and sluice way. The document also covers preliminary investigations, factors influencing site selection, purposes of dams, and potential causes of dam failure.
Rock mass is a matrix consisting of rock material and discontinuities such as joints and fractures. It is a heterogeneous, discontinuous material that is challenging to characterize and model for engineering purposes. Various rock mass classification systems have been developed to relate site investigation data to parameters relevant for design, such as excavation stability and support requirements. These include systems based on the Rock Quality Designation (RQD), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Q-value, Geological Strength Index (GSI), and others. The classifications involve assessing properties of the intact rock and discontinuities to categorize the rock mass into classes that correlate to expected engineering behavior.
This document provides an overview of various groundwater exploration methods, including surface and subsurface techniques. Surface methods involve minimal facilities and include geomorphological analysis of landforms, geological and structural mapping, soil and vegetation analysis, remote sensing, and surface geophysical methods like electrical resistivity and seismic surveys. Subsurface methods like borehole logging and test drilling provide direct observations but are more expensive. Together, a multi-method approach can be used to explore groundwater resources and locate potential zones for development.
This document provides information about dams and reservoirs. It discusses how dams are constructed across rivers to store water in reservoirs. It describes the different types of dams including gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, earth fill dams, and rock fill dams. Key factors in selecting a dam site include the geology of the location, with competent bedrock and an absence of faults or weak zones being important. Dams must also be designed based on the orientation and dip of the underlying rock strata. Extensive exploratory investigations are required at potential dam sites to understand the subsurface geology and suitability for construction.
This document discusses various geological processes and landforms resulting from physical geology. It covers the geological work of rivers including erosion, transportation, deposition and various fluvial landforms. It also discusses the geological work of other agents like wind, groundwater and oceans. Rivers can erode, transport and deposit sediment, forming features like drainage patterns, valleys, waterfalls and terraces over long periods of time. Wind erosion can form dunes and loess deposits, while groundwater can dissolve rock to form sinkholes, caves and valleys. Oceans also erode, transport and deposit material along coastlines.
Dams are structures built across rivers to store water for uses like irrigation, power, and flood control. They are classified by structure and material, including arch dams, gravity dams, embankment dams, and more. Dams generate hydroelectric power by using the force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines and generators. While hydro provides renewable energy, large dams can damage ecosystems and require relocating local populations.
There are four main types of slope failures: plane, wedge, toppling, and rotational. Plane failures occur along planar discontinuities like bedding planes or joints. Wedge failures form when two discontinuity sets intersect perpendicularly to the slope. Toppling failures involve the forward rotation of rock columns about a fixed point. Rotational failures involve movement along a curved failure surface within the soil. Each failure type has specific structural conditions required, such as the dip direction and angle of discontinuities compared to the slope face.
Various field of civil engineering concerned with geology,
Summery of applications,
FAQ’s,
Suggested Readings,
Standard References for Indian Students,Geology in Civil Engineering ,Geo technical Investigation, Site Selection, Geology in Mega projects, Geology in Ground water, Geology in Hydrology, Geology in Foundation of Structures, Geology- References, Geology for Construction Engineering
The document discusses several failure criteria for rocks, including:
1) The Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which defines shear strength as a function of cohesion and friction angle.
2) The Hoek-Brown criterion, which models the non-linear relationship between principal stresses and incorporates rock mass quality.
3) The Griffith failure criterion, which postulates that stress concentrations at flaws like cracks cause propagation and failure.
It also briefly mentions the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and that empirical criteria tailored to a specific rock type may provide the most precise failure prediction.
This document discusses geological considerations for successful tunneling. It describes how the rock type, geological structures, and groundwater conditions can impact tunnel construction. Competent rocks like massive igneous rocks allow safe but slow tunneling without lining, while incompetent or fractured rocks require support. Folded or jointed rocks, fault zones, and water-bearing formations present challenges. Proper site investigation is needed to evaluate the geology and plan appropriate excavation and support methods.
There are several types of slope failures that can occur in open pit mines. Plane failures occur along a planar discontinuity when the dip of the discontinuity is less than the slope angle. Wedge failures result from the intersection of two discontinuity sets dipping out of the slope. Circular failures have a curved failure surface and generally occur in weak soils or rocks. Toppling failures involve the overturning of rock columns formed by steeply dipping discontinuities. Slope stability is influenced by factors that increase shear stress, like excavation, or decrease shear strength, such as weathering. Accurately predicting slope failures is important for safety in open pit mining.
1. Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation.
2. The key forces acting on a gravity dam include its self-weight, which provides stability, and water pressure from the reservoir, which acts to overturn the dam. Uplift, earthquake loads, silt pressure, and ice pressure are other important forces that must be estimated based on assumptions and available data.
3. The weight of the dam per unit length is calculated based on the cross-sectional area and unit weight of the concrete or masonry used. The total weight acts at the centroid of the cross-section and is the main stabil
The document discusses the geological action of rivers and their role in shaping landscapes. It describes how river systems erode, transport, and deposit sediment through various processes like meandering, delta formation, and flooding. Key landforms created by rivers include valleys, floodplains, terraces, and alluvial fans. The document also explains how urbanization has impacted river flow and sediment transport.
Dams are solid barriers constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The main types of dams are gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earth dams. Gravity dams are massive concrete structures where the weight forces are transmitted straight down. Buttress dams are reinforced gravity dams with structural supports. Arch dams are curved upstream to transmit water forces to the valley walls. Earth dams are broad, trapezoidal structures built of compacted earth and rock when foundations cannot support heavier dam types.
This contains methods of exploration in rock. How the rock samplers are taken. Quality of rock samples and its reporting. Along with the laboratory tests conducting on these rock samples.
Pakistan can be divided into three main hydrological units: the Indus basin, the Karan desert, and the arid Makran coast. There are 24 rivers in Pakistan, with the largest being the Indus River. Dams are constructed across rivers to control water flow for purposes like irrigation, hydroelectric power, and flood control. Some of Pakistan's major dams include Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River, Tarbela Dam on the Indus River, and Warsak Dam on the Kabul River.
This document discusses dam construction, including the types of dams, factors considered in site investigations, construction processes, and key elements. It describes the main types of dams as earth, rock, concrete, and their subclasses. Investigation factors include geology, hydrology, materials availability, and environmental impacts. Construction involves river diversion, placement of impervious cores and drainage layers, grouting, and addition of spillways and monitoring systems. Concrete dams are built using solid gravity, arch, buttress, or prestressed concrete designs suited to site conditions.
This document discusses different types of dams and provides examples of famous dams in India. It defines a dam as a structure built across a river to store water for various purposes. The main purposes of dams are to store water, enable irrigation, control floods and droughts, generate hydropower, enable navigation, and develop fisheries. The document describes the typical structure of a dam and categorizes dams into four main types - gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earth dams - explaining the defining characteristics of each type. It provides details on the Bhakra Dam in Himachal Pradesh as an example of a gravity dam and lists some other famous dams across India such as the Tehri Dam, Hirakud
Reservoirs are artificial lakes or dams used to store water. They are created through dam construction in river valleys or excavation. Reservoirs store water for uses like irrigation, drinking water, hydroelectric power, and flood control. The storage capacity and zones of a reservoir, including dead storage, conservation, and flood control zones, determine how much water can be supplied over time periods ranging from daily to yearly. Hydrological investigations study runoff patterns and flood risks to inform reservoir planning and design.
Reservoirs are created by retaining excess water from periods of high flow to be used during low flow periods. Their purposes include irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply. Planning a reservoir involves engineering surveys to determine storage capacity and area, geological investigations to evaluate the foundation and basin, and hydrological investigations to study runoff patterns and floods. Key considerations in reservoir site selection include suitable dam location, minimum submerged land, avoiding high sediment rivers, and maximizing storage capacity. Reservoirs have zones like normal pool level, minimum pool level, and maximum pool level. Yield depends on inflow and storage changes. Mass and demand curves help determine required reservoir capacity and safe yield.
Petroleum reservoirs are classified as either oil or gas reservoirs based on reservoir temperature relative to critical temperature. Within these broad classifications, reservoirs can be further classified. Oil reservoirs have temperature below critical temperature, while gas reservoirs have temperature above critical. Specific gas reservoir classifications include retrograde, near-critical, wet and dry based on phase behavior and GOR. Retrograde reservoirs have unique condensation behavior on pressure depletion. Classification is important for understanding reservoir fluid properties, production behavior, and development approach.
The document discusses water supply systems including water transmission and distribution. It describes the key components and design considerations for extracting, treating, storing, pumping and conveying water from its source through treatment, transmission, storage, and distribution to end users. The transmission system conveys treated or untreated water from sources to the distribution system through treatment plants and storage reservoirs using pipelines, tunnels, canals or aqueducts. The distribution system then supplies adequate water at sufficient pressure to individual consumers through a pipe network with valves and service connections.
This document discusses different types of dams including rock fill dams, gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and beaver dams. It provides details on the construction and design of rock fill dams, including that they are built of large rock fragments and boulders with an impervious core or zone. The document also compares the key differences between rock fill dams and earth fill dams. Finally, it discusses the classification of earth fill dams based on construction method and soil characteristics.
The document discusses the design and construction of concrete gravity dams. It begins with an introduction of dams and their purposes, then discusses site selection factors, design considerations, foundation investigations, construction procedures, and challenges in construction. The key points are that concrete gravity dams are designed so their own weight resists external forces, and their construction involves dewatering the river, building a cofferdam, removing loose materials, and placing concrete in lifts while controlling the temperature to prevent cracking.
There are several types of dams classified based on size, structure, and materials. Dams are classified as large or small based on height and storage capacity. Structurally, dams include gravity dams, arch dams, arch-gravity dams, buttress dams, barrages, and embankment dams such as earthfill and rockfill dams. Earthfill dams are further divided into homogeneous, zoned, rolled fill, and hydraulic fill dams. Dams serve various purposes like water supply, flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power and recreation. However, dams can also negatively impact the environment by disrupting natural water flows and fish migration.
The document discusses dams, including their purposes, types, and factors to consider for site selection and investigation. It provides information on different types of dams including earth, rock, concrete, gravity, arch, buttress, and composite dams. Key factors for dam site selection and investigation include geological conditions, hydrology, availability of construction materials, and environmental impacts. Detailed geological investigations are necessary to evaluate the foundation stability, water tightness of the reservoir, and availability of local construction materials.
The document discusses dams, including their purposes, types, and factors considered in site selection and design. It provides information on different types of dams such as earth, rock, concrete, gravity, arch, buttress, and composite dams. Key factors for dam site investigation are described, including geological conditions, hydrology, material availability, and how the type of dam is selected based on these factors.
This document provides information about preliminary selection of dams for a class project. It includes the student's name and details, along with an introduction that defines a dam and lists their objectives. It then discusses different types of dams including earth, rock, concrete, gravity, arch, buttress, embankment, and composite dams. Key factors for investigating potential dam sites are outlined, including geology, hydrology, availability of construction materials, and reservoir characteristics. The roles of geological studies in assessing foundation stability, water tightness, and material availability are summarized. Different dam designs are suited to varying geological and site conditions.
This document discusses factors to consider for dam site selection and investigation. The key factors include:
1. Geological conditions of the proposed site, including rock type, structure, strength, porosity, and permeability, which can impact dam stability and water tightness.
2. Hydrological factors like stream flow, rainfall, and reservoir characteristics, which determine water availability and storage.
3. Access and availability of construction materials. Suitable rock or earth is needed for building the dam.
4. Environmental impacts must also be considered, such as effects on ecology, water quality, and local communities. A thorough investigation of all relevant geological, hydrological and environmental factors is needed to select the optimal dam site.
1) Dams are constructed across rivers to store flowing water for uses like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The key structures of a dam include its crest, spillways, and outlets.
2) There are several types of dams including gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earthfill dams. The type of dam constructed depends on factors like the foundation material and river width.
3) Planning a dam and reservoir requires extensive geological, hydrological, and engineering investigations of the proposed site to evaluate factors like foundation suitability, reservoir storage capacity, and material availability. Zones like the normal, minimum, and maximum pool levels define the storage capacity of the resulting
Role of Engineering Geology In Resevoirs,Dams & Tunneling.kaustubhpetare
The document discusses the role of engineering geology in reservoirs, dams, and tunneling. It provides information on how geological factors must be considered when selecting dam and reservoir sites. The types of dams are described, including gravity, buttress, arch, and embankment dams. Key geological considerations for dam foundations include the strength and stability of the underlying rocks. Bedding planes dipping upstream are most suitable, while faults and folds can increase risks. Thorough geological surveys and site investigations are needed before construction to evaluate the foundation conditions.
The document provides information on different types of dams including their structures, classifications, and examples. It discusses:
1) The main types of dams are gravity dams, buttress dams, arch dams, and earth dams. Gravity dams resist water pressure through sheer weight while buttress dams use supports and arch dams curve to transmit water pressure.
2) Dams can be classified based on their functions such as storage dams, diversion dams, detention dams, debris dams, and coffer dams which are temporary structures used in construction.
3) Examples of different dams are provided along with their key details like location, height, purpose, and capacity. The Bhakra dam on the Satluj river in India
The document discusses different types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, and earth dams. It describes the key forces acting on dams like water pressure, weight, and uplift pressure. Important factors for selecting dam sites are discussed such as topography, construction feasibility, economics, and environment. Common causes of dam failure include substandard construction, spillway design errors, geological changes, extreme weather, and poor maintenance. In conclusion, dams are primarily built for irrigation, hydroelectric power, water supply, and flood control, so studying their design concepts is important for safe utilization.
Dams are built across rivers to store water and generate hydropower. The main purposes of dams are to store water for irrigation, water supply, flood control, and hydropower generation. Dams confine river water, creating reservoirs that allow water to be used for these human purposes. The earliest known dam dates back to 3000 BC in Jordan, while ancient civilizations like Egypt, Yemen, India, and China also constructed dams. Larger dams began being built in the early 19th century, with notable examples including the Hoover Dam built in the 1930s. Dams come in different types depending on their structure and materials, such as arch dams, gravity dams, and embankment dams. Hydropower generation is
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes. A detailed ppt on dams,its types,pros and cons.
Dam is a solid barrier constructed at a suitable location across a river valley to store flowing water.
Storage of water is utilized for following objectives:
Hydropower
Irrigation
Water for domestic consumption
Drought and flood control
For navigational facilities
Other additional utilization is to develop fisheries
This document provides an overview of hydraulic structures and classifications of dams. It discusses:
1) Different types of dams classified by function (storage, detention, diversion), design (overflow, non-overflow), structure (gravity, arch, buttress, embankment), and materials (rigid, non-rigid).
2) Characteristics and components of earth dams including homogeneous, zoned, and diaphragm types.
3) Characteristics of rock fill dams and combined earth and rock fill dams.
4) Advantages and disadvantages of gravity dams, arch dams, and buttress dams constructed of concrete.
This document discusses different types of dams used in civil engineering. It describes dams as barriers that hold back surface water and underground streams. The main types discussed are arch dams, gravity dams, arch-gravity dams, embankment dams, barrage dams, and natural lava dams. Each type is defined based on its structure, materials used, and how it resists water pressure. Reservoirs created by dams provide water for activities like irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.
Dams are barriers that hold back flowing water and create reservoirs. They serve purposes like flood control, water storage for activities like irrigation and drinking water, and hydroelectric power generation. There are several types of dams including gravity dams, arch dams, embankment dams, and barrage dams. Dams can also be classified by their material, size, or purpose. Common dam structures are weirs, saddle dams, and dry dams. Embankment dams use earthen materials and come in rock-fill or earth-fill varieties. Dams are essential modern water infrastructure but must be carefully engineered and maintained.
This document discusses rock tunnel engineering. It introduces different types of tunnels and their purposes. Tunnels can have various cross-sectional shapes and be located underground in different ground types. Tunnels are constructed using methods like cut-and-cover, drilling and blasting, or mechanized boring machines. Geotechnical investigations for tunnels are challenging due to uncertainties in ground conditions. Rock mass classification systems help characterize rock strength. The principles of tunnel stabilization and design aim to control ground movements rather than carry ground loads by mobilizing the strength of the surrounding ground.
This document summarizes different types of dams and how hydroelectricity works. It describes the main types of dams as arch dams, gravity dams, arch-gravity dams, and embankment dams. It then explains how hydroelectricity is produced by building a dam to store water in a reservoir, which is then released through a turbine to generate electricity. The document also notes some advantages and disadvantages of large hydroelectric plants.
The document discusses dams and provides information on different types of dams including gravity dams. It describes the key forces acting on a gravity dam, including:
- The weight of the dam itself which acts downward
- Water pressure from the reservoir which acts as an overturning force on the upstream face
- Uplift pressure from water seeping through the dam and its foundation
- Silt and sediment pressure on the upstream face
- Potential forces from ice, wind, waves, temperature changes, earthquakes, and other sources
It provides diagrams illustrating how these forces are calculated and represented as vectors on a free body diagram of a gravity dam cross section. The document gives details on calculating the magnitude and line of
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations—scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard
penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories—Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes—finite and
infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils—Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s
theories, pressure bulbs; Shallow foundations—Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table;
Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations—types
of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties;
Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability—one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through
soils—two-dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force
and quicksand condition; Compaction in laboratory and field conditions; One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of
consolidation; Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays and sand.
Soil Mechanics: Origin of soils, soil structure and fabric; Three-phase system and phase relationships, index properties;
Unified and Indian standard soil classification system; Permeability—one dimensional flow, Darcy’s law; Seepage through
soils—two-dimensional flow, flow nets, uplift pressure, piping; Principle of effective stress, capillarity, seepage force
and quicksand condition; Compaction in laboratory and field conditions; One-dimensional consolidation, time rate of
consolidation; Mohr’s circle, stress paths, effective and total shear strength parameters, characteristics of clays and sand
Foundation Engineering: Sub-surface investigations—scope, drilling bore holes, sampling, plate load test, standard
penetration and cone penetration tests; Earth pressure theories—Rankine and Coulomb; Stability of slopes—finite and
infinite slopes, method of slices and Bishop’s method; Stress distribution in soils—Boussinesq’s and Westergaard’s
theories, pressure bulbs; Shallow foundations—Terzaghi’s and Meyerhoff’s bearing capacity theories, effect of water table;
Combined footing and raft foundation; Contact pressure; Settlement analysis in sands and clays; Deep foundations—types
of piles, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, pile load test, negative skin friction.
Mathematics and Apti for GATE
Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Functions of single variable; Limit, continuity and differentiability; Mean value theorems, local maxima and
minima, Taylor and Maclaurin series; Evaluation of definite and indefinite integrals, application of definite integral to
obtain area and volume; Partial derivatives; Total derivative; Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional
derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems.
Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE): First order (linear and non-linear) equations; higher order linear equations with
constant coefficients; Euler-Cauchy equations; Laplace transform and its application in solving linear ODEs; initial and
boundary value problems.
Partial Differential Equation (PDE): Fourier series; separation of variables; solutions of one-dimensional diffusion
equation; first and second order one-dimensional wave equation and two-dimensional Laplace equation.
Probability and Statistics: Definitions of probability and sampling theorems; Conditional probability; Discrete Random
variables: Poisson and Binomial distributions; Continuous random variables: normal and exponential distributions;
Descriptive statistics - Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Hypothesis testing.
Numerical Methods: Accuracy and precision; error analysis. Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic
equations; Least square approximation, Newton’s and Lagrange polynomials, numerical differentiation, Integration by
trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for first order differential equations
The document discusses transportation engineering and is intended to help students who want to self-prepare for the GATE CE exam. It provides materials on transportation engineering that the author used when he self-prepared for the 2018 GATE CE exam while in college. He hopes this information will be useful for other students preparing on their own for the exam.
This document discusses the basics of seepage through soil. It provides short notes on topics like seepage force, flow nets, filters, and flow conditions to help students prepare for engineering exams. The notes cover key concepts in a concise manner to aid in revision for the GATE CE exam.
Permeability in soil is determined by factors like soil type, compaction, moisture content and pore space. Sand and gravel have high permeability while silt and clay have low permeability. Proper soil compaction and control of moisture content are important to achieve desired permeability for construction projects.
The document discusses fluid mechanics notes that were prepared by Rahul Sinha to help students who want to self-prepare for GATE CE. It provides fluid mechanics content for revision purposes to assist talented students who are willing to work hard. Feedback on the notes is requested.
Structural Analysis: Statically determinate and indeterminate structures by force/ energy
methods; Method of superposition; Analysis of trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames;
Displacement methods: Slope deflection and moment distribution methods; Influence
lines; Stiffness and flexibility methods of structural analysis.
Solid Mechanics: Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams;
Simple stress and strain relationships; Theories of failures; Simple bending theory, flexural
and shear stresses, shear centre; Uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and
direct bending stresses.
Compass surveying
Bearing
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Conversion of bearings
Computation of angles
Declination and dip
Local attraction
Isogonic Lines
Agonic Lines
Detecting local attraction
For detecting local attraction it is necessary to take both fore bearing and back bearing for each line.
If the difference is exactly 180°, the two stations may be considered as not affected by local
attraction.
If difference is not 180°, better to go back to the previous station and check the fore bearing. If that
reading is same as earlier, it may be concluded that there is local attraction at one or both stations.
Joukowski's airfoils, introduction to conformal mappingRAHUL SINHA
This document discusses conformal mapping and provides examples of how it can transform complex functions and geometries while preserving angles. Specifically:
- A conformal map transforms one complex coordinate system to another using a transformation function, preserving angles between curves.
- Joukowski's transformation maps a circle in one plane to an airfoil-shaped curve in another plane, and can be used to analyze fluid flow around an airfoil by mapping it to simplified flow around a circle.
- Examples show circles and lines transforming to hyperbolas and parabolas under different functions, and circles transforming to circles or lines, depending on conditions. This demonstrates the angle-preserving nature of conformal mapping.
What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
what is ventilation?
Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
Natural ventilation
•Mechanical ventilation
Single sided ventilation
Single sided double ventilation
Cross ventilation
Stack effect
Artificial ventilation
What is roof?
Types of roofs
Gable roof
Hip roof
Dutch hip roof
Valley shapes
The cost of production/Chapter 7(pindyck)RAHUL SINHA
content
•MEASURING COST: WHICH COSTS MATTER?
•Fixed and variable cost
•Fixed versus sunk cost
•Amortizing Sunk Costs
•Marginal cost
•Average cost
•Determinants of short run cost
•Diminishing marginal returns
•The shapes of cost curves
•The Average–Marginal Relationship
•Costs in a long run
•Cost minimizing input choices
•Isocost lines
•Marginal rate of technical substitution
•Expansion path
•The Inflexibility of Short-Run Production
•Long run average cost
•Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
•The Relationship Between Short-Run and Long-Run Cost
•Break even analysis
What are folds?
•Parts of the folds
•Classification of folds
•Classification on the basis of axial planes
•Classification on the basis of curvature(by Ramsay)
•Classification on the basis of plunge
•Engineering considerations
cost of production / Chapter 6(pindyck)RAHUL SINHA
topics covered
•Production and firm
•The production function
•Short run versus Long run
•Production with one variable input(Labour)
•Average product
•Marginal product
•The slopes of the production curve
•Law of diminishing marginal returns
•Production with two variable inputs
•Isoquant
•Isoquant Maps
•Diminishing marginal returns
•Substitution among inputs
•Returns to scale
•Describing returns to scale
How to Manage Internal Notes in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to leverage internal notes within Odoo 17 POS to enhance communication and streamline operations. Internal notes provide a platform for staff to exchange crucial information regarding orders, customers, or specific tasks, all while remaining invisible to the customer. This fosters improved collaboration and ensures everyone on the team is on the same page.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
Response & Safe AI at Summer School of AI at IIITHIIIT Hyderabad
Talk covering Guardrails , Jailbreak, What is an alignment problem? RLHF, EU AI Act, Machine & Graph unlearning, Bias, Inconsistency, Probing, Interpretability, Bias
Social media management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project "Social Media Platform in Object-Oriented Modeling" aims to design
and model a robust and scalable social media platform using object-oriented
modeling principles. In the age of digital communication, social media platforms
have become indispensable for connecting people, sharing content, and fostering
online communities. However, their complex nature requires meticulous planning
and organization.This project addresses the challenge of creating a feature-rich and
user-friendly social media platform by applying key object-oriented modeling
concepts. It entails the identification and definition of essential objects such as
"User," "Post," "Comment," and "Notification," each encapsulating specific
attributes and behaviors. Relationships between these objects, such as friendships,
content interactions, and notifications, are meticulously established.The project
emphasizes encapsulation to maintain data integrity, inheritance for shared behaviors
among objects, and polymorphism for flexible content handling. Use case diagrams
depict user interactions, while sequence diagrams showcase the flow of interactions
during critical scenarios. Class diagrams provide an overarching view of the system's
architecture, including classes, attributes, and methods .By undertaking this project,
we aim to create a modular, maintainable, and user-centric social media platform that
adheres to best practices in object-oriented modeling. Such a platform will offer users
a seamless and secure online social experience while facilitating future enhancements
and adaptability to changing user needs.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
In May 2024, globally renowned natural diamond crafting company Shree Ramkrishna Exports Pvt. Ltd. (SRK) became the first company in the world to achieve GNFZ’s final net zero certification for existing buildings, for its two two flagship crafting facilities SRK House and SRK Empire. Initially targeting 2030 to reach net zero, SRK joined forces with the Global Network for Zero (GNFZ) to accelerate its target to 2024 — a trailblazing achievement toward emissions elimination.
Exploring Deep Learning Models for Image Recognition: A Comparative Reviewsipij
Image recognition, which comes under Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a critical aspect of computer vision,
enabling computers or other computing devices to identify and categorize objects within images. Among
numerous fields of life, food processing is an important area, in which image processing plays a vital role,
both for producers and consumers. This study focuses on the binary classification of strawberries, where
images are sorted into one of two categories. We Utilized a dataset of strawberry images for this study; we
aim to determine the effectiveness of different models in identifying whether an image contains
strawberries. This research has practical applications in fields such as agriculture and quality control. We
compared various popular deep learning models, including MobileNetV2, Convolutional Neural Networks
(CNN), and DenseNet121, for binary classification of strawberry images. The accuracy achieved by
MobileNetV2 is 96.7%, CNN is 99.8%, and DenseNet121 is 93.6%. Through rigorous testing and analysis,
our results demonstrate that CNN outperforms the other models in this task. In the future, the deep
learning models can be evaluated on a richer and larger number of images (datasets) for better/improved
results.
2. TOPICS
•DAMS
Types of dams
Selection of dam sites
Geological characters for investigation
Selection of the dam type
3. DAMS
•A dam may be defined as a solid barrier constructed at suitable location across river valley with a view of impounding water flowing through that river.
•Dams are created for the following objectives:
Generation of hydropower energy
Providing water for irrigation facilities
Fish farming
Fighting droughts
Controlling of floods
Water supply for domestic consumption
Providing navigational facilities
4. Types of dams
•Gravity dams
A gravity is a solid concrete structure, generally having a triangular profile, which is so designed that it can safely stand against the precalculated volume of water by virtue of its weight.
Forces in the dam : thrust of impounded water in x-axis and weight of the dam in y- axis.
6. Some examples
•Bhakra Dam is a concrete gravity dam across the Sutlej River, and is in Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh in northern India.
•India's second tallest at 225.55 m (740 ft) high next to the 261m Tehri Dam.
•The 90 km long reservoir created by the Bhakra Dam is spread over an area of 168.35 km2. In terms of storage of water, it withholds the second largest reservoir in India, the first being Indira Sagar Dam in Madhya Pradesh with capacity of 12.22 billion cm3.
7. Butress dam
•Butress dams are derived from gravity dams. This type of dams are supported uses thin concrete slab which is supported from downstream side by butresses.
•It uses multiple reinforced columns to support the dams. Since it has relatively thin structure so there is considerable amount of saving of concrete material.
9. Arch dams
•The extraordinary Mir Alam multi-arch dam was completed in 1804 for the water supply of Hyderabad.
•This dam was the work of Henry Russel, a member of the British Royal Engineers. The structure, reaching a height of 12 m, consisted of 21 semicircular, vertical arches that were of constant thicknesses and variable spans.
It is an arch – shaped solid structure made up of concrete which is designed in such a way that a major part of the thrust forces acting on the dam are transmitted to arch. There are mainly two types of ach dams :
• Constant radius arch dams : radius of curvature throughout the structure is constant and upstream face is vertical.
• Variable radius dams : curvatures are different on upstream and downstream sides.
These types of dames are best suited for narrow valleys.
An arch dam having a curvature both in horizontal and vertical alignment is often called a CUPOLA dam.
11. Example
•Arch dams are quite thin walled dams and hence lighter in weight.
•The Idukki Dam, located in Kerala, India, is a 168.91 m (554 ft) tall arch dam.
•It is built on the Periyar River, in the ravine between the Kuravan and Kurathi Hills in Kerala, India.
•At 167.68 metres, it is one of the highest arch dams in Asia and third tallest arch dam. Technically, the dam type is a concrete double, curvature parabolic, thin arc dam.
•It supports a 780 MW hydroelectric power station. It was constructed and is owned by the Kerala State Electricity Board.
12. Embankment dams
•These are non rigid structures which are build over wide valleys with varying foundations. These are trapezoidal in shape and are build of single type of material(such as earth fill or rock fill) or combination of more than one material.
•The main advantage of these dams is that it can be constructed on weak foundation.
•Impervious core is placed in the middle of the embankment body.
•Generally riprap is used to control erosion.
13. Example
•The Tehri Dam is the highest dam in India and one of the tallest in the world.
•It is a multi-purpose rock and earthfill embankment dam on the Bhagirathim River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India.
•It is the primary dam of the THDC India Ltd. and the Tehri hydroelectric complex. The Tehri Dam withholds a reservoir for irrigation, municipal water supply and the generation of 1,000 MW of hydroelectricity.
•The dam's 1,000 MW pumped-storage scheme is currently under construction.
14. COMPOSITE DAMS
•Composite dams are combinations of one or more dam types.
•Most often a large section of a dam will be either an embankment or gravity dam, with the section responsible for power generation being a buttress or arch.
16. Example
•Ujani Dam, also known as Bhima Dam or Bhima Irrigation Project, on the Bhima River, a tributary of the Krishna River, is an earthfill cum Masonry gravity dam located near Ujani village of Madha Taluk in Solapur district of the state of Maharashtra in India.
SELECTION OF DAM SITES
Selection of sites is based on following basis: Topographically: most suitable place must be chosen for construction. Ideally it must be a narrow gorge or a small valley with enough catchment area available behind so that calculated amount of water can be easily stored in the reservoir created upstream.
17. •Location of spillway: All dam should have an adequate spillway for passing flood flows. If a river gorge is narrow, then there may not be sufficient spillway width available and a suitable location on the periphery of the reservoir has to be found to locate a spillway.
•Possibility of river diversion during construction : The way, river can be diverted at a particular site for making way for construction of the dam may affect the design of the dam and also the construction schedule.
•Sedimentation possibilities :The average quantity of sediment carried by the river has to be known, as precisely as possible, which would give an idea of the rate at which a proposed reservoir way get filled up.
18. •Technically: the site must be sound as possible: strong, impermeable and stable. Strong rocks make the job of designer easy. Impermeable sites ensure better storage inventories. Site must be stable with respect to seismic shocks slope failures around dam.
•Constructionally: the site should be far from the materials which will be used for the construction. Their non-availability will make the cost of project high.
•Human welfare: site selection should be done in such a way that it must cause minimum damage to public in the of destruction or failure.
•Economically: the creation of the dam must not create ecological disorder. Fish culture is the first sector that suffers the major shock due to dam construction. It indirectly affects the other population. The dam should become an acceptable element of the ecological set up of the area.
19. Geological characters for investigation
•Geology of the site
a.Lithology : surface and subsurface studies must be carried out. These studies reveal the type, the composition and texture of the rocks along the valley floor.
b.Structures:
1.Dip and strike: the resultant force due to weight of the dam and the up thrust of the impounded water is always inclined the downstream as shown in the figure.
20. •So, gently upstream dipping layers offer best resistance to the resultant force of the dam.
•So most unfavorable strike direction is the one in which the bed strike is parallel to the axis of the dam and the slip is downward.
21. 2. Faults: Dams founded on the fault zones are most liable to the shocks during an earthquake. Generally the small scale fault zones can be treated effectively by grouting.
22. 3. Folds: the effects on of fold on rock are shattering and jointing along the axial planes and stressing of limbs. In the synclinal region dams placed on the upstream limbs have the risk of leakage from beneath the dam.
23. 4. Engineering properties of rocks:
a. Strength parameter: it consist of three investigations – laboratory, in-situ static and dynamic.
•The compressive and shearing strength of the rocks are estimated by laboratory test.
•These tests are complimented with in-situ studies using static and dynamic studies.
•Static study: by this test settlements and strains are recorded with different loadings which is used to estimate the bearing strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio.
•The dynamic method involve creating seismic waves artificially at selected locations and recording the velocity of the shock waves through the rocks of the sites. The shock wave velocity relates to the density, rigidity, porosity and permeability of the rocks at the site.
24. b. Porosity and permeability: a dam is a water impounding structure. So water must not find easy avenues to escape other than provided in design such as spillways. So porosity and permeability of the rocks are tested both in laboratory and in-situ. Artificial treatment is given to the critical zones such as grouting to make the rocks water tight.
Selection of the dam type
Material availability: If the cost of transportation of construction material is excessively high, then an alternate design with locally available materials, have to be considered. Seismicity : It is very important to analyse the behaviour of the dam under earth quake vibrations thereby making it possible for the designer to check if a particular section of the dam is suitable or not.
25. •Geology and foundation strength- The existence of joint patterns in the abutments (their orientation, inclination and infilling) may indicate the possibility of instability under loading from an arch dam and reservoir water. Such a site would be more satisfactory for an embankment dam or an adequately dimensioned gravity dam.
• Where the possibility exists of differential deformation of the foundation along the axis of a dam, a gravity or arch dam would not be a suitable choice because of their inherent rigidity due to their construction in concrete. Instead, an embankment dam may be proposed, which is more flexible.
• Further, it may be noted that the stresses expected at the base of a dam may have to be checked with the bearing capacity of the foundation material.
•Embankment dams produce the least formation stress, Followed by gravity, buttress and arch, in that order.
26. •Hydrology- If, during the construction season, there are possibilities of the partially constructed dam being overtopped by the floods of the river water, then a concrete dam section would be preferred then an embankment dam section.
•If an embankment dam section is still proposed to be built, then adequate diversion works have to be provided for diverting the river flood water.
•Unavailability of skilled workers- In case of sophisticated dam section, skilled workers are an absolute necessity. Unavailability of such workers at proposed dam construction site may have to force the designer to adopt a more easy to construct a type of dam.
27. Valley shape and overburden- The shape of the river valley and the overburden also influences the type of dam that may be proposed to be constructed.
•In case of a wide valley with deep deposits of fine- grained soil overburden favours earth fill embankment dams (Figure a) .
•A river valley that has much less over-burden (Figure b), would be suitable for embankment, gravity or buttress dams.
•A narrow valley with steep sides (Figure c) and with sound rock in the valley floor and sides may be suited to an arch or cupola dams.
•In case of a wide valley separated in two parts (Figure d) may suggest a combination of two types of dams. An earth fill embankment may be constructed where the overburden depth is considerable and a concrete gravity dam on the site where the overburden is less. The spillway portion can then be located on the concrete gravity section.
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