Heirarchy of life forms and classification.pptx
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This document discusses the classification of life and the hierarchy of life forms. It notes that biologists categorize organisms into groups and subgroups to make their study easier. Classification is based on characteristics like morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, and ecology. All living things share common themes of organization, information processing, energy and matter transformation, and interactions at different hierarchical levels. Cells are the basic unit of life, and while they can differ, they all descend from earlier cells and share common features. Organisms are classified as unicellular or multicellular depending on whether they are composed of single or multiple cells.
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Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon atom called the alpha carbon, and a variable side chain. There are 20 common amino acids that differ in their side chains and physical/chemical properties. Amino acids can polymerize through peptide bonds between their carboxyl and amine groups to form polypeptides. Polypeptides are linear chains of amino acids that can further fold into three-dimensional protein structures and carry out biological functions.
BIO.docx
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It explores the structure, function, development, behavior, and evolution of living things through various subdisciplines. The fundamental units of biology are the cell, genes, and evolution. Biology seeks to understand the mechanisms that allow living things to maintain their internal organization and adapt to environmental changes.
clasification based on celluarity.pptx
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and divide through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton, and divide through mitosis. Autotrophs like plants and algae produce their own food through photosynthesis, heterotrophs depend on other organisms for food, and lithotrophs use inorganic substrates for food through chemosynthesis.
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Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
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Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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Heirarchy of life forms and classification.pptx
- 1. Classification, why and how? • Living world is full of diversity and complexity • Organisms are categorized in different super groups and subgroups to make their study easier • Biology is an ongoing enquiry about the nature of life and classification of life forms is a part of it. • Biologist use different criterions for classification based on the characteristics of life. • Morphology – External structure and appearance • Anatomy – Internal structure and appearances • Biochemical pathways – various chemical reactions occurring inside the body • Ecological – Various adaptation to suit their environmental requirements
- 3. Common thread weaves this hierarchy • The study of life reveals unifying themes • Organization - living organisms are highly ordered in structure • Information – life processes involves expression and transmission of information • Energy and matter processing - Life requires transfer and transformation of energy and matter • Interactions at every level of hierarchy - Interaction leads to emergence of new properties in biological systems • Idea of evolution makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms
- 4. The Cell • Cells are as fundamental to biology as atom is for chemistry • Cell is the simplest collection of matter that can be considered a living entity • All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells • Although cells can differ substantially from one another they share common features • Discovered by Robert hook in 1665 • Cell theory was developed by Schlieiden and Schwann in 1839
- 6. Classification based on cellularity Unicellular organisms • Composed of single cell • Microscopic in nature • Division of labor is at organelle level • Includes both eukaryotes and prokaryotes • Life span is short • Asexual reproduction is predominant • Bacteria, amoeba, paramecium, yeast Multicellular organisms • Composed of more than one cells • Mostly macroscopic • Division of labor is at cellular level • Only eukaryotes • Shows longer lifespan • Both asexual and sexual mode of reproduction • Humans, elephants, whales, trees