Cyber security concepts and terminology are introduced, including the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Various cyber attacks, threats, and exploits are defined, such as denial of service attacks, social engineering, and zero-day exploits. Information gathering techniques like footprinting, scanning, and enumeration are explained. Free and open source tools for scanning networks, including Nmap and Zenmap, are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to cyber security. It defines cyber security as protecting people, processes, and technologies from a full range of threats through computer network operations, information assurance, and law enforcement. It explains that cyber attacks can be expensive for businesses and damage reputations. Regulations now require organizations to better protect personal data. The document outlines common cyber attack types like injection attacks, DNS spoofing, session hijacking, phishing, brute force attacks, and denial of service attacks. It also defines the key aspects of cyber security - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - and provides standard measures to ensure each.
This presentation focus on cybersecurity and mainly four parts 1) Introduction to cybersecurity tools and cyber attack 2) Cybersecurity roles, processes and operating system security 3) Cybersecurity compliance, Framework and system administration 4) Network security and Database
Cyber security is the protection of internet-connected systems, networks, and data from malicious attacks. It involves protecting systems and information through techniques like network security, cloud security, and information security. Cyber security has become increasingly important as more critical infrastructure and personal data are accessed online. Its goals are to maintain confidentiality of information, integrity of data and systems, and availability of networks and information. Common cyber threats include malware, phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, distributed denial of service attacks, and others. Strong cyber security strategies and processes help organizations protect sensitive data and systems from cyber attacks.
Cyber security refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from cyber attacks like unauthorized access, malware, and phishing. Common cyber threats include ransomware, Trojans, and denial of service attacks. Implementing effective cyber security helps organizations securely collect, store, and transfer sensitive data while protecting against threats and improving recovery from breaches. However, challenges remain such as keeping up with evolving attacks and filling many open cyber security jobs.
This document provides an overview of cyber security concepts and threats. It discusses key cyber security fundamentals like confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also describes different types of cyber attacks including web-based attacks like SQL injection, DNS spoofing, session hijacking and phishing. System-based attacks include malware, ransomware, and denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes that cyber security is important for both individuals and organizations to protect against financially and reputationally damaging cyber crimes and data breaches.
Exploring Cyber Attack Types: Understanding the Threat Landscapecyberprosocial
In today’s digitally-driven world, the prevalence of cyber-attacks poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. Understanding the different types of cyber-attacks is essential for implementing effective cybersecurity measures and mitigating the risks posed by malicious actors
Chap 1 Fundamentals of Cyber Security _ Intr to Cyber types.pptxSharmilaMore5
Unit 1: Introduction to Cyber Security and various challenges in cyber security
1.1. Overview of Cyber Security,
1.2. Internet Governance – Challenges and Constraints,
1.3. Cyber Threats: - Cyber Warfare-Cyber Crime-Cyber Terrorism-Cyber Espionage,
This document provides an introduction to cyber security. It defines cyber security as protecting people, processes, and technologies from a full range of threats through computer network operations, information assurance, and law enforcement. It explains that cyber attacks can be expensive for businesses and damage reputations. Regulations now require organizations to better protect personal data. The document outlines common cyber attack types like injection attacks, DNS spoofing, session hijacking, phishing, brute force attacks, and denial of service attacks. It also defines the key aspects of cyber security - confidentiality, integrity, and availability - and provides standard measures to ensure each.
This presentation focus on cybersecurity and mainly four parts 1) Introduction to cybersecurity tools and cyber attack 2) Cybersecurity roles, processes and operating system security 3) Cybersecurity compliance, Framework and system administration 4) Network security and Database
Cyber security is the protection of internet-connected systems, networks, and data from malicious attacks. It involves protecting systems and information through techniques like network security, cloud security, and information security. Cyber security has become increasingly important as more critical infrastructure and personal data are accessed online. Its goals are to maintain confidentiality of information, integrity of data and systems, and availability of networks and information. Common cyber threats include malware, phishing, man-in-the-middle attacks, distributed denial of service attacks, and others. Strong cyber security strategies and processes help organizations protect sensitive data and systems from cyber attacks.
Cyber security refers to the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, devices, programs, and data from cyber attacks like unauthorized access, malware, and phishing. Common cyber threats include ransomware, Trojans, and denial of service attacks. Implementing effective cyber security helps organizations securely collect, store, and transfer sensitive data while protecting against threats and improving recovery from breaches. However, challenges remain such as keeping up with evolving attacks and filling many open cyber security jobs.
This document provides an overview of cyber security concepts and threats. It discusses key cyber security fundamentals like confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also describes different types of cyber attacks including web-based attacks like SQL injection, DNS spoofing, session hijacking and phishing. System-based attacks include malware, ransomware, and denial of service attacks. The document emphasizes that cyber security is important for both individuals and organizations to protect against financially and reputationally damaging cyber crimes and data breaches.
Exploring Cyber Attack Types: Understanding the Threat Landscapecyberprosocial
In today’s digitally-driven world, the prevalence of cyber-attacks poses a significant threat to individuals, businesses, and governments worldwide. Understanding the different types of cyber-attacks is essential for implementing effective cybersecurity measures and mitigating the risks posed by malicious actors
Chap 1 Fundamentals of Cyber Security _ Intr to Cyber types.pptxSharmilaMore5
Unit 1: Introduction to Cyber Security and various challenges in cyber security
1.1. Overview of Cyber Security,
1.2. Internet Governance – Challenges and Constraints,
1.3. Cyber Threats: - Cyber Warfare-Cyber Crime-Cyber Terrorism-Cyber Espionage,
Top Companies Providing Cyber Security in Europeroxanaaleena
By bringing security monitoring and management under the umbrella with a single dashboard, security teams can more easily enforce consistent security across their environments, and more quickly and effectively detect, investigate, and respond to cyber threats.
1. Ingress filtering verifies the source addresses of incoming traffic to prevent spoofing, while egress filtering verifies outgoing traffic to prevent internal threats from spreading.
2. Separate filtering helps isolate parts of the network and only allow expected communication patterns between servers, workstations, and the internet.
3. We need to separately filter ingress and egress traffic to harden network security by blocking unauthorized internal and external access and communication, and containing any threats that do arise.
This document discusses cyber security. It defines cyber security as protecting internet-connected systems from cyber attacks. It notes the increasing security threats as more people go online. It describes different types of cyber security threats like ransomware, malware, social engineering, phishing, password attacks, and DDoS attacks. It also outlines elements of cyber security like application security, information security, network security, business continuity planning, operational security, and end-user education.
Cybersecurity is defined as the protection of computer systems, networks, or devices from malicious attacks. The objective of cybersecurity is to protect our digital data. If any online attack strikes you, then Secninjaz Technologies LLP is here to help you to overcome this problem. There are a group of expert security professionals who help you to overcome cyber fraud and protect yourself. It provides many services like reverse engineering, security assessment, cyber fraud protection, intelligence-led penetration testing, cyber threat intelligence, cyber risk management, etc.
For more info visit - www.secninjaz.com
Safeguarding the Digital Realm: Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Co...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase “CyberAttacks” refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks, systems, and data. As technology develops, cybercriminals’ strategies also advance with it.
Top Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers 2022.pdfCareerera
Cyber security positions have considerably taken the top list in the job market. Candidates vying for elite positions in the field of cyber security certainly need a clear-cut and detailed guide to channeling their preparation for smooth career growth, beginning with getting a job. We have curated the top cyber security interview questions that will help candidates focus on the key areas. We have classified the regularly asked cyber security interview questions here, in this article into different levels starting from basic general questions to advanced technical ones.
Before we move on to the top cyber security interview questions, it is critical to reflect on the vitality of cyber security in our modern times and how cyber security professionals are catering to the needs of securing a safe cyber ecosystem.
The times we live in is defined by the digital transition, in which the internet, electronic devices, and computers have become an integral part of our daily life. Institutions that serve our daily needs, such as banks and hospitals, now rely on internet-connected equipment to give the best possible service. A portion of their data, such as financial and personal information, has become vulnerable to illegal access, posing serious risks. Intruders utilize this information to carry out immoral and criminal goals.
Cyber-attacks have jeopardized the computer system and its arrangements, which has now become a global concern. To safeguard data from security breaches, a comprehensive cyber security policy is needed now more than ever. The rising frequency of cyber-attacks has compelled corporations and organizations working with national security and sensitive data to implement stringent security procedures and restrictions.
Computers, mobile devices, servers, data, electronic systems, networks, and other systems connected to the internet must be protected from harmful attacks. Cybersecurity, which is a combination of the words "cyber" and "security," provides this protection. 'Cyber' imbibes the vast-ranging technology with systems, networks, programs, and data in the aforementioned procedure. The phrase "security" refers to the process of protecting data, networks, applications, and systems. In a nutshell,
cyber security is a combination of principles and approaches that assist prevent unwanted access to data, networks, programs, and devices by meeting the security needs of technological resources (computer-based) and online databases.
Cyber security refers to protecting internet-connected systems and data from cyber attacks. It involves safeguarding against unauthorized access, exploitation, and disruption to ensure sensitive personal and organizational information is protected from hackers and threats. Common cyber threats include phishing, malware, and ransomware, while cyber attacks such as phishing, ransomware, DDoS, and man-in-the-middle pose serious risks. Implementing strategies like firewalls, employee training, and multi-factor authentication can help prevent attacks.
Safeguarding the Digital Realm Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Cou...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase "CyberAttacks" refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on cyber security. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for cyber security due to increasing cyber attacks. It then defines cyber security and discusses the different types including network, application, information and operational security. It also defines cyber attacks and common types such as injection attacks, DNS spoofing, and denial of service attacks. The document outlines different types of hackers and why cyber security is important for protection of data and systems. It concludes with some cyber security tips.
This document is a report by Nawaraj Sunar on cybersecurity in finance. It discusses the types of cybersecurity used to protect financial institutions, including network security, cloud security, application security, information security, and operational security. It also outlines some common cyber threats faced by the finance sector, such as malware attacks, phishing, password attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and SQL injection attacks. The report emphasizes that cybersecurity is critical for financial institutions to protect against cyber attacks and stresses the importance of maintaining updated security systems, using multi-factor authentication, reporting fraud quickly, and purchasing cyber insurance.
This document is a report by Nawaraj Sunar on cybersecurity in finance. It discusses how cybersecurity protects internet-connected systems from cyber threats. It explains how cybersecurity works through multiple layers of protection. It then discusses how the finance sector is a leading target of cyber attacks and outlines some common types of cyber threats faced, such as malware attacks, phishing, and SQL injection attacks. Finally, it provides solutions for preventing financial loss from cyber attacks, which include keeping software updated, using multi-factor authentication, reporting fraud instantly, and purchasing cyber insurance.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
This document provides an overview of IT security and internet safety. It discusses key concepts in IT security like the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also covers common security threats like intrusion, blocking/denial of service attacks, and malware. The document recommends security measures to mitigate these threats, such as strong authentication, firewalls, antivirus software and user training. It concludes with guidelines for staying safe online, including creating strong passwords, avoiding scams, and knowing when to get help from a parent or guardian.
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
The document discusses cyber crime, including defining it as criminal acts using computers and networks. It categorizes cyber crime and lists common types of cyber attacks such as hacking, denial of service attacks, computer vandalism, and cyber terrorism. It also discusses security measures at both the organizational and personal level to help prevent cyber crime such as using virus detection software, firewalls, encryption, and being cautious about sharing personal information online.
Module 1Introduction to cyber security.pptxSkippedltd
This document provides an overview of a course on fundamentals of cybersecurity. The course objectives are to provide theoretical and practical knowledge of cyber attacks, cyber law, intellectual property, cyber crimes, and web security. It covers 5 modules: introduction to cybersecurity, cyber attacks and protection tools, cyber risks and incident management, overviews of firewalls, and artificial intelligence in cybersecurity. Key topics include importance of cybersecurity, cybersecurity challenges, ethical hacking tools and processes, and methods for authentication, access control, intrusion detection, and prevention.
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack aims to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users. The goal is to consume the target's resources so it can no longer provide its intended service or force it to reset. Spoofing/masquerading techniques allow attackers to falsify data and masquerade as another user to gain an illegitimate advantage. Common spoofing methods include man-in-the-middle attacks, email spoofing, and login spoofing. Backdoors are malicious programs that provide unauthorized remote access to compromised systems and bypass normal authentication. They remain hidden and allow attackers to spy on users, manage files, install malware, and control entire systems. Network security is important for protecting computers and data
Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks A Challenge to the IT Sector.pptxinfosec train
Cybersecurity consists of two terms; "Cyber" means relating to the characteristic of computers, information technology, etc., and "Security" means protection or prevention.
https://www.infosectrain.com/career-oriented-training-courses/
Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks A Challenge to the IT Sector.pptxInfosectrain3
Cybersecurity consists of two terms; "Cyber" means relating to the characteristic of computers, information technology, etc., and "Security" means protection or prevention. Thus, Cybersecurity is the term used to protect the systems connected to the internet, such as hardware, software, and data, from cyber threats. This practice of protecting these devices and especially data is done by individuals and enterprises to prevent unauthorized access for attackers trying to enter into the system. A good cybersecurity strategy adopted by the organization can prevent the systems from malicious attacks and stop further damage to the company and its reputation.
This project report was submitted by 4 students from Sitamarhi Institute of Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It documents their project work on an unspecified topic for partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report includes declarations by the students and their guide, acknowledgments, and outlines the introduction, related work, objectives, requirements, proposed work, system design, code, results, conclusion, and references. It was certified by the guide and head of the department.
The document discusses various types of malware like viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, ransomware, and backdoors. It explains what malware is, how it infects systems, and its objectives. Various malware analysis techniques like static analysis, dynamic analysis, code analysis, and behavioral analysis are also summarized. The document also discusses antivirus software, how it works, and examples like Bitdefender, Avast, and Panda. It covers memory management techniques and task management.
Top Companies Providing Cyber Security in Europeroxanaaleena
By bringing security monitoring and management under the umbrella with a single dashboard, security teams can more easily enforce consistent security across their environments, and more quickly and effectively detect, investigate, and respond to cyber threats.
1. Ingress filtering verifies the source addresses of incoming traffic to prevent spoofing, while egress filtering verifies outgoing traffic to prevent internal threats from spreading.
2. Separate filtering helps isolate parts of the network and only allow expected communication patterns between servers, workstations, and the internet.
3. We need to separately filter ingress and egress traffic to harden network security by blocking unauthorized internal and external access and communication, and containing any threats that do arise.
This document discusses cyber security. It defines cyber security as protecting internet-connected systems from cyber attacks. It notes the increasing security threats as more people go online. It describes different types of cyber security threats like ransomware, malware, social engineering, phishing, password attacks, and DDoS attacks. It also outlines elements of cyber security like application security, information security, network security, business continuity planning, operational security, and end-user education.
Cybersecurity is defined as the protection of computer systems, networks, or devices from malicious attacks. The objective of cybersecurity is to protect our digital data. If any online attack strikes you, then Secninjaz Technologies LLP is here to help you to overcome this problem. There are a group of expert security professionals who help you to overcome cyber fraud and protect yourself. It provides many services like reverse engineering, security assessment, cyber fraud protection, intelligence-led penetration testing, cyber threat intelligence, cyber risk management, etc.
For more info visit - www.secninjaz.com
Safeguarding the Digital Realm: Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Co...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase “CyberAttacks” refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks, systems, and data. As technology develops, cybercriminals’ strategies also advance with it.
Top Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers 2022.pdfCareerera
Cyber security positions have considerably taken the top list in the job market. Candidates vying for elite positions in the field of cyber security certainly need a clear-cut and detailed guide to channeling their preparation for smooth career growth, beginning with getting a job. We have curated the top cyber security interview questions that will help candidates focus on the key areas. We have classified the regularly asked cyber security interview questions here, in this article into different levels starting from basic general questions to advanced technical ones.
Before we move on to the top cyber security interview questions, it is critical to reflect on the vitality of cyber security in our modern times and how cyber security professionals are catering to the needs of securing a safe cyber ecosystem.
The times we live in is defined by the digital transition, in which the internet, electronic devices, and computers have become an integral part of our daily life. Institutions that serve our daily needs, such as banks and hospitals, now rely on internet-connected equipment to give the best possible service. A portion of their data, such as financial and personal information, has become vulnerable to illegal access, posing serious risks. Intruders utilize this information to carry out immoral and criminal goals.
Cyber-attacks have jeopardized the computer system and its arrangements, which has now become a global concern. To safeguard data from security breaches, a comprehensive cyber security policy is needed now more than ever. The rising frequency of cyber-attacks has compelled corporations and organizations working with national security and sensitive data to implement stringent security procedures and restrictions.
Computers, mobile devices, servers, data, electronic systems, networks, and other systems connected to the internet must be protected from harmful attacks. Cybersecurity, which is a combination of the words "cyber" and "security," provides this protection. 'Cyber' imbibes the vast-ranging technology with systems, networks, programs, and data in the aforementioned procedure. The phrase "security" refers to the process of protecting data, networks, applications, and systems. In a nutshell,
cyber security is a combination of principles and approaches that assist prevent unwanted access to data, networks, programs, and devices by meeting the security needs of technological resources (computer-based) and online databases.
Cyber security refers to protecting internet-connected systems and data from cyber attacks. It involves safeguarding against unauthorized access, exploitation, and disruption to ensure sensitive personal and organizational information is protected from hackers and threats. Common cyber threats include phishing, malware, and ransomware, while cyber attacks such as phishing, ransomware, DDoS, and man-in-the-middle pose serious risks. Implementing strategies like firewalls, employee training, and multi-factor authentication can help prevent attacks.
Safeguarding the Digital Realm Understanding CyberAttacks and Their Vital Cou...cyberprosocial
With the digital world becoming an essential aspect of our connected environment, there is always a risk of cyberattacks. The phrase "CyberAttacks" refers to a broad category of malevolent actions directed towards computer networks
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on cyber security. It begins with an introduction explaining the need for cyber security due to increasing cyber attacks. It then defines cyber security and discusses the different types including network, application, information and operational security. It also defines cyber attacks and common types such as injection attacks, DNS spoofing, and denial of service attacks. The document outlines different types of hackers and why cyber security is important for protection of data and systems. It concludes with some cyber security tips.
This document is a report by Nawaraj Sunar on cybersecurity in finance. It discusses the types of cybersecurity used to protect financial institutions, including network security, cloud security, application security, information security, and operational security. It also outlines some common cyber threats faced by the finance sector, such as malware attacks, phishing, password attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and SQL injection attacks. The report emphasizes that cybersecurity is critical for financial institutions to protect against cyber attacks and stresses the importance of maintaining updated security systems, using multi-factor authentication, reporting fraud quickly, and purchasing cyber insurance.
This document is a report by Nawaraj Sunar on cybersecurity in finance. It discusses how cybersecurity protects internet-connected systems from cyber threats. It explains how cybersecurity works through multiple layers of protection. It then discusses how the finance sector is a leading target of cyber attacks and outlines some common types of cyber threats faced, such as malware attacks, phishing, and SQL injection attacks. Finally, it provides solutions for preventing financial loss from cyber attacks, which include keeping software updated, using multi-factor authentication, reporting fraud instantly, and purchasing cyber insurance.
This document discusses network security. It begins by defining network security and explaining the three main types: physical, technical, and administrative security controls. It then defines vulnerabilities as weaknesses that can be exploited by threats such as unauthorized access or data modification. Common network attacks are described as reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and worms/viruses. Emerging attack trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits. The document aims to help students understand vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends regarding network security.
This document provides an overview of IT security and internet safety. It discusses key concepts in IT security like the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity and availability. It also covers common security threats like intrusion, blocking/denial of service attacks, and malware. The document recommends security measures to mitigate these threats, such as strong authentication, firewalls, antivirus software and user training. It concludes with guidelines for staying safe online, including creating strong passwords, avoiding scams, and knowing when to get help from a parent or guardian.
This document discusses information system security. It defines information system security as collecting activities to protect information systems and stored data. It outlines four components of an IT security policy framework: policies, standards, procedures, and guidelines. It also discusses vulnerabilities, threats, attacks, and trends in attacks. Vulnerabilities refer to weaknesses, while threats use tools and scripts to launch attacks like reconnaissance, access, denial of service, and viruses/Trojans. Common attacks trends include malware, phishing, ransomware, denial of service, man-in-the-middle, cryptojacking, SQL injection, and zero-day exploits.
The document discusses cyber crime, including defining it as criminal acts using computers and networks. It categorizes cyber crime and lists common types of cyber attacks such as hacking, denial of service attacks, computer vandalism, and cyber terrorism. It also discusses security measures at both the organizational and personal level to help prevent cyber crime such as using virus detection software, firewalls, encryption, and being cautious about sharing personal information online.
Module 1Introduction to cyber security.pptxSkippedltd
This document provides an overview of a course on fundamentals of cybersecurity. The course objectives are to provide theoretical and practical knowledge of cyber attacks, cyber law, intellectual property, cyber crimes, and web security. It covers 5 modules: introduction to cybersecurity, cyber attacks and protection tools, cyber risks and incident management, overviews of firewalls, and artificial intelligence in cybersecurity. Key topics include importance of cybersecurity, cybersecurity challenges, ethical hacking tools and processes, and methods for authentication, access control, intrusion detection, and prevention.
A denial-of-service (DoS) attack aims to make a computer or network resource unavailable to its intended users. The goal is to consume the target's resources so it can no longer provide its intended service or force it to reset. Spoofing/masquerading techniques allow attackers to falsify data and masquerade as another user to gain an illegitimate advantage. Common spoofing methods include man-in-the-middle attacks, email spoofing, and login spoofing. Backdoors are malicious programs that provide unauthorized remote access to compromised systems and bypass normal authentication. They remain hidden and allow attackers to spy on users, manage files, install malware, and control entire systems. Network security is important for protecting computers and data
Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks A Challenge to the IT Sector.pptxinfosec train
Cybersecurity consists of two terms; "Cyber" means relating to the characteristic of computers, information technology, etc., and "Security" means protection or prevention.
https://www.infosectrain.com/career-oriented-training-courses/
Cybersecurity Threats and Attacks A Challenge to the IT Sector.pptxInfosectrain3
Cybersecurity consists of two terms; "Cyber" means relating to the characteristic of computers, information technology, etc., and "Security" means protection or prevention. Thus, Cybersecurity is the term used to protect the systems connected to the internet, such as hardware, software, and data, from cyber threats. This practice of protecting these devices and especially data is done by individuals and enterprises to prevent unauthorized access for attackers trying to enter into the system. A good cybersecurity strategy adopted by the organization can prevent the systems from malicious attacks and stop further damage to the company and its reputation.
This project report was submitted by 4 students from Sitamarhi Institute of Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It documents their project work on an unspecified topic for partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report includes declarations by the students and their guide, acknowledgments, and outlines the introduction, related work, objectives, requirements, proposed work, system design, code, results, conclusion, and references. It was certified by the guide and head of the department.
The document discusses various types of malware like viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, ransomware, and backdoors. It explains what malware is, how it infects systems, and its objectives. Various malware analysis techniques like static analysis, dynamic analysis, code analysis, and behavioral analysis are also summarized. The document also discusses antivirus software, how it works, and examples like Bitdefender, Avast, and Panda. It covers memory management techniques and task management.
The document discusses several topics related to cyber security including biometrics, mobile device hardening, web application security, identity management for web services, authorization patterns, security considerations, and challenges. Specifically, it provides best practices for securing evolving technologies, mobile devices, web servers, web services, implementing identity management, common authorization patterns, important security considerations, and challenges related to implementing security.
The document discusses cybersecurity laws, regulations, and forensics. It provides an overview of cyber laws, which govern internet usage and cybercrimes. Cyber forensics is the process of collecting and analyzing digital evidence for cybercrime investigations. The document also discusses India's National Cyber Security Policy 2013, which aims to create a secure cyber environment in India through public-private partnerships and developing cybersecurity skills. Cybersecurity standards and the roles of governments and the private sector in ensuring cybersecurity are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of cyber security topics including cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, hashing, digital signatures, firewalls, user management, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines these terms and concepts, compares different techniques like symmetric vs asymmetric cryptography, and packet filtering vs stateful inspection firewalls. The document also discusses the importance of using firewalls and how VPNs can provide privacy and anonymity online.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to cyber security including infrastructure and network security, system security, server security, operating system (OS) security, physical security, network packet sniffing, network design simulation, denial of service (DOS) and distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks, asset management and audits, intrusion detection and prevention techniques, host-based intrusion prevention systems, security information management, network session analysis, system integrity validation, and some open-source, free and trial tools that can be used for security purposes like DOS/DDOS attacks, packet sniffing, firewalls, and intrusion detection.
The document discusses several topics related to cyber security including vulnerabilities, safeguards, internet security, cloud computing security, and social network security. Some common cyber security vulnerabilities mentioned are weak passwords, outdated software, phishing attacks, malware, and data breaches. Safeguards to address these vulnerabilities include strong passwords, regular software updates, employee training, encryption, access controls and monitoring. The document also outlines security challenges and mitigation strategies for internet usage, cloud computing and social media platforms.
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in chloroplasts using chlorophyll. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked to form grana. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions in thylakoid membranes use photosystems to split water, producing ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma uses ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
This document discusses different types of gene interactions and single gene disorders. It describes how gene expression can be affected by other genes, either through allelic or non-allelic interaction. Epistasis occurs when a gene's effect depends on the presence or absence of other genes. Single gene disorders can result from mutations in dominant, recessive, or X-linked genes. X-linked disorders particularly affect males since they only have one X chromosome.
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and inherited variations. Offspring acquire genes from parents through the inheritance of chromosomes. Sexual reproduction combines genes from two parents, leading to genetically diverse offspring. Meiosis produces haploid gametes with one set of chromosomes through two cell divisions in the ovaries and testes. During fertilization, the egg and sperm unite forming a zygote that develops into a multicellular organism through mitosis.
1. The document discusses the key differences between science and engineering. Science aims to understand natural laws through observation, while engineering applies scientific knowledge to solve problems and develop new technologies.
2. It also discusses the importance of studying biology for engineers. Biology can help engineers understand living systems and inspire new designs. It can also help solve problems involving biological processes.
3. The document then answers several questions about basic biology concepts. It defines biology and lists the key characteristics of living organisms. It also explains concepts like Mendel's laws of inheritance, gene interaction, the genetic code, and compares mechanisms of bird flight and aircraft flight.
Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed. They are typically named after their substrate with the suffix "-ase". Enzyme activity can be monitored by measuring changes in substrate or product concentration. Mass spectrometry provides an alternative detection method without needing a chromophore. The enzyme binds its substrate at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This lowers the activation energy and allows the reaction to proceed, with the unaltered enzyme then dissociating to catalyze more reactions. Kinetic analysis reveals the individual reaction steps and how enzyme activity is controlled.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity. He found that organisms have discrete factors (now known as genes) that determine traits, which exist in two versions (alleles). During reproduction, parents contribute one of each allele to offspring randomly. Mendel also discovered that traits are inherited independently and that dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when both are present. His work formed the basis of classical genetics and established the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Microbiology is the study of single-celled organisms called microorganisms. Microorganisms are classified into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. They are identified using staining techniques, molecular and phylogenetic analysis, growth in special media, microscopy, and other methods. Microscopes, including light microscopes and electron microscopes, are important tools used to visualize microorganisms. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams. Microorganisms demonstrate flexibility in surviving extreme environments and use various energy and carbon sources. Studying them provides insights into relationships between life and the environment.
The document discusses biology concepts including the differences between science and engineering, the need for engineers to study biology, the definition and characteristics of living organisms, the working principles of the human eye and digital cameras, Mendel's laws of inheritance, genetic code, gene interaction, and epistasis. It provides detailed explanations of these concepts through examples and definitions in response to multiple questions. The key points are that science aims to understand nature while engineering applies scientific knowledge, biology is relevant for engineering fields involving living systems, and genetics concepts such as Mendel's laws, genetic code, and gene interaction help explain inheritance and variation in traits.
This document discusses the classification of life and the hierarchy of life forms. It notes that biologists categorize organisms into groups and subgroups to make their study easier. Classification is based on characteristics like morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, and ecology. All living things share common themes of organization, information processing, energy and matter transformation, and interactions at different hierarchical levels. Cells are the basic unit of life, and while they can differ, they all descend from earlier cells and share common features. Organisms are classified as unicellular or multicellular depending on whether they are composed of single or multiple cells.
Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon atom called the alpha carbon, and a variable side chain. There are 20 common amino acids that differ in their side chains and physical/chemical properties. Amino acids can polymerize through peptide bonds between their carboxyl and amine groups to form polypeptides. Polypeptides are linear chains of amino acids that can further fold into three-dimensional protein structures and carry out biological functions.
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It explores the structure, function, development, behavior, and evolution of living things through various subdisciplines. The fundamental units of biology are the cell, genes, and evolution. Biology seeks to understand the mechanisms that allow living things to maintain their internal organization and adapt to environmental changes.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and divide through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton, and divide through mitosis. Autotrophs like plants and algae produce their own food through photosynthesis, heterotrophs depend on other organisms for food, and lithotrophs use inorganic substrates for food through chemosynthesis.
Unblocking The Main Thread - Solving ANRs and Frozen FramesSinan KOZAK
In the realm of Android development, the main thread is our stage, but too often, it becomes a battleground where performance issues arise, leading to ANRS, frozen frames, and sluggish Uls. As we strive for excellence in user experience, understanding and optimizing the main thread becomes essential to prevent these common perforrmance bottlenecks. We have strategies and best practices for keeping the main thread uncluttered. We'll examine the root causes of performance issues and techniques for monitoring and improving main thread health as wel as app performance. In this talk, participants will walk away with practical knowledge on enhancing app performance by mastering the main thread. We'll share proven approaches to eliminate real-life ANRS and frozen frames to build apps that deliver butter smooth experience.
20CDE09- INFORMATION DESIGN
UNIT I INCEPTION OF INFORMATION DESIGN
Introduction and Definition
History of Information Design
Need of Information Design
Types of Information Design
Identifying audience
Defining the audience and their needs
Inclusivity and Visual impairment
Case study.
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Enhancing Security with Multi-Factor Authentication in Privileged Access Mana...Bert Blevins
In the constantly evolving field of cybersecurity, ensuring robust protection for sensitive data and critical systems has never been more vital. As cyber threats grow more sophisticated, organizations continually seek innovative ways to bolster their defenses. One of the most effective tools in the security arsenal is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA), particularly when integrated with Privileged Access Management (PAM).
Privileged Access Management encompasses the methods, procedures, and tools used to regulate and monitor access to privileged accounts within an organization. Users with privileged accounts possess elevated rights, enabling them to perform essential operations such as system configuration, access to sensitive data, and management of network infrastructure. However, these elevated privileges also pose a significant security risk if they fall into the wrong hands.
By combining MFA with PAM, organizations can significantly enhance their security posture. MFA adds an additional layer of verification, ensuring that even if privileged account credentials are compromised, unauthorized access can be thwarted. This integration of MFA and PAM provides a robust defense mechanism, protecting critical systems and sensitive data from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats.
1. Cyber Security [105713] – Notes
Module 1
Cyber Security Concepts: Essential Terminologies: CIA, Risks, Breaches, Threats, Attacks, Exploits. Information
Gathering (Social Engineering, Foot Printing & Scanning). Open Source/ Free/ Trial Tools: nmap, zenmap, Port
Scanners, Network scanners.
Introduction:
Cyber security is the most concerned matter as cyber threats and attacks are overgrowing. Attackers are now using
more sophisticated techniques to target the systems. Individuals, small-scale businesses or large organization, are all
being impacted. So, all these firms whether IT or non-IT firms have understood the importance of Cyber Security and
focusing on adopting all possible measures to deal with cyber threats.
What is cyber security?
"Cyber security is primarily about people, processes, and technologies working together to encompass the full range
of threat reduction, vulnerability reduction, deterrence, international engagement, incident response, resiliency, and
recovery policies and activities, including computer network operations, information assurance, law enforcement,
etc."
OR
Cyber security is the body of technologies, processes, and practices designed to protect networks, computers,
programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access.
The term cyber security refers to techniques and practices designed to protect digital data.
The data that is stored, transmitted or used on an information system.
OR
Cyber security is the protection of Internet-connected systems, including hardware, software, and data from cyber-
attacks.
It is made up of two words one is cyber and other is security.
Cyber is related to the technology which contains systems, network and programs or data.
Whereas security related to the protection which includes systems security, network security and application
and information security.
Why is cyber security important?
Listed below are the reasons why cyber security is so important in what’s become a predominant digital world:
Cyber-attacks can be extremely expensive for businesses to endure.
In addition to financial damage suffered by the business, a data breach can also inflict untold reputational
damage.
Cyber-attacks these days are becoming progressively destructive. Cybercriminals are using more
sophisticated ways to initiate cyber-attacks.
Regulations such as GDPR are forcing organizations into taking better care of the personal data they hold.
Because of the above reasons, cyber security has become an important part of the business and the focus now is on
developing appropriate response plans that minimize the damage in the event of a cyber attack.
But, an organization or an individual can develop a proper response plan only when he has a good grip on cyber
security fundamentals.
2. CIA Triad
The CIA Triad is a fundamental security model that acts as a foundation in the development of security policies
designed to protect data. It is comprised of three tenets: Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability.
Confidentiality:
Confidentiality is about preventing the disclosure of data to unauthorized parties. It also means trying to keep the
identity of authorized parties involved in sharing and holding data private and anonymous.
Often confidentiality is compromised by cracking poorly encrypted data, Man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks,
disclosing sensitive data.
Standard measures to establish confidentiality include:
Data encryption
Two-factor authentication
Biometric verification
Security tokens
Integrity:
Integrity refers to protecting information from being modified by unauthorized parties.
Standard measures to guarantee integrity include:
Cryptographic checksums
Using file permissions
Uninterrupted power supplies
Data backups
Availability
Availability is making sure that authorized parties are able to access the information when needed.
Standard measures to guarantee availability include:
Backing up data to external drives
Implementing firewalls
Having backup power supplies
Data redundancy
Risk:
Cybersecurity risk is the probability of exposure, loss of critical assets and sensitive information, or reputational harm
as a result of a cyber-attack or breach within an organization’s network. Across industries, cybersecurity must remain
top of mind and organizations should work to implement a cybersecurity risk management strategy to protect against
constantly advancing and evolving cyber threats. Risk is the potential for loss, damage or destruction of assets or
data caused by a cyber threat.
3. Breaches:
A security breach is any incident that results in unauthorized access to computer data, applications, networks or
devices. It results in information being accessed without authorization.
Threats:
Threat is a malicious act that seeks to damage data, steal data, or disrupt digital life in general. Cyber threats include
computer viruses, data breaches, Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, and other attack vectors.
Where Do Cyber Threats Come From?
Hostile Nation-States: - National cyber warfare programs provide emerging cyber threats ranging from
propaganda, website defacement, espionage, disruption of key infrastructure to loss of life.
Terrorist Groups: - Terrorist groups are increasingly using cyber-attacks to damage national interests. They
are less developed in cyber-attacks and have a lower propensity to pursue cyber means than nation-states.
Hacktivists: - Hacktivist’s activities range across political ideals and issues. Most hacktivist groups are
concerned with spreading propaganda rather than damaging infrastructure or disrupting services.
Hackers: - Malicious intruders could take advantage of a zero-day exploit to gain unauthorized access to data.
Hackers may break into information systems for a challenge or bragging rights. In the past, this required a
high level of skill.
Attacks:
A cyber-attack is an exploitation of computer systems and networks. It uses malicious code to alter computer
code, logic or data and lead to cybercrimes, such as information and identity theft.
A cyberattack is a malicious and deliberate attempt by an individual or organization to breach the information
system of another individual or organization. Usually, the attacker seeks some type of benefit from disrupting
the victim’s network.
A cyber attack is when an individual or an organization deliberately and maliciously attempts to breach the
information system of another individual or organization. While there is usually an economic goal, some
recent attacks show destruction of data as a goal.
Web-based attacks:
These are the attacks which occur on a website or web applications. Some of the important web-based attacks are
as follows-
Injection attacks: It is the attack in which some data will be injected into a web application to manipulate
the application and fetch the required information. Example- SQL Injection, code Injection, log Injection, XML
Injection etc.
DNS Spoofing: DNS Spoofing is a type of computer security hacking. Whereby a data is introduced into a DNS
resolver's cache causing the name server to return an incorrect IP address, diverting traffic to the attacker’s
computer or any other computer. The DNS spoofing attacks can go on for a long period of time without being
detected and can cause serious security issues.
Session Hijacking: It is a security attack on a user session over a protected network. Web applications create
cookies to store the state and user sessions. By stealing the cookies, an attacker can have access to all of the
user data.
Phishing: Phishing is a type of attack which attempts to steal sensitive information like user login credentials
and credit card number. It occurs when an attacker is masquerading as a trustworthy entity in electronic
communication.
Brute force: It is a type of attack which uses a trial and error method. This attack generates a large number
of guesses and validates them to obtain actual data like user password and personal identification number.
This attack may be used by criminals to crack encrypted data, or by security, analysts to test an organization's
network security.
Denial of Service: It is an attack which meant to make a server or network resource unavailable to the users.
It accomplishes this by flooding the target with traffic or sending it information that triggers a crash. It uses
the single system and single internet connection to attack a server. It can be classified into the following-
4. o Volume-based attacks- Its goal is to saturate the bandwidth of the attacked site, and is measured in
bit per second.
o Protocol attacks- It consumes actual server resources, and is measured in a packet.
o Application layer attacks- Its goal is to crash the web server and is measured in request per second.
Dictionary attacks: This type of attack stored the list of a commonly used password and validated them to
get original password.
URL Interpretation: It is a type of attack where we can change the certain parts of a URL, and one can make
a web server to deliver web pages for which he is not authorized to browse.
File Inclusion attacks: It is a type of attack that allows an attacker to access unauthorized or essential files
which is available on the web server or to execute malicious files on the web server by making use of the
include functionality.
Man in the middle attacks: It is a type of attack that allows an attacker to intercepts the connection between
client and server and acts as a bridge between them. Due to this, an attacker will be able to read, insert and
modify the data in the intercepted connection.
Cross-site Scripting: A cross-site scripting attack sends malicious scripts into content from reliable websites.
The malicious code joins the dynamic content that is sent to the victim’s browser. Usually, this malicious code
consists of Javascript code executed by the victim’s browser, but can include Flash, HTML, and XSS.
System-based attacks:
These are the attacks which are intended to compromise a computer or a computer network. Some of the important
system-based attacks are as follows-
Virus: It is a type of malicious software program that spread throughout the computer files without the
knowledge of a user. It is a self-replicating malicious computer program that replicates by inserting copies of
itself into other computer programs when executed. It can also execute instructions that cause harm to the
system.
Worm: It is a type of malware whose primary function is to replicate itself to spread to uninfected computers.
It works same as the computer virus. Worms often originate from email attachments that appear to be from
trusted senders.
Trojan horse: It is a malicious program that occurs unexpected changes to computer setting and unusual
activity, even when the computer should be idle. It misleads the user of its true intent. It appears to be a
normal application but when opened/executed some malicious code will run in the background.
Backdoors: It is a method that bypasses the normal authentication process. A developer may create a
backdoor so that an application or operating system can be accessed for troubleshooting or other purposes.
Bots/Botnet: A bot (short for "robot") is an automated process that interacts with other network services.
Some bots program run automatically, while others only execute commands when they receive specific
input. Common examples of bots program are the crawler, chatroom bots, and malicious bots.
Rootkits: Rootkits are installed inside legitimate software, where they can gain remote control and
administration-level access over a system. The attacker then uses the rootkit to steal passwords, keys,
credentials, and retrieve critical data.
Exploits:
An exploit is a code that takes advantage of a software vulnerability or security flaw. It is written either by security
researchers as a proof-of-concept threat or by malicious actors for use in their operations. When used, exploits allow
an intruder to remotely access a network and gain elevated privileges, or move deeper into the network.
An exploit is a piece of software, a chunk of data, or a sequence of commands that takes advantage of a bug
or vulnerability to cause unintended or unanticipated behavior to occur on computer software, hardware, or
something electronic.
An exploit is not malware itself, but rather it is a method used by cybercriminals to deliver malware.
How do I defend against exploits?
Many software vendors patch known bugs to remove the vulnerability. Security software also helps by detecting,
reporting, and blocking suspicious operations. It prevents exploits from occurring and damaging computer systems,
regardless of what malware the exploit was trying to initiate.
5. The typical security software implemented by businesses to ward off exploits is referred to as threat defense as well
as endpoint, detection, and response (EDR) software. Other best practices are to initiate a penetration testing
program, which is used to validate the effectiveness of the defense.
Zero-day Exploit
A Zero-day Exploit refers to exploiting a network vulnerability when it is new and recently announced — before a
patch is released and/or implemented. Zero-day attackers jump at the disclosed vulnerability in the small window of
time where no solution/preventative measures exist. Thus, preventing zero-day attacks requires constant
monitoring, proactive detection, and agile threat management practices.
Information Gathering
Information Gathering means gathering different kinds of information about the target. It is basically, the first step
or the beginning stage of Ethical Hacking, where the penetration testers or hackers (both black hat or white hat) tries
to gather all the information about the target, in order to use it for Hacking.
To obtain more relevant results, we have to gather more information about the target to increase the probability of
a successful attack.
Information gathering can be classified into the following categories:
Footprinting
Scanning
Enumeration
Reconnaissance
Social Engineering
Social engineering is a manipulation technique that exploits human error to gain private information, access, or
valuables. In cybercrime, these “human hacking” scams tend to lure unsuspecting users into exposing data, spreading
malware infections, or giving access to restricted systems. Attacks can happen online, in-person, and via other
interactions.
Foot Printing
In this technique, the information of a target network or system or victim is collected as much as possible. Foot
printing provides various ways to intrude on the system of an organization. The security posture of the target is also
determined by this technique. It can be active as well as passive. In Passive foot printing, the information of any user
is collected without knowing him. If the user's sensitive information gets released intentionally and consciously or by
the direct contact of the owner, active foot printing will be created.
Foot printing techniques are three types. These are as follows:
Open source foot printing: Open source foot printing is the safest foot printing. The limitation of footprinting
is illegal. It is illegal; that's why hackers can do open source footprinting without fear. Examples of open
source footprinting include DOB, phone number, search for the age, finding someone's email address, using
an automation tool scans the IP etc. Most companies provide information on their official websites related
to their company. Hackers will use the information provided by the company and take benefit from them.
Network-based foot printing: Network-based footprinting is used to retrieve information like network
service, information name within a group, user name, shared data among individuals, etc.
DNS interrogation: After gathering all the required information on various areas using different techniques,
the hacker uses the pre-existing tools to query the DNS.
Scanning
Another essential step of footprinting is scanning, which contains the package of techniques and procedures. In the
network, hosts, ports and various services are identified by it. It is one of the components of information gathering
mechanism and intelligence gathering, which is used by an attacker to create an overview scenario of the target. To
find out the possibility of network security attacks, pen-testers use vulnerability scanning. Due to this technique,
6. hackers can find vulnerabilities like weak authentication, unnecessary services, missing patches, and weak encryption
algorithms. So an ethical hacker and pen-tester provide the list of all vulnerabilities they found in an organization's
network.
There are three types of scanning:
Port scanning: Hackers and penetration testers use this conventional technique to search for open doors so
that the hackers can access the system of any organization.
Network scanning
Vulnerability scanning: Vulnerability scanning Vulnerability scanning is a proactive identification of
Vulnerabilities on the target network. Using some automatic scanning tools and some manual support,
vulnerabilities, and threats can be identified.
Enumeration:
Enumeration is the process in which information is extracted from the system like machine names, user names,
network resources, shares and services. In enumeration, an active connection is established with the system by the
hacker. Hackers use this connection and gain more target information by performing direct queries.
Open Source/Free/Trial Tools
NMAP:
Nmap is an open-source network scanner that is used to recon/scan networks. It is used to discover hosts, ports, and
services along with their versions over a network. It sends packets to the host and then analyzes the responses in
order to produce the desired results. It could even be used for host discovery, operating system detection, or
scanning for open ports. It is one of the most popular reconnaissance tools.
To use nmap:
Ping the host with the ping command to get the IP address
ping hostname
Open the terminal and enter the following command there.
nmap -sV ipaddress
Replace the IP address with the IP address of the host you want to scan.
It will display all the captured details of the host.
7. ZENMAP
It is another useful tool for the scanning phase of Ethical Hacking in Kali Linux. It uses the Graphical User Interface. It
is a great tool for network discovery and security auditing. It does the same functions as that of the Nmap tool or in
other words, it is the graphical Interface version of the Nmap tool. It uses command line Interface. It is a free utility
tool for network discovery and security auditing. Tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade
schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime are considered really useful by systems and network
administrators.
To use Zenmap, enter the target URL in the target field to scan the target.
Network scanners:
SYNScan: The three-way handshaking technique of TCP is not completed by an SYN scan or stealth. An SYN
packet is sent by the hacker to the target, and if the hacker receives back the SYN/ACK frame, the connection
would be completed by the target, and the port is able to listen anything. If the target retrieves the RST, it
will assume that the ports are not activated or closed. Some IDS system logs this as connection attempts or
an attack that why SYN stealth scan is advantageous.
XMASScan: This scan is used to send the packet containing PSH, FIN, and URG flags. The target will not
provide any response if the port is open. But an RST/ACK packet is responded by the target if the port is
closed.
FINScan: XMAS scan and FIN scan is almost the same except that it does not send a packet with PSH and URG
flags; it only sends packets with a FIN flag. The response and the limitations of the FIN scan are the same as
the XMAS scan.
IDLEScan: This scan determines the sequence number of IP header and port scan response and sends the
SYN packet to the target using the spoofed/hoax IP. The port is open or not depends upon the response of
the scan.
Inverse TCP Flag scan: In this scan, the TCP probe packet with no flags or TCP flags send by the attacker. If
the target does not provide any response, it means the port is open. If the RST packet is responded by the
target, it means the port is closed.
ACK Flag Probe Scan: In this scan, TCP probe packets are sent by the attacker where the ACK flag is set to a
remote device, analyzing the header information. The port is open or not signified by the RST packet. This
scan also checks the filtering system of the victim or target.