The document discusses cybersecurity laws, regulations, and forensics. It provides an overview of cyber laws, which govern internet usage and cybercrimes. Cyber forensics is the process of collecting and analyzing digital evidence for cybercrime investigations. The document also discusses India's National Cyber Security Policy 2013, which aims to create a secure cyber environment in India through public-private partnerships and developing cybersecurity skills. Cybersecurity standards and the roles of governments and the private sector in ensuring cybersecurity are also summarized.
The document outlines India's new National Cyber Security Policy. It aims to secure computing environments and boost trust in electronic transactions. Key points:
- The policy establishes the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN) to handle cyber security commercially, including responding to attacks.
- It seeks to create effective prosecution for cyber criminals, who currently face little threat.
- The policy upgrades security for government systems to prevent hacking and malware attacks, in response to growing sophisticated cyber threats facing the country.
What Financial Institution Cyber Regs Tell the Infrastructure SectorCBIZ, Inc.
Information security is a threat for every business, but it’s particularly disruptive to the nation’s infrastructure systems. Infrastructure companies should monitor how mandatory rules play out for financial institutions. If the regulatory efforts are successful in reducing the number of financial institution cyber incidents, state and federal regulators may turn their attention to other industries.
Cyber Crime with basics and knowledge to cyber sphereRISHIKCHAUDHARY2
In this ppt you will get to know about the cyber security basics as well as the paradigms that are important in the cyber world.
Also this can be helpful for study purpose in college and schools.
You will also get two case studies which can be helpful for better understand.
Global Perspective Cyberlaw, Regulations and Complianceijtsrd
Cyber security provides protection to the internet connected networks and system from the cyber attacks. To stop attacks everyone must know and aware of all cyber law, regulations and compliance to secure the cyber. Cyber security is all about to stop cyber crime. Cyber security is must and we have to know about all safety measures required to stop cybercrime. This paper give details information about cyber security and its safety measure. Also we will discuss about the activities related to it and how actually cybercrime happens and all steps taken by the various organization and Government to have cyber ethics everywhere. Cyber security provides protection against the cybercrime and teach us what essential safety measures one need to follow from all cybercrimes. Securing online information is priority where everyone is involved with technology. Whenever anyone talked about cyber security, straight one thing comes in mind that is cybercrime and what safety measures need to take to be safe from it. Syed Meharanjunisa "Global Perspective: Cyberlaw, Regulations and Compliance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31684.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31684/global-perspective-cyberlaw-regulations-and-compliance/syed-meharanjunisa
HISTORICAL GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF CYBER CRIME AND CYBER SECURITY LAWS IN INDIAIRJET Journal
This document discusses the historical genesis and evolution of cybercrime and cyber security laws in India. It begins by discussing how crime has evolved with technology over time. It then discusses how cybercrime first emerged during the Cold War era and increased rapidly with the spread of the internet. The document outlines some of the earliest cybercrimes and catalyst events that led countries to develop cyber laws. It also discusses the objectives of the study, research methodology, and provides definitions of key terms like cyber security. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the emergence of cybercrime and development of cyber laws in India over time.
Legal and Ethical Implications of Cybersecurity.pptxsoulscout02
The document discusses the legal and ethical implications of cybersecurity. It covers three main areas: privacy, data protection, and compliance. On privacy, it discusses data collection, consent, breaches, and surveillance. For data protection, it discusses security, international transfers, and retention. Compliance involves understanding relevant laws and frameworks like GDPR and responding to incidents. It also introduces the NIST cybersecurity framework which provides guidelines for governance, risk management, and compliance.
- Cybersecurity refers to protecting information and communication systems from cyberattacks. It has become an important issue as technology has become ubiquitous and critical infrastructure increasingly relies on interconnected systems.
- Managing cybersecurity risk involves addressing threats, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts. Threats can come from criminals, spies, hackers or activists. Vulnerabilities are ways systems can be attacked. Impacts range from minor disruptions to significant effects on national security and the economy if critical infrastructure is compromised.
- The federal government works to secure its own systems and help protect non-federal systems and critical infrastructure. Congress is considering legislation to improve information sharing, cybersecurity workforce training, and protection of critical infrastructure. However, long-term challenges
The document outlines India's new National Cyber Security Policy. It aims to secure computing environments and boost trust in electronic transactions. Key points:
- The policy establishes the Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-IN) to handle cyber security commercially, including responding to attacks.
- It seeks to create effective prosecution for cyber criminals, who currently face little threat.
- The policy upgrades security for government systems to prevent hacking and malware attacks, in response to growing sophisticated cyber threats facing the country.
What Financial Institution Cyber Regs Tell the Infrastructure SectorCBIZ, Inc.
Information security is a threat for every business, but it’s particularly disruptive to the nation’s infrastructure systems. Infrastructure companies should monitor how mandatory rules play out for financial institutions. If the regulatory efforts are successful in reducing the number of financial institution cyber incidents, state and federal regulators may turn their attention to other industries.
Cyber Crime with basics and knowledge to cyber sphereRISHIKCHAUDHARY2
In this ppt you will get to know about the cyber security basics as well as the paradigms that are important in the cyber world.
Also this can be helpful for study purpose in college and schools.
You will also get two case studies which can be helpful for better understand.
Global Perspective Cyberlaw, Regulations and Complianceijtsrd
Cyber security provides protection to the internet connected networks and system from the cyber attacks. To stop attacks everyone must know and aware of all cyber law, regulations and compliance to secure the cyber. Cyber security is all about to stop cyber crime. Cyber security is must and we have to know about all safety measures required to stop cybercrime. This paper give details information about cyber security and its safety measure. Also we will discuss about the activities related to it and how actually cybercrime happens and all steps taken by the various organization and Government to have cyber ethics everywhere. Cyber security provides protection against the cybercrime and teach us what essential safety measures one need to follow from all cybercrimes. Securing online information is priority where everyone is involved with technology. Whenever anyone talked about cyber security, straight one thing comes in mind that is cybercrime and what safety measures need to take to be safe from it. Syed Meharanjunisa "Global Perspective: Cyberlaw, Regulations and Compliance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31684.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31684/global-perspective-cyberlaw-regulations-and-compliance/syed-meharanjunisa
HISTORICAL GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF CYBER CRIME AND CYBER SECURITY LAWS IN INDIAIRJET Journal
This document discusses the historical genesis and evolution of cybercrime and cyber security laws in India. It begins by discussing how crime has evolved with technology over time. It then discusses how cybercrime first emerged during the Cold War era and increased rapidly with the spread of the internet. The document outlines some of the earliest cybercrimes and catalyst events that led countries to develop cyber laws. It also discusses the objectives of the study, research methodology, and provides definitions of key terms like cyber security. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of the emergence of cybercrime and development of cyber laws in India over time.
Legal and Ethical Implications of Cybersecurity.pptxsoulscout02
The document discusses the legal and ethical implications of cybersecurity. It covers three main areas: privacy, data protection, and compliance. On privacy, it discusses data collection, consent, breaches, and surveillance. For data protection, it discusses security, international transfers, and retention. Compliance involves understanding relevant laws and frameworks like GDPR and responding to incidents. It also introduces the NIST cybersecurity framework which provides guidelines for governance, risk management, and compliance.
- Cybersecurity refers to protecting information and communication systems from cyberattacks. It has become an important issue as technology has become ubiquitous and critical infrastructure increasingly relies on interconnected systems.
- Managing cybersecurity risk involves addressing threats, vulnerabilities, and potential impacts. Threats can come from criminals, spies, hackers or activists. Vulnerabilities are ways systems can be attacked. Impacts range from minor disruptions to significant effects on national security and the economy if critical infrastructure is compromised.
- The federal government works to secure its own systems and help protect non-federal systems and critical infrastructure. Congress is considering legislation to improve information sharing, cybersecurity workforce training, and protection of critical infrastructure. However, long-term challenges
The document provides an overview of cybersecurity, explaining why it is important for businesses to implement security measures to protect their data, networks, and systems from cyber threats in order to avoid economic losses, reputational damage, and regulatory penalties. It discusses the components of cybersecurity including identity and access management, security information and event management, endpoint security, network security, and data security. The document also covers cybersecurity compliance regulations and best practices organizations should follow.
State Management Mechanisms for the Exchange of Information Regarding Cyberat...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to determine the key aspects of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents. The methodology includes a set of theoretical methods. Modern government, on the one hand, must take into account the emergence of such a new weapon as cyber, which can break various information systems, can be used in hybrid wars, influence political events, pose a threat to the national security of any state. As a result of the study, key elements of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents were identified.
This document proposes guidelines for developing a national cybersecurity strategy. It discusses the importance of cybersecurity given increasing internet usage and mobile broadband adoption. Nations need strategic cybersecurity frameworks to protect digital economies, national security, and citizens from growing cyber threats. The paper reviews existing strategies and highlights challenges. It conducted expert interviews across technical, economic, legal and policy areas to inform proposed guidelines. The goal is to educate on cybersecurity and provide a collaborative framework to mitigate risks in the digital era.
Cyber laws are needed to regulate digital information and activities online. They cover areas like internet access, e-commerce, privacy, and freedom of expression. Cyber laws are important because almost all internet transactions have legal implications. India's National Cyber Security Policy aims to protect public and private infrastructure from cyberattacks by safeguarding personal, financial, and sovereign data. Its objectives are to create a secure cyber ecosystem, assurance frameworks, and regulatory structures to strengthen cybersecurity and respond effectively to threats. The Information Technology Act, 2000 provides sections to empower users and safeguard cyberspace by prohibiting activities like hacking, identity theft, child pornography, and cyber terrorism.
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,N.pdfanujmkt
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,
Network security consists of the policies and practices adopted to prevent and monitor
unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-
accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network,
which is controlled by the network administrator.
Standards for Network Security are:-
The Network Security Standard provides measures to prevent, detect, and correct network
compromises. The standard is based on both new practices and best practices currently in use at
RIT.
The Cyber Security Technical team at World Level Decides the Standards necessary for the
Network to be secured.
Regulations:-
Cybersecurity regulation comprises directives from the Executive Branch and legislation from
Congress that safeguards information technology and computer systems. The purpose of
cybersecurity regulation is to force companies and organizations to protect their systems and
information from cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, phishing,
denial of service (DOS) attacks, unauthorized access (stealing intellectual property or
confidential information) and control system attacks.
Network Compilations:-
The term network compliance is a broad one, and can have many meanings. The word
compliance means “the state or act or conforming with or agreeing to do something, often in
response to legislation, rules or regulations or court order.” Complying with all the rules, laws
and orders in effect in the U.S. and other jurisdictions can be a tall order. Within the industry, the
term is usually used to refer to one of the following:
Laws:-
There are many laws in the field of Cyber Security or we can say Network Security, and are
increasing day by day, some of them are,
Difference Between Laws and Regulations:-
Laws are the products of written statutes, passed by either the U.S. Congress or state legislatures.
The legislatures create bills that, when passed by a vote, become law.
Regulations, on the other hand, are standards and rules adopted by administrative agencies that
govern how laws will be enforced. So an agency like the SEC can have its own regulations for
enforcing major securities laws.
Thank You
Solution
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,
Network security consists of the policies and practices adopted to prevent and monitor
unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-
accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network,
which is controlled by the network administrator.
Standards for Network Security are:-
The Network Security Standard provides measures to prevent, detect, and correct network
compromises. The standard is based on both new practices and best practices currently in use at
RIT.
The Cyber Security Technical team at World Level Decides the Standards necessary for .
SECURITY AND SAFETY OF THE POWER GRID AND ITS RELATED COMPUTER INF.docxbagotjesusa
SECURITY AND SAFETY OF THE POWER GRID AND ITS RELATED COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1
Security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems
Name of the student:
Name of the institution:
There have been increased use and application of information and communication technologies in most of critical infrastructures and departments of the government. They have proved to be fundamentally significant in helping the various departments to carry out their daily activities with a lot of ease and proficiency. However, these systems have also opened quite a considerable unforeseen opportunity both positive and negative. The infrastructures have become highly efficient and flexible and this has been very beneficial to the people. On the other hand, there have been persistent problems with cybercrimes and hackers who have outsmarted the government and the set securities protocols every now and then. This has made the state lose billions of dollars in a theft of its secrets and high-level information. In this case, it is right to analyze all the general impacts that can be put in place to prevent cybercrimes as well as threats. It is hence important to validate all the necessary measures that need to be put in place in every organization. The paper will hence give recommendations that can help the named organization solve the issues mentioned.
To address this issue, proper precautions needs to be put in place. The government has to demonstrate preparedness in combating this crime both in terms of systems put in place and also the legal jurisprudence (Higgins, 2016). The US power grid system is an interconnected system that is made up of power generation, transmissions software, and its distribution with a capacity to bring down the whole economy if not well protected. The nation's department of defense (DoD) is one of the most critical and sensitive institutions that can paralyze the state if tampered with by unscrupulous individuals. The situation is even worse if there is an advanced persistent threat (APT) against computers and software that operates the western interconnection power grid. This needs an urgent measure to remove the threat immediately and avoid its reoccurrence. We recommend the following security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems are taken by the concerned departments:
a. Creation of a special branch that is specifically dedicated to cyber security
It is high time for the government to come up with a special branch of the military personnel that will be dedicated to fighting cybercrimes (Higgins, 2016). Its main function will be to detect cybercrime activities, to develop mechanisms to prevent cybercrimes, apprehend, arrest and align cyber criminals in a court of law.
b. Creation of special court to determine cybercrime cases
Security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems and those crimes associated w.
Securing the digital frontier cyber security policies for a safer future.pdfAltius IT
Cybersecurity policies, often considered a subset of IT security policies, focus specifically on protecting an organization's digital assets from cyber threats. These policies encompass strategies for defending against malware, phishing attacks, data breaches, and other cyberattacks. Cybersecurity policies are essential for staying ahead of evolving cyber threats and minimizing the risk of data loss or system compromise.
Web:- https://altiusit.com/
CYBER Crime Cyber Security Cyber Law INDIAAnish Rai
This document discusses security and legal aspects of information technology. It provides an overview of cyber crimes in India and the cyber laws that govern cyber space, including the Information Technology Act 2000 and its 2008 amendment. It also discusses cyber security and the role of initiatives by the Indian government to promote cyber security, such as the National Cyber Security Policy 2013. While progress has been made, the document notes that implementation of cyber security policies in India still needs improvement given the growing number of internet users and cyber threats.
Cyber security involves protecting computer systems and networks from digital attacks like malware, denial of service attacks, and phishing. A security plan should include strong user authentication, encryption of data, regularly patching systems, and backups. User authentication verifies a user's identity before granting access, while encryption encodes data so that only authorized users can access it. Regular backups and patching systems protects against attacks, and firewalls and antivirus software provide additional security.
Cybersecurity and Policy Kafayat Omotayo WRTG 112 OllieShoresna
Cybersecurity and Policy
Kafayat Omotayo
WRTG 112
UMGC
02/15/21
Commented [DW1]: Good cover page.
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research Question ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Standards .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Definitions .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
The potential threat of a cyberattack on a law firm ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Law Firms’ Cyber Risk .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cyber Risk Cost Assumption and Attacks ................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Cyber enforcement issues for the law firms .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Surveys ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Prevention ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Recommendations .......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conclusion ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
References ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Abstract
With the evolution of technology, all businesses use the internet and other smart devices for
smooth operations in their business. The advanced use of the internet and technology has brought
many security issues for businesses. This paper focuses on the current threats faced by law firms
in terms of cyberattacks. An insight is provided on how law firms can be threatened by different
actors for information. A survey approach has been used for collecting data for this paper.
Keywords: Cybersecurity, Law firms, Threat Actors, Information
Introduction
While firms around the world are forced continuously to enhance the complexity of their
risk reduction strategies, cyber-attacks are growing steadily. A study by Lab's panda in Q3 2016
only took another 18 million malware tests. In 2017, a further report from the Division of
cybercrime and intellectual property was carrying out more than 4,000 Ransomware attacks daily
(CCIPS). That's 300 p ...
This document discusses legal and ethical issues in information security. It differentiates between laws, which are rules mandated by governing bodies, and ethics, which define socially acceptable behavior. The document outlines several key U.S. laws regarding privacy, copyright, and freedom of information. It also discusses the importance of understanding international, state and local regulations. Professional organizations for information security professionals are described that promote codes of ethics to guide appropriate behavior.
Ethics in Cyber Crime_will be helpful for ethics presentation.pptxmohitsrivastavabtech
This document discusses ethics in cybersecurity and cybercrime. It covers several topics:
1) Why cyber ethics are required due to increasing cybercrime like hacking, spying, and identity theft.
2) Ethical frameworks like the Golden Rule, Professional Responsibility Model, and Kant's Categorical Imperative that can guide cybersecurity professionals.
3) Case studies on ethical hacking versus cyber terrorism using examples like ransomware attacks and the Stuxnet worm.
4) Balancing national security concerns with individual privacy when it comes to government surveillance.
5) Promoting ethical behavior through cybersecurity culture, data privacy frameworks, educating professionals, and regulatory compliance.
6) Emerging technologies like quantum computing
Finland s cyber security strategy background dossierYury Chemerkin
This document provides background information on Finland's Cyber Security Strategy. It discusses the cyber domain and threats, principles of cyber security management, securing vital functions against cyber threats, cyber security regulation, and implementation of the strategy. The cyber domain is increasingly interconnected but also introduces new risks. Cyber attacks can disrupt critical infrastructure and society. Finland aims to increase cyber situation awareness, guarantee cybersecurity of businesses, prevent cybercrime, improve cyber defense capabilities, and foster international cooperation and research.
The document discusses various topics related to the ethical and legal aspects of computer security. It begins by defining computer crime/cybercrime as criminal activity where computers or networks are used as a tool, target, or place of criminal activity. It then discusses different types of computer crimes based on the role of computers, including computers as targets, storage devices, and communication tools. The document also covers intellectual property concepts like copyright, patents, and trademarks. It discusses laws and standards related to these topics, such as the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the European Union Data Protection Directive. The document concludes by discussing privacy, ethical issues, and codes of conduct related to computer security and usage.
This document discusses ethics of information and communication technology (ICT) in the Asia-Pacific region. It provides an introduction to the topic, noting the complex ethical issues raised by globalization and digital convergence. These issues include freedom of expression, access to information, privacy, intellectual property rights, and cultural diversity. The document then discusses the objectives of compiling information on key ethical issues in the region like the digital divide, poverty, piracy, cybercrime, human rights, and gender equality. It also aims to summarize initiatives and recommendations to address challenges posed by the use of ICT.
Cybersecurity: Protecting Local Government Digital Resources ReportSamantha Wagner
While cybersecurity is addressing the need for computer security, most local governments still don't have a solid understanding of what policies and procedures they should follow to protect their computer systems from future attacks. That's why ICMA has partnered with Microsoft to develop a new report on cybersecurity to ensure that local leaders are aware of what it takes to protect their computer systems and what current and future leading practices might look like.
The study provides valuable insight into the change in agency investment, awareness, and support for cybersecurity – as well as the challenges and barriers faced in achieving these goals.
Notable Takeaways:
• Financial Risks: According to a 2016 BetaNews article, “the total average cost of a data breach is now put at $6.53M, which includes $3.72M in lost business. Forensic investigations can cost up to $2,000 an hour, and the average annual salary of a security engineer is $92,000. With these high costs, proper preventative attack measures and cybersecurity insurance are crucial for the financial safety of organizations
• Employee Risks: A sizeable percentage of local agencies responded to never having taken cybersecurity awareness training for citizens (71.4%), contractors (61.9%), and local elected officials (50.1%). Given that human error creates vulnerabilities for breaches through targeted attacks like spear-phishing – employee education, RBAC measures, and RMS are of critical importance for agencies.
• What Agencies Want: The top three actions that were recommended by the respondents of the study were (1) Higher funding for cybersecurity; (2) Better cybersecurity polices; and (3) Greater cybersecurity awareness among employees in their local governments.
This project report was submitted by 4 students from Sitamarhi Institute of Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It documents their project work on an unspecified topic for partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report includes declarations by the students and their guide, acknowledgments, and outlines the introduction, related work, objectives, requirements, proposed work, system design, code, results, conclusion, and references. It was certified by the guide and head of the department.
Cyber security concepts and terminology are introduced, including the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Various cyber attacks, threats, and exploits are defined, such as denial of service attacks, social engineering, and zero-day exploits. Information gathering techniques like footprinting, scanning, and enumeration are explained. Free and open source tools for scanning networks, including Nmap and Zenmap, are also covered.
The document provides an overview of cybersecurity, explaining why it is important for businesses to implement security measures to protect their data, networks, and systems from cyber threats in order to avoid economic losses, reputational damage, and regulatory penalties. It discusses the components of cybersecurity including identity and access management, security information and event management, endpoint security, network security, and data security. The document also covers cybersecurity compliance regulations and best practices organizations should follow.
State Management Mechanisms for the Exchange of Information Regarding Cyberat...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to determine the key aspects of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents. The methodology includes a set of theoretical methods. Modern government, on the one hand, must take into account the emergence of such a new weapon as cyber, which can break various information systems, can be used in hybrid wars, influence political events, pose a threat to the national security of any state. As a result of the study, key elements of the mechanisms of state management of the exchange of information about cyberattacks, cyber incidents, and information security incidents were identified.
This document proposes guidelines for developing a national cybersecurity strategy. It discusses the importance of cybersecurity given increasing internet usage and mobile broadband adoption. Nations need strategic cybersecurity frameworks to protect digital economies, national security, and citizens from growing cyber threats. The paper reviews existing strategies and highlights challenges. It conducted expert interviews across technical, economic, legal and policy areas to inform proposed guidelines. The goal is to educate on cybersecurity and provide a collaborative framework to mitigate risks in the digital era.
Cyber laws are needed to regulate digital information and activities online. They cover areas like internet access, e-commerce, privacy, and freedom of expression. Cyber laws are important because almost all internet transactions have legal implications. India's National Cyber Security Policy aims to protect public and private infrastructure from cyberattacks by safeguarding personal, financial, and sovereign data. Its objectives are to create a secure cyber ecosystem, assurance frameworks, and regulatory structures to strengthen cybersecurity and respond effectively to threats. The Information Technology Act, 2000 provides sections to empower users and safeguard cyberspace by prohibiting activities like hacking, identity theft, child pornography, and cyber terrorism.
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,N.pdfanujmkt
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,
Network security consists of the policies and practices adopted to prevent and monitor
unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-
accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network,
which is controlled by the network administrator.
Standards for Network Security are:-
The Network Security Standard provides measures to prevent, detect, and correct network
compromises. The standard is based on both new practices and best practices currently in use at
RIT.
The Cyber Security Technical team at World Level Decides the Standards necessary for the
Network to be secured.
Regulations:-
Cybersecurity regulation comprises directives from the Executive Branch and legislation from
Congress that safeguards information technology and computer systems. The purpose of
cybersecurity regulation is to force companies and organizations to protect their systems and
information from cyber-attacks. Cyber-attacks include viruses, worms, Trojan horses, phishing,
denial of service (DOS) attacks, unauthorized access (stealing intellectual property or
confidential information) and control system attacks.
Network Compilations:-
The term network compliance is a broad one, and can have many meanings. The word
compliance means “the state or act or conforming with or agreeing to do something, often in
response to legislation, rules or regulations or court order.” Complying with all the rules, laws
and orders in effect in the U.S. and other jurisdictions can be a tall order. Within the industry, the
term is usually used to refer to one of the following:
Laws:-
There are many laws in the field of Cyber Security or we can say Network Security, and are
increasing day by day, some of them are,
Difference Between Laws and Regulations:-
Laws are the products of written statutes, passed by either the U.S. Congress or state legislatures.
The legislatures create bills that, when passed by a vote, become law.
Regulations, on the other hand, are standards and rules adopted by administrative agencies that
govern how laws will be enforced. So an agency like the SEC can have its own regulations for
enforcing major securities laws.
Thank You
Solution
What is Network security, or Securiing your data Through Network,
Network security consists of the policies and practices adopted to prevent and monitor
unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-
accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network,
which is controlled by the network administrator.
Standards for Network Security are:-
The Network Security Standard provides measures to prevent, detect, and correct network
compromises. The standard is based on both new practices and best practices currently in use at
RIT.
The Cyber Security Technical team at World Level Decides the Standards necessary for .
SECURITY AND SAFETY OF THE POWER GRID AND ITS RELATED COMPUTER INF.docxbagotjesusa
SECURITY AND SAFETY OF THE POWER GRID AND ITS RELATED COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS 1
Security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems
Name of the student:
Name of the institution:
There have been increased use and application of information and communication technologies in most of critical infrastructures and departments of the government. They have proved to be fundamentally significant in helping the various departments to carry out their daily activities with a lot of ease and proficiency. However, these systems have also opened quite a considerable unforeseen opportunity both positive and negative. The infrastructures have become highly efficient and flexible and this has been very beneficial to the people. On the other hand, there have been persistent problems with cybercrimes and hackers who have outsmarted the government and the set securities protocols every now and then. This has made the state lose billions of dollars in a theft of its secrets and high-level information. In this case, it is right to analyze all the general impacts that can be put in place to prevent cybercrimes as well as threats. It is hence important to validate all the necessary measures that need to be put in place in every organization. The paper will hence give recommendations that can help the named organization solve the issues mentioned.
To address this issue, proper precautions needs to be put in place. The government has to demonstrate preparedness in combating this crime both in terms of systems put in place and also the legal jurisprudence (Higgins, 2016). The US power grid system is an interconnected system that is made up of power generation, transmissions software, and its distribution with a capacity to bring down the whole economy if not well protected. The nation's department of defense (DoD) is one of the most critical and sensitive institutions that can paralyze the state if tampered with by unscrupulous individuals. The situation is even worse if there is an advanced persistent threat (APT) against computers and software that operates the western interconnection power grid. This needs an urgent measure to remove the threat immediately and avoid its reoccurrence. We recommend the following security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems are taken by the concerned departments:
a. Creation of a special branch that is specifically dedicated to cyber security
It is high time for the government to come up with a special branch of the military personnel that will be dedicated to fighting cybercrimes (Higgins, 2016). Its main function will be to detect cybercrime activities, to develop mechanisms to prevent cybercrimes, apprehend, arrest and align cyber criminals in a court of law.
b. Creation of special court to determine cybercrime cases
Security and safety of the power grid and its related computer information systems and those crimes associated w.
Securing the digital frontier cyber security policies for a safer future.pdfAltius IT
Cybersecurity policies, often considered a subset of IT security policies, focus specifically on protecting an organization's digital assets from cyber threats. These policies encompass strategies for defending against malware, phishing attacks, data breaches, and other cyberattacks. Cybersecurity policies are essential for staying ahead of evolving cyber threats and minimizing the risk of data loss or system compromise.
Web:- https://altiusit.com/
CYBER Crime Cyber Security Cyber Law INDIAAnish Rai
This document discusses security and legal aspects of information technology. It provides an overview of cyber crimes in India and the cyber laws that govern cyber space, including the Information Technology Act 2000 and its 2008 amendment. It also discusses cyber security and the role of initiatives by the Indian government to promote cyber security, such as the National Cyber Security Policy 2013. While progress has been made, the document notes that implementation of cyber security policies in India still needs improvement given the growing number of internet users and cyber threats.
Cyber security involves protecting computer systems and networks from digital attacks like malware, denial of service attacks, and phishing. A security plan should include strong user authentication, encryption of data, regularly patching systems, and backups. User authentication verifies a user's identity before granting access, while encryption encodes data so that only authorized users can access it. Regular backups and patching systems protects against attacks, and firewalls and antivirus software provide additional security.
Cybersecurity and Policy Kafayat Omotayo WRTG 112 OllieShoresna
Cybersecurity and Policy
Kafayat Omotayo
WRTG 112
UMGC
02/15/21
Commented [DW1]: Good cover page.
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Research Question ......................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Overview .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Abstract
With the evolution of technology, all businesses use the internet and other smart devices for
smooth operations in their business. The advanced use of the internet and technology has brought
many security issues for businesses. This paper focuses on the current threats faced by law firms
in terms of cyberattacks. An insight is provided on how law firms can be threatened by different
actors for information. A survey approach has been used for collecting data for this paper.
Keywords: Cybersecurity, Law firms, Threat Actors, Information
Introduction
While firms around the world are forced continuously to enhance the complexity of their
risk reduction strategies, cyber-attacks are growing steadily. A study by Lab's panda in Q3 2016
only took another 18 million malware tests. In 2017, a further report from the Division of
cybercrime and intellectual property was carrying out more than 4,000 Ransomware attacks daily
(CCIPS). That's 300 p ...
This document discusses legal and ethical issues in information security. It differentiates between laws, which are rules mandated by governing bodies, and ethics, which define socially acceptable behavior. The document outlines several key U.S. laws regarding privacy, copyright, and freedom of information. It also discusses the importance of understanding international, state and local regulations. Professional organizations for information security professionals are described that promote codes of ethics to guide appropriate behavior.
Ethics in Cyber Crime_will be helpful for ethics presentation.pptxmohitsrivastavabtech
This document discusses ethics in cybersecurity and cybercrime. It covers several topics:
1) Why cyber ethics are required due to increasing cybercrime like hacking, spying, and identity theft.
2) Ethical frameworks like the Golden Rule, Professional Responsibility Model, and Kant's Categorical Imperative that can guide cybersecurity professionals.
3) Case studies on ethical hacking versus cyber terrorism using examples like ransomware attacks and the Stuxnet worm.
4) Balancing national security concerns with individual privacy when it comes to government surveillance.
5) Promoting ethical behavior through cybersecurity culture, data privacy frameworks, educating professionals, and regulatory compliance.
6) Emerging technologies like quantum computing
Finland s cyber security strategy background dossierYury Chemerkin
This document provides background information on Finland's Cyber Security Strategy. It discusses the cyber domain and threats, principles of cyber security management, securing vital functions against cyber threats, cyber security regulation, and implementation of the strategy. The cyber domain is increasingly interconnected but also introduces new risks. Cyber attacks can disrupt critical infrastructure and society. Finland aims to increase cyber situation awareness, guarantee cybersecurity of businesses, prevent cybercrime, improve cyber defense capabilities, and foster international cooperation and research.
The document discusses various topics related to the ethical and legal aspects of computer security. It begins by defining computer crime/cybercrime as criminal activity where computers or networks are used as a tool, target, or place of criminal activity. It then discusses different types of computer crimes based on the role of computers, including computers as targets, storage devices, and communication tools. The document also covers intellectual property concepts like copyright, patents, and trademarks. It discusses laws and standards related to these topics, such as the US Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the European Union Data Protection Directive. The document concludes by discussing privacy, ethical issues, and codes of conduct related to computer security and usage.
This document discusses ethics of information and communication technology (ICT) in the Asia-Pacific region. It provides an introduction to the topic, noting the complex ethical issues raised by globalization and digital convergence. These issues include freedom of expression, access to information, privacy, intellectual property rights, and cultural diversity. The document then discusses the objectives of compiling information on key ethical issues in the region like the digital divide, poverty, piracy, cybercrime, human rights, and gender equality. It also aims to summarize initiatives and recommendations to address challenges posed by the use of ICT.
Cybersecurity: Protecting Local Government Digital Resources ReportSamantha Wagner
While cybersecurity is addressing the need for computer security, most local governments still don't have a solid understanding of what policies and procedures they should follow to protect their computer systems from future attacks. That's why ICMA has partnered with Microsoft to develop a new report on cybersecurity to ensure that local leaders are aware of what it takes to protect their computer systems and what current and future leading practices might look like.
The study provides valuable insight into the change in agency investment, awareness, and support for cybersecurity – as well as the challenges and barriers faced in achieving these goals.
Notable Takeaways:
• Financial Risks: According to a 2016 BetaNews article, “the total average cost of a data breach is now put at $6.53M, which includes $3.72M in lost business. Forensic investigations can cost up to $2,000 an hour, and the average annual salary of a security engineer is $92,000. With these high costs, proper preventative attack measures and cybersecurity insurance are crucial for the financial safety of organizations
• Employee Risks: A sizeable percentage of local agencies responded to never having taken cybersecurity awareness training for citizens (71.4%), contractors (61.9%), and local elected officials (50.1%). Given that human error creates vulnerabilities for breaches through targeted attacks like spear-phishing – employee education, RBAC measures, and RMS are of critical importance for agencies.
• What Agencies Want: The top three actions that were recommended by the respondents of the study were (1) Higher funding for cybersecurity; (2) Better cybersecurity polices; and (3) Greater cybersecurity awareness among employees in their local governments.
This project report was submitted by 4 students from Sitamarhi Institute of Technology for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It documents their project work on an unspecified topic for partial fulfillment of their degree requirements. The report includes declarations by the students and their guide, acknowledgments, and outlines the introduction, related work, objectives, requirements, proposed work, system design, code, results, conclusion, and references. It was certified by the guide and head of the department.
Cyber security concepts and terminology are introduced, including the CIA triad of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Various cyber attacks, threats, and exploits are defined, such as denial of service attacks, social engineering, and zero-day exploits. Information gathering techniques like footprinting, scanning, and enumeration are explained. Free and open source tools for scanning networks, including Nmap and Zenmap, are also covered.
The document discusses various types of malware like viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, ransomware, and backdoors. It explains what malware is, how it infects systems, and its objectives. Various malware analysis techniques like static analysis, dynamic analysis, code analysis, and behavioral analysis are also summarized. The document also discusses antivirus software, how it works, and examples like Bitdefender, Avast, and Panda. It covers memory management techniques and task management.
The document discusses several topics related to cyber security including biometrics, mobile device hardening, web application security, identity management for web services, authorization patterns, security considerations, and challenges. Specifically, it provides best practices for securing evolving technologies, mobile devices, web servers, web services, implementing identity management, common authorization patterns, important security considerations, and challenges related to implementing security.
This document provides an overview of cyber security topics including cryptography, cryptanalysis, symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, hashing, digital signatures, firewalls, user management, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines these terms and concepts, compares different techniques like symmetric vs asymmetric cryptography, and packet filtering vs stateful inspection firewalls. The document also discusses the importance of using firewalls and how VPNs can provide privacy and anonymity online.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to cyber security including infrastructure and network security, system security, server security, operating system (OS) security, physical security, network packet sniffing, network design simulation, denial of service (DOS) and distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks, asset management and audits, intrusion detection and prevention techniques, host-based intrusion prevention systems, security information management, network session analysis, system integrity validation, and some open-source, free and trial tools that can be used for security purposes like DOS/DDOS attacks, packet sniffing, firewalls, and intrusion detection.
The document discusses several topics related to cyber security including vulnerabilities, safeguards, internet security, cloud computing security, and social network security. Some common cyber security vulnerabilities mentioned are weak passwords, outdated software, phishing attacks, malware, and data breaches. Safeguards to address these vulnerabilities include strong passwords, regular software updates, employee training, encryption, access controls and monitoring. The document also outlines security challenges and mitigation strategies for internet usage, cloud computing and social media platforms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in chloroplasts using chlorophyll. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked to form grana. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions in thylakoid membranes use photosystems to split water, producing ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma uses ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
This document discusses different types of gene interactions and single gene disorders. It describes how gene expression can be affected by other genes, either through allelic or non-allelic interaction. Epistasis occurs when a gene's effect depends on the presence or absence of other genes. Single gene disorders can result from mutations in dominant, recessive, or X-linked genes. X-linked disorders particularly affect males since they only have one X chromosome.
Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and inherited variations. Offspring acquire genes from parents through the inheritance of chromosomes. Sexual reproduction combines genes from two parents, leading to genetically diverse offspring. Meiosis produces haploid gametes with one set of chromosomes through two cell divisions in the ovaries and testes. During fertilization, the egg and sperm unite forming a zygote that develops into a multicellular organism through mitosis.
1. The document discusses the key differences between science and engineering. Science aims to understand natural laws through observation, while engineering applies scientific knowledge to solve problems and develop new technologies.
2. It also discusses the importance of studying biology for engineers. Biology can help engineers understand living systems and inspire new designs. It can also help solve problems involving biological processes.
3. The document then answers several questions about basic biology concepts. It defines biology and lists the key characteristics of living organisms. It also explains concepts like Mendel's laws of inheritance, gene interaction, the genetic code, and compares mechanisms of bird flight and aircraft flight.
Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed. They are typically named after their substrate with the suffix "-ase". Enzyme activity can be monitored by measuring changes in substrate or product concentration. Mass spectrometry provides an alternative detection method without needing a chromophore. The enzyme binds its substrate at the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex. This lowers the activation energy and allows the reaction to proceed, with the unaltered enzyme then dissociating to catalyze more reactions. Kinetic analysis reveals the individual reaction steps and how enzyme activity is controlled.
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments breeding pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity. He found that organisms have discrete factors (now known as genes) that determine traits, which exist in two versions (alleles). During reproduction, parents contribute one of each allele to offspring randomly. Mendel also discovered that traits are inherited independently and that dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when both are present. His work formed the basis of classical genetics and established the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
Microbiology is the study of single-celled organisms called microorganisms. Microorganisms are classified into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. They are identified using staining techniques, molecular and phylogenetic analysis, growth in special media, microscopy, and other methods. Microscopes, including light microscopes and electron microscopes, are important tools used to visualize microorganisms. Light microscopes use visible light while electron microscopes use electron beams. Microorganisms demonstrate flexibility in surviving extreme environments and use various energy and carbon sources. Studying them provides insights into relationships between life and the environment.
The document discusses biology concepts including the differences between science and engineering, the need for engineers to study biology, the definition and characteristics of living organisms, the working principles of the human eye and digital cameras, Mendel's laws of inheritance, genetic code, gene interaction, and epistasis. It provides detailed explanations of these concepts through examples and definitions in response to multiple questions. The key points are that science aims to understand nature while engineering applies scientific knowledge, biology is relevant for engineering fields involving living systems, and genetics concepts such as Mendel's laws, genetic code, and gene interaction help explain inheritance and variation in traits.
This document discusses the classification of life and the hierarchy of life forms. It notes that biologists categorize organisms into groups and subgroups to make their study easier. Classification is based on characteristics like morphology, anatomy, biochemistry, and ecology. All living things share common themes of organization, information processing, energy and matter transformation, and interactions at different hierarchical levels. Cells are the basic unit of life, and while they can differ, they all descend from earlier cells and share common features. Organisms are classified as unicellular or multicellular depending on whether they are composed of single or multiple cells.
Amino acids are organic molecules that contain an amine group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon atom called the alpha carbon, and a variable side chain. There are 20 common amino acids that differ in their side chains and physical/chemical properties. Amino acids can polymerize through peptide bonds between their carboxyl and amine groups to form polypeptides. Polypeptides are linear chains of amino acids that can further fold into three-dimensional protein structures and carry out biological functions.
Biology is the scientific study of life and living organisms. It explores the structure, function, development, behavior, and evolution of living things through various subdisciplines. The fundamental units of biology are the cell, genes, and evolution. Biology seeks to understand the mechanisms that allow living things to maintain their internal organization and adapt to environmental changes.
Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells, lack membrane-bound organelles, and divide through binary fission. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cytoskeleton, and divide through mitosis. Autotrophs like plants and algae produce their own food through photosynthesis, heterotrophs depend on other organisms for food, and lithotrophs use inorganic substrates for food through chemosynthesis.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
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1. Cyber Security [105713] – Notes
Module 7
Cyber Laws and Forensics: Introduction, Cyber Security Regulations, Roles of International Law, the state
and Private Sector in Cyber space, Cyber Security Standards. The INDIAN Cyberspace, National Cyber
Security Policy 2013. Introduction to Cyber Forensics, Need of Cyber Forensics, Cyber Evidence,
Documentation and Management of Crime Sense, Image Capturing and its importance, Partial Volume
Image, Web Attack Investigations, Denial of Service Investigations, Internet Crime Investigations, Internet
Forensics, Steps for Investigating Internet Crime, Email Crime Investigations.
Open Source/ Free/ Trial Tools: Case Studies related to Cyber Law, Common Forensic Tools like dd,
md5sum, sha1sum, Ram dump analysis, USB device.
Cyber Laws and Forensics
Cyber laws and forensics are two important areas in the field of cybersecurity that are critical for
protecting individuals, organizations, and nations against cyber threats.
Cyber laws refer to a set of legal guidelines and regulations designed to protect against cybercrimes, and
to govern the use of the internet and other digital technologies. These laws cover a wide range of issues,
including data protection, privacy, intellectual property rights, cyberbullying, online harassment, and
cyber terrorism. Cyber laws are enforced by law enforcement agencies, and those who violate these laws
can face severe penalties and fines.
Cyber forensics, on the other hand, is the process of collecting, analyzing, and preserving digital evidence
in order to investigate and prevent cybercrimes. Cyber forensics experts use a variety of techniques to
identify and track down cybercriminals, including computer and network analysis, data recovery, and
reverse engineering. They also work closely with law enforcement agencies to gather evidence that can
be used in legal proceedings.
Together, cyber laws and forensics play a critical role in protecting against cyber threats and ensuring
the safety and security of digital systems and networks. They help to deter cybercriminals, prosecute
those who engage in cybercrimes, and provide a framework for regulating the use of the internet and
other digital technologies. In addition, they help to build trust in the digital economy, enabling
individuals and organizations to conduct business online with confidence.
Introduction, Cyber Security Regulations-
Cybersecurity regulations are a set of rules, guidelines, and standards that are designed to protect
information systems, networks, and digital assets from cyber threats. Cybersecurity regulations are
typically established by governments, industry associations, and other regulatory bodies to ensure that
organizations are taking appropriate measures to protect their digital assets from cyber attacks.
The importance of cybersecurity regulations has increased in recent years due to the growing number
and complexity of cyber threats. Cyber attacks can result in the theft of sensitive data, financial losses,
reputational damage, and even physical harm in some cases. As a result, many countries have
implemented cybersecurity regulations to protect their citizens and businesses from these threats.
Cybersecurity regulations typically cover a range of areas, including data protection, incident response,
network security, access controls, and risk management. These regulations may require organizations to
implement specific security controls, such as firewalls, encryption, and multi-factor authentication, and
to follow established security frameworks, such as the NIST Cybersecurity Framework or ISO 27001.
2. Organizations that are subject to cybersecurity regulations may face significant penalties and fines if they
fail to comply with these regulations. In addition, organizations that suffer a data breach or other cyber
incident may be required to report the incident to regulatory authorities and to take specific steps to
remediate the incident.
Overall, cybersecurity regulations play a critical role in protecting digital systems and networks from
cyber threats and ensuring the safety and security of individuals and organizations in the digital age.
Roles of International Law-
International law is a body of legal rules and principles that govern the conduct of states and
other international actors in their relations with one another. international law plays an
important role in regulating and addressing issues related to cybersecurity and cybercrime at the
international level.
The roles of international law in cybersecurity include:
Establishing norms: International law helps to establish norms and standards of behavior for states and
other international actors in cyberspace. For example, the Tallinn Manual, a set of guidelines developed
by experts in international law, provides guidance on the application of international law to cyber
operations.
Addressing cybercrime: International law plays a critical role in addressing cybercrime by providing a
legal framework for cooperation and collaboration among countries. This includes the Budapest
Convention on Cybercrime, which provides a framework for international cooperation on cybercrime
investigations and prosecutions.
Regulating state behavior: International law helps to regulate state behavior in cyberspace, including
state-sponsored cyber activities and cyber espionage. This includes the United Nations Charter, which
prohibits the use of force in international relations, and the International Court of Justice, which
provides a forum for resolving disputes between states.
Protecting human rights: International law also plays a role in protecting human rights in cyberspace.
This includes the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which protects the right to freedom
of expression, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which protects the right to privacy.
Ensuring accountability: International law helps to ensure accountability for cyber attacks and other
cyber activities. This includes the establishment of international criminal tribunals, such as the
International Criminal Court, which can prosecute individuals responsible for cyber crimes.
The state and Private sector in Cyberspace, Cyber Security Standards -
The state and private sector play critical roles in cybersecurity and are both responsible for ensuring the
safety and security of digital systems and networks.
The state's role in cybersecurity involves developing and enforcing laws and regulations related to
cybersecurity. Governments establish cybersecurity standards and guidelines that organizations must
follow to protect their systems and networks. They also invest in cybersecurity research and development
to improve the overall security posture of the country. Governments may also provide support for
organizations to help them enhance their cybersecurity capabilities.
The private sector's role in cybersecurity involves implementing cybersecurity measures to protect their
3. systems and networks. Private sector organizations may implement cybersecurity standards and
guidelines, such as ISO 27001 or NIST Cybersecurity Framework, to ensure they are following best
practices for cybersecurity. They may also hire cybersecurity experts to assess their security posture and
recommend improvements. Private sector organizations also play a critical role in sharing threat
intelligence with other organizations to help prevent cyber attacks.
Cybersecurity standards are important in establishing best practices for cybersecurity across different
industries and organizations. They help to ensure a consistent level of cybersecurity across different
organizations and can be used as a benchmark for measuring an organization's cybersecurity posture.
Cybersecurity standards may be established by governments or industry associations, and they typically
provide guidelines for implementing specific security controls and best practices.
There are many cybersecurity standards that organizations may choose to follow, such as ISO 27001, NIST
Cybersecurity Framework, or the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS). These
standards provide guidance on various aspects of cybersecurity, including risk management, access
controls, data protection, incident response, and security awareness training.
In summary, the state and private sector play critical roles in cybersecurity, and both have a responsibility
to ensure the safety and security of digital systems and networks. Cybersecurity standards are important
in establishing best practices for cybersecurity and ensuring a consistent level of cybersecurity across
different organizations and industries.
The INDIAN Cyberspace, National Cyber Security Policy 2013
The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 was introduced by the Indian government to address the growing
threat of cyber attacks and ensure the security of India's cyberspace.
The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 aims to create a secure and resilient cyberspace for citizens,
businesses, and the government. The policy is based on the following pillars:
Creating a secure cyberspace: The policy aims to create a secure cyberspace by establishing a secure IT
infrastructure, creating an ecosystem for cyber security R&D, promoting the use of indigenous
technologies, and strengthening the regulatory framework.
Creating a mechanism for incident response: The policy aims to create a mechanism for incident
response by establishing a National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIIPC) to
monitor and respond to cyber attacks on critical infrastructure.
Creating a workforce for cybersecurity: The policy aims to create a skilled workforce for cybersecurity
by establishing a National Cyber Security Co-ordination Centre (NCSC) to coordinate with stakeholders
and promote the development of cybersecurity skills.
Creating public-private partnerships: The policy aims to create public-private partnerships to promote
information sharing, create awareness among stakeholders, and build capacity for cybersecurity.
The National Cyber Security Policy 2013 also outlines several initiatives to achieve these objectives,
including the establishment of a National Cyber Security Centre, the creation of a National Cyber Security
Coordinator position, the development of a cyber security research and development framework, and
the promotion of cybersecurity education and awareness.
Overall, the National Cyber Security Policy 2013 is an important step towards strengthening cybersecurity
in India. It provides a framework for establishing a secure and resilient cyberspace, creating a mechanism
for incident response, building a skilled workforce for cybersecurity, and promoting public-private
5. Introduction to Cyber Forensics, Need of Cyber Forensic
Cyber forensics, also known as digital forensics, is a branch of forensic science that involves the recovery,
analysis, and preservation of digital evidence. Cyber forensics is used to investigate cybercrime, data
breaches, and other digital incidents that may have legal implications.
The need for cyber forensics arises from the increasing use of technology in our daily lives, including
business and government operations. With the growing reliance on digital data, cybercrime has become
a significant threat to individuals, organizations, and governments. Cyber forensics helps in investigating
and prosecuting cybercrime by identifying and preserving digital evidence.
Cyber forensic investigations involve the use of specialized tools and techniques to collect and analyze
digital evidence, such as computer systems, mobile devices, and network logs. The digital evidence can
include emails, documents, chat logs, images, and other types of data stored on electronic devices or
transmitted over networks.
The primary goal of cyber forensics is to establish a clear chain of custody and maintain the integrity of
the digital evidence. This involves documenting the entire investigation process, from the collection of
evidence to the analysis and presentation of findings.
Cyber forensics is essential in today's digital world because it helps in identifying and prosecuting cyber
criminals, protecting intellectual property, and ensuring compliance with regulations and legal
requirements. It also helps in preventing future cyber incidents by identifying vulnerabilities and
improving security measures
Cyber Evidence
Cyber evidence is any digital information that is collected and used in the investigation and prosecution
of cybercrime. It includes any data that can be found on electronic devices or transmitted over networks,
such as emails, chat logs, social media posts, documents, images, videos, and other types of digital files.
Cyber evidence can be collected from a variety of sources, including computers, smartphones, tablets,
servers, and other network-connected devices. The evidence can be found in various forms, including
volatile memory, hard drives, flash drives, cloud storage, and network logs.
The collection and analysis of cyber evidence require specialized techniques and tools to ensure that the
integrity of the evidence is maintained throughout the investigation. The process involves identifying
potential sources of evidence, imaging or copying the data, and analyzing the data to identify any relevant
information.
In addition to identifying potential sources of evidence, it is also essential to document the entire process
to maintain the chain of custody and ensure the admissibility of the evidence in court. This includes
documenting the collection and analysis of the evidence, as well as any conclusions or findings that are
made based on the evidence.
The use of cyber evidence is becoming increasingly important in the investigation and prosecution of
cybercrime. Cyber evidence can provide crucial information about the identity of the perpetrator, the
methods used to commit the crime, and any other relevant details that can help in the investigation and
prosecution.
However, the collection and analysis of cyber evidence can be challenging due to the complexity of digital
systems and the constantly evolving nature of technology. As a result, cyber forensic experts play a critical
6. role in the identification and collection of cyber evidence, as well as the analysis and interpretation of the
data.
Documentation and Management of Crime Sense
Crime scene documentation and management are critical components of any criminal investigation,
including cybercrime. Proper documentation and management of a crime scene help to ensure the
integrity of the evidence and increase the chances of identifying and prosecuting the perpetrator.
In the context of cybercrime, the crime scene may be a computer system, network, or other digital device.
The following are some of the key steps involved in the documentation and management of cybercrime
scenes:
Securing the scene: The firststep is to secure the crime scene to prevent any further damage or tampering
with the evidence. This involves ensuring that the system or device is isolated from the network and other
devices to prevent any further data loss or modification.
Documenting the scene: The next step is to document the crime scene by taking photographs or videos
of the device or system, recording the configuration of the system, and taking note of any hardware or
software that may be relevant to the investigation.
Collecting evidence: Once the crime scene has been documented, the next step is to collect evidence.
This involves identifying and copying any relevant data, such as log files, chat logs, or other digital files
that may be stored on the system.
Preservation of evidence: Once the evidence has been collected, it must be preserved to ensure its
integrity. This involves storing the evidence in a secure location and ensuring that it is not tampered
with or modified in any way.
Analysis of evidence: The final step is to analyze the evidence to identify any relevant information that
can be used in the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrator. This involves using specialized tools
and techniques to examine the data and identify any patterns or anomalies.
Proper documentation and management of cybercrime scenes are essential in ensuring the integrity of
the evidence and increasing the chances of identifying and prosecuting the perpetrator. It is crucial that
investigators have the knowledge and skills to effectively document and manage cybercrime scenes to
ensure that justice is served.
Image Capturing and its importance:
Image capturing is a critical process in crime scene documentation, including cybercrime scenes. It involves
the use of specialized equipment to take photographs or videos of the crime scene, including any digital
devices or systems that may be relevant to the investigation.
The importance of image capturing in crime scene documentation cannot be overstated. The following
are some of the reasons why image capturing is essential:
Preservation of evidence: Images and videos captured at the crime scene help to preserve the evidence
and ensure that it is not lost or modified in any way. They provide a record of the crime scene that can be
used in the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrator.
Reconstruction of the crime scene: Images and videos can be used to reconstruct the crime scene and
identify any potential areas of interest or points of entry/exit. This can help investigators to piece together
7. the sequence of events leading up to the crime.
Identification of suspects: Images and videos captured at the crime scene may also help to identify
suspects or witnesses who may have been present at the time of the crime. They can be used to match
individuals to descriptions provided by witnesses or to identify individuals who may have left behind
digital footprints at the scene.
Admissibility in court: Images and videos captured at the crime scene can be used as evidence in court to
support the prosecution's case. However, it is essential to ensure that the images and videos are captured
and handled in a manner that preserves their integrity and admissibility in court.
Partial Volume image
Partial volume imaging refers to a technique used in medical imaging to improve the quality and accuracy
of images. It is particularly useful in situations where the boundaries between different types of tissues
are not well-defined.
In medical imaging, a pixel or voxel (3D pixel) is the smallest element of an image. In the case of partial
volume imaging, a voxel contains a mixture of different tissues. This can happen when the voxel is located
near the boundary between two different types of tissues, and it is not possible to accurately determine
which tissue is present in the voxel.
Partial volume imaging works by estimating the proportion of each tissue within the voxel. This is done
using various mathematical algorithms that take into account the surrounding pixels or voxels. The
estimated tissue proportions are then used to create a more accurate image, with improved contrast and
resolution.
Partial volume imaging is used in a variety of medical imaging modalities, including computed tomography
(CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound. It is particularly useful in the imaging of organs
such as the brain, where the boundaries between different types of tissues can be difficult to distinguish.
Web attack Investigations-
Web attacks are a common type of cyber attack that target websites and web applications. When a web
attack occurs, it is essential to investigate the attack to determine the cause, extent, and impact of the
attack. The following are the steps involved in conducting a web attack investigation:
Identify the attack: The first step is to identify that an attack has occurred. This can be done through
various methods, such as monitoring network traffic, reviewing server logs, or receiving alerts from
intrusion detection systems.
Secure the affected systems: Once an attack has been identified, it is important to secure the affected
systems to prevent further damage. This may involve disconnecting the systems from the network,
shutting down affected services, or taking other measures to prevent the attacker from gaining further
access.
Collect and preserve evidence: Evidence collection is a critical step in any investigation. It involves
collecting and preserving any data that may be relevant to the investigation, such as log files, network
traffic data, and system snapshots. The evidence must be collected and preserved in a manner that
maintains its integrity and admissibility in court.
Analyze the evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of the
8. attack. This may involve reviewing log files and network traffic data to identify the attacker's methods
and tools, examining system snapshots to identify any changes made to the system, and analyzing any
malware or other malicious code found on the system.
Remediate the damage: Once the cause and extent of the attack have been identified, steps must be
taken to remediate the damage caused by the attack. This may involve restoring affected systems from
backups,patching vulnerabilities, or implementing additional security measures to prevent similar attacks
from occurring in the future.
Report the incident: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This may
involve providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory
authorities, depending on the nature and severity of the attack.
Denial of Service Investigations-
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are a type of cyber attack that involves overwhelming a target system with
traffic or requests, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. When a DoS attack occurs, it is essential
to investigate the attack to determine the cause, extent, and impact of the attack. The following are the
steps involved in conducting a DoS attack investigation:
Identify the attack: The first step is to identify that a DoS attack has occurred. This can be done through
various methods, such as monitoring network traffic, reviewing server logs, or receiving alerts from
intrusion detection systems.
Secure the affected systems: Once a DoS attack has been identified, it is important to secure the affected
systems to prevent further damage. This may involve disconnecting the systems from the network,
blocking the source of the attack, or taking other measures to prevent the attacker from continuing the
attack.
Collect and preserve evidence: Evidence collection is a critical step in any investigation. It involves
collecting and preserving any data that may be relevant to the investigation, such as log files, network
traffic data, and system snapshots. The evidence must be collected and preserved in a manner that
maintains its integrity and admissibility in court.
Analyze the evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of
the attack. This may involve reviewing log files and network traffic data to identify the attacker's methods
and tools, examining system snapshots to identify any changes made to the system, and analyzing any
malware or other malicious code found on the system.
Remediate the damage: Once the cause and extent of the attack have been identified, steps must be
taken to remediate the damage caused by the attack. This may involve restoring affected systems from
backups, patching vulnerabilities, or implementing additional security measures to prevent similar
attacks from occurring in the future.
Report the incident: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This may
involve providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory
authorities, depending on the nature and severity of the attack.
Internet Crime Investigations-
Internet crime investigations involve identifying and prosecuting individuals or groups that commit
criminal activities on the internet. Such activities may include fraud,identity theft, hacking, cyberstalking,
and child exploitation. The following are the steps involved in conducting an internet crime investigation:
9. Identify the crime: The first step is to identify the specific crime that has been committed. This may
involve reviewing complaints from victims, analyzing network traffic, or conducting interviews with
witnesses.
Collect evidence: Evidence collection is a critical step in any investigation. It involves collecting and
preserving any data that may be relevant to the investigation, such as log files, emails, chat logs, and
social media posts. The evidence must be collected and preserved in a manner that maintains its integrity
and admissibility in court.
Analyze the evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of
the crime. This may involve reviewing network traffic to identify the source of an attack, analyzing
financial records to trace the flow of money, or examining seized devices for incriminating data.
Identify suspects: Once the evidence has been analyzed, the next step is to identify potential suspects.
This may involve tracking down the IP addresses of attackers, conducting background checks on
individuals, or interviewing potential witnesses.
Arrest and prosecution: If sufficient evidence exists, law enforcement authorities may make arrests and
prosecute the suspects. This may involve filing criminal charges, seeking search warrants, or executing
subpoenas for additional evidence.
Report the incident: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This
may involve providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory
authorities, depending on the nature and severity of the crime.
Internet Forensics
Internet forensics involves the investigation and analysis of digital evidence related to internet-based
crimes or incidents. This may include crimes such as hacking, online fraud, cyberstalking, child
exploitation, and online harassment. The following are the steps involved in conducting an internet
forensics investigation:
Identify the incident: The first step is to identify the incident that requires investigation. This may involve
reviewing reports from victims, analyzing network traffic, or conducting interviews with witnesses.
Collect evidence: Evidence collection is a critical step in any investigation. It involves collecting and
preserving any data that may be relevant to the investigation, such as log files, emails, chat logs, and
social media posts. The evidence must be collected and preserved in a manner that maintains its integrity
and admissibility in court.
Analyze the evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of the
incident. This may involve reviewing network traffic to identify the source of an attack, analyzing financial
records to trace the flow of money, or examining seized devices for incriminating data.
Identify suspects: Once the evidence has been analyzed, the next step is to identify potential suspects.
This may involve tracking down the IP addresses of attackers, conducting background checks on
individuals, or interviewing potential witnesses.
Remediate the damage: Once the cause and extent of the incident have been identified, steps must be
taken to remediate the damage caused by the incident. This may involve restoring affected systems from
backups, patching vulnerabilities, or implementing additional security measures to prevent similar
incidents from occurring in the future.
10. Report the incident: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This may
involve providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory
authorities, depending on the nature and severity of the incident.
Steps for Investigating Internet Crime
Investigating internet crimes involves several steps, including:
Identification of the crime: The first step is to identify the type of internet crime that has occurred. This
may involve gathering information from the victim, reviewing reports of similar crimes, and analyzing
network traffic to identify potential attacks.
Evidence collection: Once the type of crime has been identified, the next step is to collect evidence
related to the incident. This may involve collecting network logs, emails, chat logs, social media posts, or
other digital evidence that may be relevant to the investigation.
Analysis of evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of the
crime. This may involve reviewing network traffic to identify the source of an attack, analyzing financial
records to trace the flow of money, or examining seized devices for incriminating data.
Identification of suspects: Once the evidence has been analyzed, the next step is to identify potential
suspects. This may involve tracking down the IP addresses of attackers, conducting background checks on
individuals, or interviewing potential witnesses.
Arrest and prosecution: If sufficient evidence exists, law enforcement authorities may make arrests and
prosecute the suspects. This may involve filing criminal charges, seeking search warrants, or executing
subpoenas for additional evidence.
Remediation of damage: Once the investigation is complete, any damage caused by the crime must be
remediated. This may involve restoring affected systems from backups, patching vulnerabilities, or
implementing additional security measures to prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future.
Reporting: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This may involve
providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory authorities,
depending on the nature and severity of the crime.
Email Crime Investigations
Email crime investigations involve the investigation and analysis of digital evidence related to email-
based crimes or incidents. This may include crimes such as email fraud, email harassment, email phishing,
and email spamming. The following are the steps involved in conducting an email crime investigation:
Identify the incident: The first step is to identify the incident that requires investigation. This may involve
reviewing reports from victims, analyzing email headers, or conducting interviews with witnesses.
Collect evidence: Evidence collection is a critical step in any investigation. It involves collecting and
preserving any data that may be relevant to the investigation, such as email messages, email attachments,
email server logs, and email addresses. The evidence must be collected and preserved in a manner that
maintains its integrity and admissibility in court.
Analyze the evidence: The collected evidence must be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of
the incident. This may involve analyzing email headers to identify the source of an email, reviewing email
content for incriminating information, or examining email attachments for malicious content.
11. Identify suspects: Once the evidence has been analyzed, the next step is to identify potential suspects.
This may involve tracking down the email addresses of attackers, conducting background checks on
individuals, or interviewing potential witnesses.
Remediate the damage: Once the cause and extent of the incident have been identified, steps must be
taken to remediate the damage caused by the incident. This may involve blocking email addresses or
domains, implementing additional email security measures, or alerting affected individuals to the
incident.
Report the incident: Finally, the results of the investigation must be documented and reported. This may
involve providing a detailed report of the incident to management, law enforcement, or regulatory
authorities, depending on the nature and severity of the incident.
Open Source/Free/Trial Tools: Case studies related to Cyber Law,
Here are some case studies related to cyber law:
Yahoo Data Breach Case: In 2013 and 2014, Yahoo suffered two major data breaches that affected all 3
billion user accounts. The hackers stole sensitive personal information such as names, email addresses,
dates of birth, and hashed passwords. In 2017, the US government charged four individuals, including
two Russian FSB officers, with the cyber attacks. The case highlighted the need for companies to take
strong measures to protect user data and to promptly disclose data breaches.
Ashley Madison Data Breach Case: In 2015, the Ashley Madison website, which facilitated extramarital
affairs, suffered a data breach in which hackers stole personal information of over 30 million users,
including their names, email addresses, and credit card information. The case highlighted the legal and
ethical issues related to the use of personal information for online dating and related services.
Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Case: In 2018, it was revealed that the political consulting firm
Cambridge Analytica had obtained the personal data of millions of Facebook users without their consent.
The data was allegedly used to influence the 2016 US presidential election. The case led to public scrutiny
of Facebook's data privacy policies and highlighted the need for strong regulations to protect user data.
eBay Cyberstalking Case: In 2019, six former eBay employees were charged with cyberstalking a couple
who ran a popular online newsletter critical of eBay. The employees allegedly harassed the couple with
threatening messages and sent them a package of live cockroaches, a funeral wreath, and a bloody pig
mask. The case highlighted the importance of protecting online free speech and the potential for
cyberstalking to be used as a tool of harassment and intimidation.
Pegasus Spyware Case: In 2021, an international investigation revealed that the Pegasus spyware,
developed by Israeli firm NSO Group, had been used to hack the phones of journalists, human rights
activists, and government officials around the world. The case highlighted the need for stronger
regulations on the use of surveillance technologies and the potential for these technologies to be
misused to violate human rights.
Common Forensic Tools like dd-
dd (data duplicator) is a commonly used forensic tool for making bit-by-bit copies or clones of disks or
disk partitions. It is often used in digital forensics to create forensic images of storage media, which can
then be analyzed for evidence of a crime.
12. Other commonly used forensic tools include:
EnCase: A comprehensive digital forensic tool that allows examiners to acquire and analyze data from a
wide range of devices, including hard drives, smartphones, and cloud storage services.
FTK (Forensic Toolkit): A powerful digital forensic tool that allows examiners to search, analyze, and
recover data from a variety of devices and file systems.
Sleuth Kit: An open-source digital forensic tool that provides a set of command-line tools for analyzing
disk images and file systems.
Autopsy: A graphical user interface (GUI) for Sleuth Kit that provides a more user-friendly way to analyze
disk images and file systems.
Volatility: A memory forensics tool that allows examiners to analyze the contents of a computer's memory
for evidence of a crime.
Wireshark: A network forensics tool that captures and analyzes network traffic to identify suspicious or
malicious activity.
Md5sum /sha1sum /Ram dump analysis /USB Device
MD5sum and SHA1sum are cryptographic hash functions that are commonly used in digital forensics for
data integrity verification. These functions produce a unique fixed-length hash value or "checksum" for a
given file or block of data, which can be compared to a known checksum to verify that the data has not
been tampered with or corrupted.
RAM dump analysis is a forensic technique that involves extracting the contents of a computer's random
access memory (RAM) and analyzing it for evidence of a crime. This can include identifying running
processes, open files, network connections, and other information that may be relevant to an
investigation.
USB device forensics involves analyzing the contents of a USB device, such as a thumb drive, for
evidence of a crime. This may include recovering deleted files, identifying recently accessed files, and
analyzing the file system and metadata of the device.