Photosynthesis.pptx
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Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy in chloroplasts using chlorophyll. Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked to form grana. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to produce glucose and oxygen. The light reactions in thylakoid membranes use photosystems to split water, producing ATP, NADPH, and oxygen. The Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma uses ATP and NADPH to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to store energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Environmental factors like light intensity, temperature and oxygen concentration can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Photorespiration occurs when oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, preventing glucose production.
lecture6.ppt
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where energy from sunlight is captured and converted to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. There are different pathways for photosynthesis including C3, C4 and CAM which have evolved strategies to prevent the wasteful process of photorespiration.
Photosynthes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential for life as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all organisms depend.
2 photosynthesis 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process takes place in two stages - the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to add electrons to NADP+, producing ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into three-carbon sugar molecules, which can then be converted into glucose.
Cell metabolism energy and photosynthesis
Cellular metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic processes that break down and build up molecules. ATP is the main energy carrier molecule in cells, storing energy from breaking high-energy bonds. Photosynthesis uses light energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light reaction uses chlorophyll and sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, while the dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules through the Calvin cycle.
10 - Photosynthesis
انرژی روی زمین توسط خورشید تأمین می شود. گیاهان و ارگانیسمهای خاص از طریق فرآیندی که فتوسنتز نامیده میشود، انرژی خورشید را توسط اندامکهای سلولی ویژهای به نام کلروپلاست به مولکول های آلی تبدیل می کنند. در این فصل ، من در مورد این روند به طور مفصل صحبت خواهم کرد.
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Life on earth is powered by sun. Plants and specific organisms convert the energy of the sun by specialized cellular organelles called chloroplasts into organic molecules through a process which is called photosynthesis. In this chapter, I will talk about this process in details.
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1) The document discusses photosynthesis, including its key stages, processes, and environmental factors that influence its rate. It defines photosynthesis and describes the two main stages - the light reactions and Calvin cycle.
2) The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose.
3) Environmental factors like light intensity, temperature, and oxygen concentration can impact the rate of photosynthesis. Higher light and temperatures increase the rate up to a point, while higher oxygen promotes photorespiration which decreases the rate.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
- The two pathways of photosynthesis (light reactions and Calvin cycle) that convert solar energy to chemical energy.
- The structure and function of chloroplasts, where the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
- The light-dependent reactions that use photon energy to produce ATP and NADPH via photosystems and electron transport chains, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two phases - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced to store energy, and the light-independent Calvin cycle where carbon is fixed from carbon dioxide into organic compounds like glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Environmental factors like light intensity, temperature and oxygen concentration can affect the rate of photosynthesis. Photorespiration occurs when oxygen is used instead of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, preventing glucose production.
lecture6.ppt
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions where energy from sunlight is captured and converted to chemical energy in ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds like glucose. There are different pathways for photosynthesis including C3, C4 and CAM which have evolved strategies to prevent the wasteful process of photorespiration.
Photosynthes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses the ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential for life as it produces the oxygen and food on which nearly all organisms depend.
2 photosynthesis 1
Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process takes place in two stages - the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to add electrons to NADP+, producing ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into three-carbon sugar molecules, which can then be converted into glucose.
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Cellular metabolism involves catabolic and anabolic processes that break down and build up molecules. ATP is the main energy carrier molecule in cells, storing energy from breaking high-energy bonds. Photosynthesis uses light energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. It occurs in two stages - the light reaction uses chlorophyll and sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, while the dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules through the Calvin cycle.
10 - Photosynthesis
انرژی روی زمین توسط خورشید تأمین می شود. گیاهان و ارگانیسمهای خاص از طریق فرآیندی که فتوسنتز نامیده میشود، انرژی خورشید را توسط اندامکهای سلولی ویژهای به نام کلروپلاست به مولکول های آلی تبدیل می کنند. در این فصل ، من در مورد این روند به طور مفصل صحبت خواهم کرد.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Life on earth is powered by sun. Plants and specific organisms convert the energy of the sun by specialized cellular organelles called chloroplasts into organic molecules through a process which is called photosynthesis. In this chapter, I will talk about this process in details.
Photosynthesis .pptx
1) The document discusses photosynthesis, including its key stages, processes, and environmental factors that influence its rate. It defines photosynthesis and describes the two main stages - the light reactions and Calvin cycle.
2) The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds like glucose.
3) Environmental factors like light intensity, temperature, and oxygen concentration can impact the rate of photosynthesis. Higher light and temperatures increase the rate up to a point, while higher oxygen promotes photorespiration which decreases the rate.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis, including:
- The two pathways of photosynthesis (light reactions and Calvin cycle) that convert solar energy to chemical energy.
- The structure and function of chloroplasts, where the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
- The light-dependent reactions that use photon energy to produce ATP and NADPH via photosystems and electron transport chains, and the light-independent Calvin cycle that fixes carbon into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
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1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through two stages - the light-dependent reactions which produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll, and the light-independent Calvin cycle which uses these products to fix carbon and produce glucose.
2. The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and involve the absorption of light by photosystems and electron transport chains to generate a proton gradient for ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
3. The light-independent Calvin cycle occurs in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to reduce carbon dioxide and produce glucose through a series of reduction
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1. Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through light-dependent and light-independent reactions. 2. The light-dependent reactions use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through electron transport. 3. The light-independent Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into organic three-carbon sugars like G3P.
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. Chlorophyll, located in chloroplasts, absorbs sunlight and uses it to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich glucose. Two stages occur - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions where carbon is incorporated into carbohydrates like glucose using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.
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1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
8.3 photosynthesis
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH through the absorption of light by photosystems. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to efficiently carry out these two stages of photosynthesis through the stacking of thylakoids and positioning of the stroma.
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Photosynthesis uses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds, especially glucose. This process involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and use chlorophyll to drive the production of ATP and NADPH. These products are then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into glucose.
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1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose.
2) There are two phases - the light-dependent reactions which use light to produce ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions which use these products to fix carbon and produce glucose.
3) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and involve the absorption of light by pigments like chlorophyll, which drives electron transport and the production of ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses these products to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.
BIOENERGETICS
This document summarizes key concepts in bioenergetics and cellular respiration. It discusses how living organisms obtain and use energy through redox reactions and electron carriers like ATP. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are introduced as the two main pathways of energy transformation. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, while cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. The document aims to explain the basic processes of how energy is transformed and utilized in living cells and organisms.
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The document describes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen through a series of steps. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic sugars through the Calvin cycle. Several factors can affect the rate of photosynthesis, including temperature, light intensity, and water availability. Some plants have adapted mechanisms like C4 and CAM pathways to conduct photosynthesis under stressful conditions.
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The document discusses bioenergetics, which focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These bioenergetic processes are essential to life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that cells use to store and transport energy. ATP is produced through catabolic pathways that break down molecules and through phosphorylation, either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. This involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where sugars are formed.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light reactions and dark reactions. In the light reactions, chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs sunlight to split water, producing oxygen and energized electrons. These electrons are used to produce ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain. In the dark reactions, ATP and NADPH are used to fix carbon dioxide and produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. Six turns of the Calvin cycle are required to fix one molecule of carbon dioxide into glucose. Photosynthesis provides organic compounds for growth and energy storage in plants.
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which pumps protons across a membrane, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP. Fermentation can also produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Cellular respiration and fermentation are important catabolic processes that provide energy to fuel anabolism and power cellular functions. Diseases can arise if there are defects in acetyl-Co
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ATP functions as the energy currency of cells, being produced through two main processes - photosynthesis and cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, ATP is synthesized through a series of redox reactions that take place in the mitochondria. [Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate and ATP. Pyruvate then undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria, being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering the Krebs cycle, with electrons being transferred to NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers provide energy to power the electron transport chain, where a proton gradient is used to synthesize large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis.]
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
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1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
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and pigment molecules.
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This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
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PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
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Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
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Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
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transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
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energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
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This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
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Cellular respiration has three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and produces a small amount of ATP. The citric acid cycle further breaks down pyruvate and produces more ATP and electron carriers. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are passed through an electron transport chain which pumps protons across a membrane, establishing a proton gradient. ATP synthase uses this gradient to produce most of the cell's ATP. Fermentation can also produce a small amount of ATP without oxygen. Cellular respiration and fermentation are important catabolic processes that provide energy to fuel anabolism and power cellular functions. Diseases can arise if there are defects in acetyl-Co
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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen. It involves two stages: the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the light-independent reactions of the Calvin cycle where glucose is produced from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and use energy from sunlight to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH via photophosphorylation.
cellular respiration and ATP stnthesis update .pptx
ATP functions as the energy currency of cells, being produced through two main processes - photosynthesis and cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, ATP is synthesized through a series of redox reactions that take place in the mitochondria. [Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing pyruvate and ATP. Pyruvate then undergoes further reactions in the mitochondria, being converted to acetyl-CoA and entering the Krebs cycle, with electrons being transferred to NADH and FADH2. These electron carriers provide energy to power the electron transport chain, where a proton gradient is used to synthesize large amounts of ATP through chemiosmosis.]
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
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Photosynthesis.pptx
- 1. Photosynthesis • photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food. • In eukaryotes that are autotrophs, photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts. • Chloroplasts, organelles containing thylakoids. • Stacks of thylakoids form grana. • Photosynthesis is summarized as 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O. • Photosynthesis is a redox process: H2O is oxidized, and CO2 is reduced. • The light reactions in the thylakoid membranes split water, releasing O2 , producing ATP, and forming NADPH. • The Calvin cycle in the stroma forms sugar from CO2 using ATP for energy and NADPH for reducing power.
- 2. Chloroplast
- 3. Chlorophyll
- 5. Light Reaction • The light dependent reactions use photosynthetic pigments (organized into photosystems) to convert light energy into chemical energy (specifically ATP and NADPH). • Photosystems are groups of photosynthetic pigments (including chlorophyll) embedded within the thylakoid membrane. • Photosystems are classed according to their maximal absorption wavelengths (PS I = 700 nm ; PS II = 680 nm). • When a photosystem absorbs light energy, delocalized electrons within the pigments become energized or ‘excited’. • These excited electrons are transferred to carrier molecules within the thylakoid membrane.
- 6. Light Reaction • Excited electrons from Photosystem II (P680) are transferred to an electron transport chain within the thylakoid membrane. • As the electrons are passed through the chain they lose energy, which is used to translocate H+ ions into the thylakoid. • This build up of protons within the thylakoid creates an electrochemical gradient, or proton motive force. • The H+ ions return to the stroma (along the proton gradient) via the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase (chemiosmosis). • ATP synthase uses the passage of H+ ions to catalyze the synthesis of ATP (from ADP + Pi). • This process is called photophosphorylation – as light provided the initial energy source for ATP production • The newly de-energized electrons from Photosystem II are taken up by Photosystem I.
- 7. Light Reaction • Excited electrons from Photosystem is transferred to a carrier molecule and used to reduce NADP+ • This forms NADPH – which is needed (in conjunction with ATP) for the light independent reactions. • The electrons lost from Photosystem I are replaced by de-energized electrons from Photosystem II. • The electrons lost from Photosystem II are replaced by electrons released from water via photolysis. • Water is split by light energy into H+ ions (used in chemiosmosis) and oxygen (released as a by-product).
- 9. Dark Reactions • The light independent reactions use the chemical energy derived from light dependent reactions to form organic molecules. • The light independent reactions occur in the fluid-filled space of the chloroplast called the stroma. • The light independent reactions are collectively known as the Calvin cycle and involve three main steps. • The Calvin cycle begins with a 5C compound called ribulose biphosphate (or RuBP). • An enzyme, RuBP carboxylase (or Rubisco), catalyzes the attachment of a CO2 molecule to RuBP. • The resulting 6C compound is unstable and breaks down into two 3C compounds – called glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GP). • A single cycle involves three molecules of RuBP combining with three molecules of CO2 to make six molecules of GP.
- 10. Dark Reactions • Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) is converted into triose phosphate (TP) using NADPH and ATP. • Reduction by NADPH transfers hydrogen atoms to the compound, while the hydrolysis of ATP provides energy. • Each GP requires one NADPH and one ATP to form a triose phosphate – so a single cycle requires six of each molecule. • Of the six molecules of TP produced per cycle, one TP molecule may be used to form half a sugar molecule. • Hence two cycles are required to produce a single glucose monomer, and more to produce polysaccharides like starch. • The remaining five TP molecules are recombined to regenerate stocks of RuBP (5 × 3C = 3 × 5C). • The regeneration of RuBP requires energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP.
- 11. Calvin Cycle