Presentation at the Dupont Forum. The panel will look at how investing in technologies is insufficient on its own to enact effective agricultural water management, and will explore the importance of accompanying context appropriate policies and institutions.
M. Ann Tutwiler, Director General of Bioversity International, gave this presentation on 8 August as part of Expo Milano 2015, Milano Università degli Studi di Milano
Bioversity International's research strategy: http://bit.ly/1gszF9W
The International Water Management Institute (IWMI) is a non-profit, scientific research organization focusing on the sustainable use of water and land resources in developing countries. IWMI works in partnership with governments, civil society and the private sector to develop scalable agricultural water management solutions that have a real impact on poverty reduction, food security and ecosystem health. Headquartered in Colombo, Sri Lanka, with regional offices across Asia and Africa, IWMI is a CGIAR Research Center and leads the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE).
Bioversity International policy scientist Ronnie Vernooy gave this presentation at the the Global Consultation on Farmers’ Rights, Indonesia, 27-30 September 2016, organized by the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Plant Treaty).
The importance of farmers’ rights is recognized in Article 9 of the Plant Treaty.
In this presentation Vernooy shows how a community-based approach to the management of agricultural biodiversity, including supporting community seedbanks, can empower and benefit smallholder farmers and farming communities economically, environmentally and socially. This approach makes implementing farmers’ rights at national level both practical and effective contributing to food and seed security, sustainable livelihoods and resilience.
For more information, please visit:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/conservation-of-crop-diversity/community-seedbanks/
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/policies-for-plant-diversity-management/the-plant-treaty/
Re-collection to assess temporal variation in wild barley diversity in JordanBioversity International
Presentation delivered by Dr Imke Thormann at the International Agrobiodiversity Congress 2016, held in Delhi, India, 6-9 November.
Imke Thormann's presentation focused on crop wild relative genetic erosion and how it can be studied.
Find out more about the India Agrobiodiversity Congress:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/iac2016/
Food systems transformation: what is the role of pulses in the sustainability...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/
This presentation was presentaed during the seminar Soils & Pulses: symbiosis for life that took place at FAO HQ on 19 Apr 2016. it was made by Massimo Iannetta & Milena Stefanova and it presents the Food systems transformation.
Camila Oliveira is an environmental analyst at the Ministry of the Environment in Brazil and national manager of the Bioversity International 4-country project 'Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition'. In her presentation for Italian Development Cooperation's Expo 2015 event she brought attention to Brazil's precious agricultural biodiversity and how it can be used for food and nutrition security. Learn more about Bioversity International's participation at Expo 2015: http://bit.ly/1GOimdm
ABSTRACT
Brazil suffers from high rates of malnutrition, with one in three children aged between five and nine overweight. Brazil is also home to a significant amount of the world’s biodiversity much of it edible and nutritious. As part of the Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition (BFN) initiative funded by the United Nations, Brazil believes that biodiversity for food and nutrition can help fight its current diet-related problems. As such, the government is adopting three approaches to effectively embed biodiversity into the national food and nutritional security policy framework.
The first approach is to increase knowledge of how diverse underutilized native species can contribute to food security by carrying out a nutritional analysis of 70 edible plant species. Three national programmes are exploiting the nutrition potential of some of these species. These include targeting the national school feeding programme to promote healthy eating habits in schools, a scheme which also ensures that 30% of procurement is from local family farmers.
The second approach has been the revision of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan to comply with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity and to halt biodiversity loss. One of the reasons for biodiversity loss in Brazil is the limited appreciation of the use of biodiversity for food and nutrition to date.
The third approach is to increase awareness on how biodiversity can contribute to food and nutrition. A weekly farmers’ market has been launched at the Brasilia Botanical Garden and several cultural gastronomic events organized in different cities, with cooking demonstrations and opportunities to taste native and nutritious biodiverse foods.
In light of the 'Soils and pulses: symbiosis for life – A contribution to the Agenda 2030' event that took place at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Bioversity International's researcher Paola De Santis highlighted the importance of pulse diversity in managing pests and diseases in farmers' fields. Planting diverse pulse varieties can reduce the farm’s vulnerability to pests and diseases, and is a risk management strategy for unpredictability in rainfall and temperatures.
Learn more about Bioversity International's research on managing pests and diseases: http://bit.ly/23ZWtBW
This document summarizes a presentation on agroecological approaches to breeding crops. It discusses breeding crops for mixtures and polycultures, including selecting varieties that complement each other in architecture, growth patterns, and resource use. Examples are provided of intercropping systems like maize-peanut and pigeon pea-groundnut mixtures that allow the crops to access different soil resources. The importance of understanding competition in monocultures and mutual benefits in mixtures is emphasized for successful selection.
Transforming Agri-food Systems to Achieve Healthy Diets for AllCGIAR
Challenges: Why Agri-Food Systems Need to Be Transformed
Opportunities: What Science Can Offer to Address these Challenges
The CGIAR partnership: Our Contribution to achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Targets
Agricultural biotechnology and the economics of food security and climate cha...ExternalEvents
Agricultural biotechnology and the economics of food security and climate change mitigation presentation by "Daniel Sumner, University of California Davis, Davis, United States of America
"
Exploring gender differences in household food security and implications for ...ILRI
This study examines gender differences in household food security in East Africa and implications for climate change adaptation. The study uses survey data from 600 households in 68 villages across three sites in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Logistic regression analysis found that crop diversification, higher productivity (crop yields), and incomes are positively correlated with increased food security, while female-headed households are less food secure than male-headed households. The study concludes that actions to address inequalities in governance systems and institutions supporting food systems, as well as social norms, could significantly improve household food security, especially for female-headed households through increased access to productive assets, extension services, and practices that encourage diversification and productivity.
Presentation given by Ann Tutwiler, Director General, Bioversity International, at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault Anniversary Event, February 2018.
This presentation outlines the results of a feasibility study for a Global Cryo-Collection of crops that cannot be conserved by seed. These include banana, cacao, cassava, coconut, coffee, potato and yams. These crops either don’t produce conventional seeds, like bananas, or because the seeds they do produce do not always resemble their parents, like potatoes and many other roots and tubers making it impossible to reproduce them.
Cryopreservation is safe and reliable and dependable. In cryopreservation, plants are stored in in liquid nitrogen at a temperature of -196 °C, a temperature so cold that it effectively stops all the living processes within the plant tissue, freezing it forever in time. Plants can then be regenerated from tiny stored samples and grown into whole plants.
This study was commissioned by Bioversity International, the International Potato Center (CIP) and the Global Crop Diversity Trust with financial support from Australia, Germany and Switzerland.
Read it here:
https://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/feasibility-study-for-a-safety-back-up-cryopreservation-facility-independent-expert-report-july-2017/
Feeding Ethiopia's growing population will require doubling food production by 2050. While continued investment in staple crops is important, complementary approaches using agricultural biodiversity are needed to address challenges like climate change, malnutrition, and land degradation. Bioversity characterized farmer and improved wheat varieties in Ethiopia, developing recombinant lines and a community genebank. Using tools to understand resources and challenges, Bioversity created action plans to combat land degradation. It evaluated shade-tolerant legumes, assessed enset wilt varieties, and studied entomopathogenic nematodes to improve intercropping and the enset root system.
Sustainable Management of Biodiversity for Food Security and Nutrition, Jessi...Bioversity International
Jessica Fanzo speaks at the Gorta side event - improving nutrition security through agriculture: ensuring access, quality and resilience. October 21 2011 FAO, Rome as part of celebrations for World Food Day. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on diet diversity for nutrition and health
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/diet-diversity/
Traditional and Indigenous foods for Food systems transformationFrancois Stepman
Presentation by Anna Lartey Professor of Nutrition.
Anna Lartey (PhD UC Davis); Sc.D. (h.c.McGill University)
Professor of Nutrition, Past President of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS 2013-2017)
at Webinar of 20 May 2021. Traditional and Indigenous Foods for Food Systems Transformation in Africa
1) Agricultural biodiversity is crucial for nourishing people and sustaining the planet, but challenges have increased in the 21st century, including poor diets, climate change impacts, exceeding environmental boundaries, and loss of biodiversity.
2) Bioversity International's strategy targets these 21st century challenges through research on consumption, production, planting, and safeguarding of biodiversity to achieve better nutrition, resilience, adaptation and conservation.
3) Bioversity International works across five regions and 35 countries, collaborating with various partners to integrate research findings into development programs and policies through strengthening institutions.
Johan Swinnen, Rob Vos, John McDermott, and Laura Zseleczky
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
VIRTUAL LAUNCH EVENT - 2020 Global Food Policy Report: Building Inclusive Food Systems
APR 7, 2020 - 12:15 PM TO 01:15 PM EDT
This document summarizes efforts by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) to mainstream gender in the Sustainable Agricultural Research and Development - Scaling-up Cereals (SARD-SC) Wheat Project. Key efforts included providing gender training to researchers, development agents, and farmers. Over 1,900 farmers, including 166 women, received training on wheat variety maintenance and quality seed production. Seeds were distributed to 6 project sites for demonstrations. Field days reached over 2,300 farmers, including 215 women. The project also selected 60 champion farmers, including 30 who formed a wheat farming union. Challenges included low women's participation and a lack of gender skills among technical staff. Lessons learned were the need for
Introduction to Livestock and Irrigation Value chains for Ethiopian Smallhold...ILRI
The LIVES project is a partnership between ILRI, IWMI, the Ministry of Agriculture, and regional agricultural bureaus in Ethiopia, supported by CIDA. The project focuses on developing high-value livestock and irrigated crop value chains for smallholders. It will work in 10 zones across Amhara, Tigray, Oromia, and SNNP regions. The goal is to increase income and gender equitable wealth for smallholders through market-oriented production of crops like vegetables, fruits, and livestock like dairy, beef, poultry. Key activities include value chain development, capacity building, knowledge management, and action research over livestock and irrigation value chains.
Iran has achieved self-sufficiency in wheat production for the first time in 40 years due to adopting effective soil and crop management practices combined with improved wheat varieties. Key factors contributing to this success include selecting the right strategies through policy coordination, integrating agronomy, crop breeding, and policies, releasing high-yielding varieties, considering water use efficiency and productivity, developing pressurized irrigation systems, adopting conservation agriculture techniques, and guaranteeing market prices for wheat. However, drought, heat, cold, diseases, pests, and weeds remain challenges. Research priorities to further increase production include improving agronomic practices, applying physiology in breeding, developing durable rust resistance, and biotechnology tools like MAS.
The document summarizes food security measures in dry land areas of Ethiopia. It discusses key policies and interventions to ensure food security, including strengthening agricultural research, extension services, natural resource management, irrigation, and food security programs. It notes that dry land areas cover 68% of Ethiopia and support over 30 million people. The main lessons are the need for integrated approaches at national, community, and household levels to address issues like land degradation and promote water and food security. Emerging challenges include climate change impacts and limited technology uptake in dry land areas. Main recommendations are to strengthen integrated approaches and agricultural research, improve technology delivery, and build human and institutional capacity.
Towards sustainable & productive farming systems for Africa: experiences and ...ACIAR
Towards sustainable & productive farming systems for Africa: experiences and lessons from SIMLESA - Dr Mulugetta Mekuria, Senior Scientist, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and SIMLESA Project Leader
Sustainable Food Production: Improving Food Security and Human Nutrition in ...IFSD14
This document summarizes a presentation on enhancing food production, gender equity, and nutritional security in Ethiopia. It was hosted by multiple organizations and discussed improving food supply through more productive and resilient crop varieties, better soil and crop management practices, nutrition education, and strengthening social and gender aspects of smallholder agriculture. The document provides details on Ethiopia's agriculture sector, dominant food supply systems, common crops and their growing seasons. It also summarizes research on improving chickpea production through developing new varieties, inoculation, and participatory testing with farmers. Key implementation strategies are outlined to scale proven approaches through expanded partnerships across the country.
Presentation at the Dupont Forum. The panel will look at how investing in technologies is insufficient on its own to enact effective agricultural water management, and will explore the importance of accompanying context appropriate policies and institutions.
Presentation at the Dupont Forum. The panel will look at how investing in technologies is insufficient on its own to enact effective agricultural water management, and will explore the importance of accompanying context appropriate policies and institutions.
This document provides guidance on how to market inclusive business support to underserved groups like those over 50, women, people with disabilities, and disadvantaged communities. It recommends using inclusive language and images in outreach materials, targeting specific groups while being careful not to stereotype, maintaining brand integrity through a professional yet enabling approach, conducting outreach through community relationships, and recognizing the growing role of social media while not assuming everyone is online. The overall aim is to recognize the business opportunities in promoting enterprise inclusion and to understand, reach, and support groups with higher levels of untapped entrepreneurial potential.
MAIZE's strategy is to increase maize productivity, sustainability, and food security through three research strategies: 1) Sustainable intensification of maize-legume systems in Africa and South Asia, 2) Developing stress-resistant and nutritious maize varieties, and 3) Ensuring disadvantaged farmers have access to new technologies and markets. The program works with over 300 partners and aims to double maize productivity and improve livelihoods for millions of smallholder farmers.
CASFESA closure -- SIMLESA: Enhancing Integration, Innovation and Impacts in...CIMMYT
Presentation at a one-day workshop on February 23, 2015, convened to take stock of the Conservation Agriculture and Smallholder Farmers in East and Southern Africa (CASFESA) pilot project. CASFESA scientists share experience after three years of implementation in South Achefer and Jebitehnan Districts of Amhara Region, Northern Ethiopia, from June 2012, ending in March 2015. Funded by the European Union through the International Fund for Agricultural Development, CASFESA aimed at increasing food security and incomes of poor smallholder farmers through sustainable intensification of mixed, cereal-based systems.
The project will leave a rich legacy, including:
• adaptation and demonstration of CA-based technologies on selected farmer plots;
• enhancing pro-poor and gender-sensitive targeting of CA-based interventions;
• improving the delivery of information, including on technologies and market opportunities to smallholders, as well as developing policy options and recommendations that favor these technologies; and,
• enhancing the capacity of research, and development interventions, for project stakeholders.
This document summarizes a study on the gender roles and constraints in banana production and marketing in Imenti South District, Kenya. Some key findings are:
1) Bananas are the number one cash crop for farmers in the area, though women make up 70% of farmers and receive less training than men.
2) Traditionally a woman's crop, banana production has shifted to more of a cash crop for men as the coffee industry has declined.
3) Women face more constraints in banana marketing like lack of organized groups, time, resources, and unsuitable payment systems. This has led to a separation of roles and responsibilities for men and women.
4) The commercialization of the banana value
Remote sensing based drought tolerant maize targeting in SSA CIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Increasing maize productivity and varietal diversity in PakistanCIMMYT
This document discusses CIMMYT's efforts to increase maize productivity and diversity in Pakistan through its Agricultural Innovation Program (AIP). It provides background on CIMMYT, outlines challenges in the Pakistani maize sector like lack of diversity, and describes AIP projects that have introduced over 680 new maize varieties for evaluation and increased seed of 137 parental lines. The AIP works with various Pakistani agricultural organizations and universities to trial varieties across the country. Preliminary results from 2014 spring trials show the top 10 performing white hybrids out of 40 tested varieties.
An Aerial Remote Sensing Platform for High Throughput Phenotyping of Genetic ...CIMMYT
Remote sensing –Beyond images
Mexico 14-15 December 2013
The workshop was organized by CIMMYT Global Conservation Agriculture Program (GCAP) and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), the Mexican Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR Research Program on Maize, the Cereal System Initiative for South Asia (CSISA) and the Sustainable Modernization of the Traditional Agriculture (MasAgro)
Strategy and plan of action for mainstreaming gender in ILRIILRI
1. Women comprise 43% of the agricultural workforce in developing countries and account for two-thirds of the world's 600 million poor livestock keepers. However, women have limited access to extension services, technologies, and markets.
2. Integrating gender considerations throughout the project cycle, from design to implementation to evaluation, is important for ensuring gender equality and equity outcomes.
3. ILRI aims to mainstream gender in its organizational structure, research, and partnerships to promote equality of opportunities and outcomes for women and men in the livestock sector. Key areas of focus include documenting gender evidence, collecting sex-disaggregated data, and strategic research on topics like gender and value
1) The document describes a participatory gender training developed for farmer groups to address gender norms that hinder women's full participation.
2) It was piloted with over 200 farmers across Nepal and India to raise awareness of gender roles and divisions of labor in agriculture.
3) The training aims to promote discussion, empathy, and bargaining skills to encourage more equitable participation of both men and women in farmer groups and agricultural activities.
This document provides an introduction and overview of paddy production in Andhra Pradesh and globally. It discusses that rice is a staple crop for two-thirds of the world's population and India is the second largest producer after China. The objectives of the study are to examine paddy production in Andhra Pradesh, identify the price discovery mechanism in the value chain, and examine the impact of government policies. It provides data on the top rice producing countries globally in 2009-2010 and notes some uncertainties for 2010 global production due to factors like drought and cyclones.
Elizabeth Bryan: Linkages between irrigation nutrition health and genderIFPRI Gender
This document discusses potential pathways through which irrigation can influence nutrition, health outcomes, and women's empowerment. It identifies five main pathways: 1) increased food production can lead to greater food availability and diversity; 2) irrigation can generate income which may be spent on food or health; 3) irrigation water can be used for domestic purposes to improve water supply; 4) health risks can increase from factors like waterborne diseases or pollution; and 5) irrigation projects that target women can empower them by increasing assets and income controlled by women. The document provides examples from various studies on how each of these pathways has played out and the gender dimensions, noting that outcomes depend on factors like who adopts irrigation and controls use of water, land,
Agriculture and Nutrition in Ethiopia: Syntheses of Results (AGP and FTF surv...essp2
This document summarizes research on the link between agriculture and nutrition in Ethiopia. It finds that increasing agricultural production diversity is associated with better child nutrition outcomes. Ownership of cows also improves child nutrition by increasing milk consumption. The existence of food markets can partially substitute for own production. Empowering women, such as through control over income and group membership, positively impacts child and women's nutrition. However, improving nutrition requires a holistic approach addressing agricultural productivity, market access, asset building, women's empowerment, and incorporating nutrition into social protection programs.
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture and Nutritional Outcomes in Ethiopiaessp2
- Women's empowerment in agriculture is linked to improved nutritional outcomes for children and women in rural Ethiopia. Increasing women's decision making power over credit, income, and workloads saw reductions in child stunting and underweight as well as higher dietary diversity scores for women.
- While women in Ethiopia showed relatively low empowerment levels compared to other countries, interventions to further increase women's agency in agriculture can not only engage them more, but also positively impact nutrition. Empowering women is beneficial and has multidimensional returns including better nutrition.
The document summarizes two studies conducted in Ethiopia using the Link NCA methodology to understand the causal pathways of undernutrition. The studies were conducted in 2014 in East Harargue zone and Sidama zone. In East Harargue, acute malnutrition (GAM) was found to be 12% among boys aged 6-17 months. Main risk factors identified included poor access to health services, water and sanitation, inadequate infant and young child feeding practices, and food insecurity. In Sidama zone, GAM was 5.6% among boys aged 18-29 months. Main risk factors there were also found to be preventable childhood illnesses, poor access to health services and water, inadequate feeding practices, and poverty.
The document summarizes two studies conducted in Ethiopia using the Link NCA methodology to understand the causal pathways of undernutrition. The studies were conducted in 2014 in East Harargue zone and Sidama zone. In East Harargue, acute malnutrition (GAM) was found to be 12% among boys aged 6-17 months. Main risk factors identified included poor access to health services, water and sanitation, inadequate infant and young child feeding practices, and food insecurity. In Sidama zone, GAM was 5.6% among boys aged 18-29 months. Main risk factors there were also found to be preventable childhood illnesses, poor access to health services and water, inadequate feeding practices, and poverty.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Gajapati_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture and Nutritional Outcomes in Ethiopiaessp2
Women's empowerment in agriculture is linked to better nutritional outcomes for children and women in Ethiopia. The study found that women's empowerment, measured using the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), had a positive impact on children's dietary diversity and women's dietary diversity. Specifically, having a say in credit decisions, autonomy in production, and control over income were associated with improved nutritional status. Factors like production diversity, wealth, education levels, and lack of economic shocks also influenced nutritional outcomes. The results confirm other studies that found women's empowerment, through measures like production autonomy and group membership, can enhance household nutrition.
- Ethiopia has high levels of childhood undernutrition, with 44% of children under 5 being stunted. Undernutrition negatively impacts health, education outcomes, and economic productivity.
- The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia provides cash and food assistance to over 7 million people, with the goal of stabilizing assets and food security. However, directly reducing undernutrition is not a core objective of the PSNP.
- Preliminary analysis finds no association between participation in the PSNP and measures of childhood undernutrition, such as height-for-age and stunting. While the PSNP increases food access, this does not appear to translate into improved nutrition outcomes for young children.
This study examined how women's bargaining power and control over household assets affected adoption of biofortified orange sweet potatoes (OSP) in Uganda. Data was collected through surveys of households that participated in an agricultural development project promoting OSP. The results showed that women played an important role in deciding to adopt and grow OSP, often jointly with their husbands. Adoption was highest when plots were jointly controlled but women led crop choices. Adoption was lowest when plots were under exclusive male control. Higher female control over non-land assets correlated with higher child vitamin A intake, showing women's role in nutrition. The project successfully increased child vitamin A consumption regardless of women's asset control.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Shivpuri_Madhya PradeshPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
The WEAI Tool and Feed the Future Ethiopia Findingsessp2
The document discusses findings from applying the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) to data collected in Ethiopia through the Feed the Future initiative. Some key results include:
- At midline, the percentage of disempowered women declined from 78.1% to 73.3%, and average inadequacy scores also declined. However, contributions to disempowerment from the leadership and time domains remained high.
- Comparison of women and men found that both experienced similar contributors to disempowerment, though percentages were higher for women.
- Major interventions through Feed the Future focused on increasing women's participation in cooperatives, business training, and entrepreneurship programs. However, continued
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Unnao_Uttar PradeshPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Subarnapur_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
This document outlines a study on exclusive breastfeeding practices among first-time mothers in Abofour, Ghana. The study aims to identify factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding, including social, family, and health-related factors. It will use a descriptive cross-sectional design involving questionnaires administered to 80 mothers with infants aged 0-6 months. The results could help understand barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and design interventions to promote it.
This document discusses new approaches and tools for achieving inclusive and gender-equal irrigation. It summarizes research from Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Malawi on the different constraints and opportunities men and women face regarding irrigation. Two new tools are presented: a diagnostic tool to measure gender gaps in access to and control over irrigation benefits, and a learning tool to improve gender integration in irrigation planning. The tools involve sex-disaggregated focus groups to understand inequality in access to water, labor, decision-making, and control over income from irrigation. The goal is to ensure both men and women can benefit from expanded irrigation.
Exploring the links between household time and food choices in GuatemalaCGIAR
This presentation was given by Jennifer Twyman (CIAT), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
POSHAN District Nutrition Profile_Koraput_OdishaPOSHAN
POSHAN District Nutrition Profiles (DNPs) draw on diverse sources of data to compile a set of indicators on the state of nutrition and its cross-sectoral determinants. The profiles are intended to be conversation-starters at the district level and to enable discussions about why undernutrition levels are high, and which factors, at multiple levels, might need to be addressed to improve nutrition.
PLEASE NOTE that POSHAN is regularly tracking data sources as they are released and updating the profiles accordingly.
Trans-disciplinary science to impact tropical forest landscapes - Jeff Sayer, University of British Columbia. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Theory-Based Approaches for Assessing the Impact of Integrated Systems Research - Brian Belcher, Royal Roads University. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Challenges and opportunities for using remote sensing data - Kathy Baylis, University of California, Santa Barbara. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Reviewing the evidence on implementation and long-term impact of integrated landscape approaches - James Reed, CIFOR. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Some musings on evaluating the impacts of integrated systems research - Karl Hughes, PIM. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
What makes impact research challenging? What have been done so far? Results from CGIAR research - Natalia Estrada Carmona. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Use of Qualitative Approaches for Impact Assessments of Integrated Systems Research: Our Experience - Monica Biradavolu, SPIA. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
FTA’s experience in measuring impacts of research on integrated systems - Vincent Gitz, FTA. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Measuring the impact of integrated systems research
Panel Speakers: Vincent Gitz, Natalia Estrada Estrada Carmona, Monica Biradavolu and Karl Hughes. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Why does OneCGIAR need Integrated Systems Research? - Holger Meinke, University of Tasmania & ISDC. Measuring the Impact of Integrated Systems Research (September 27, 2021 – September 30, 2021). Three-day virtual workshop co hosted by the CGIAR Research Programs on Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE); Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA); Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM); and SPIA, the Standing Panel on Impact Assessment of the CGIAR. The workshop took stock of existing and new methodological developments of monitoring, evaluation and impact assessment work, and discussed which are suitable to evaluate and assess complex, integrated systems research.
Agronomic advances for understanding soil health
By Job Kihara, Agronomist, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT
Innovations in soil health monitoring for nature and people
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 28, 2021
Innovations in Soil Health Monitoring: Combining Systematic Field Assessments with Spectroscopy and Earth Observation
By Leigh Ann Winowiecki, WLE/CIFOR-ICRAF
Innovations in soil health monitoring for nature and people
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 28, 2021
This document summarizes a presentation on unpacking systemic gender inequality across institutional landscapes in watershed research. The presentation discusses how gender norms and values of institutional stakeholders remain a "black box" in gender research. It notes that while gender is a cross-cutting theme in CGIAR research, organizations and institutional actors who shape policies are less researched. The presentation describes a study that used interviews to understand the perspectives of watershed scientists and development practitioners regarding gender competencies and inclusion in watershed programs and research. It found evidence of "hydropatriarchies" in watershed institutions and a need to better represent local knowledge and marginalized voices.
By Ermias Betemariam, Land Health Scientist, World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Securing inclusive land restoration
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 25, 2021
By Deepa Joshi, Gender, Youth and Inclusion Lead, WLE (IWMI)
Securing inclusive land restoration
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 25, 2021
By Fabrice DeClerck, Science Director, EAT Forum & Senior Scientist, Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT
Boosting synergies and managing trade-offs in food systems
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 21, 2021
Sustainable management of commons to boost synergies: A case study on India
By Wei Zhang, Senior Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute
Boosting synergies and managing trade-offs in food systems
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 21, 2021
Building climate resilience across scales
participatory – farmer-led – community action
By Sander Zwart, IWMI
Managing water for climate adaptation and mitigation
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 19, 2021
Lessons learnt towards building pathways for innovation: India
By Apoorve Khandelwal, CEEW India
Innovation investment for impact
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 14, 2021
Mining the Gaps: Mapping The Research on Small Farms in the Global South
By Jaron Porciello, Cornell University
Innovation investment for impact
From Research to Resilience
WLE webinar series
October 14, 2021
PART 1 The New Natural Principles of Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Fie...Thane Heins
Document Summary and the History of Perpetual Motion
Every single Faraday Generator coil since 1834 has been and is currently performing Negative Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and its physical Kinetic Energy reduction or Electromagnetic Resistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Faraday's Law of Induction.
The Work-Energy Principle confirms mathematically that the magnitude of the changing magnetic field's Kinetic Energy reduction is equal to the magnitude of Negative Work performed at infinite efficiency, which is equal to the magnitude of Energy (Electromagnetic Field Energy which is created according to Oersted's Law of Creation of Energy of 1820). Created Electromagnetic Field Energy is required in order to perform the Negative Work – because Work cannot be performed in the absence of Energy.
In 2007 Thane Heins of Almonte Ontario, Canada discovered that unlimited amounts of Positive Electromechanical Work could be performed at infinite efficiency with created and TIME DELAYED Electromagnetic Field Energy.
Every single ReGenX Generator coil since 2007 has been and is currently performing Positive Work at infinite efficiency with created Electromagnetic Field Energy during electricity generation and during its physical Kinetic Energy increase or Electromagnetic Assistance of the changing magnetic field which is initially inducing Electric Current in the generator coil according to Heins' Law of Induction.
Faraday Electric Generators all harness internally Created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Negative Work (system Kinetic Energy reduction) at infinite efficiency and ReGenX Electric Generators harness internally created and Time Delayed Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Work (system Kinetic Energy increase) at infinite efficiency.
Both Faraday Generators and ReGenX Generators operate as Perpetual Motion Machines of the First Kind because they both have the ability to perform both Negative or Positive Work indefinitely and at infinite efficiency without requiring any External Energy input. The unlimited Energy required to perform either the Negative or Positive Work is created at the Sub-Atomic Quantum Electron level inside the generators' Current Bearing Wires according to the Law of Creation of Energy.
Hans Christian Oersted discovered the Law of Creation of Energy in 1820 when he demonstrated the world's first Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind at the University of Copenhagen when he also simultaneously violated Newton's 1st, 2nd and 3rd Laws of Motion.
Michael Faraday built and demonstrated the world's second Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind in 1822 when he demonstrated his Electric Motor invention which harnessed created Electromagnetic Field Energy in order to perform Positive Electromechanical Work at infinite efficienc
A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galact...Sérgio Sacani
The shape of the dark matter (DM) halo is key to understanding the
hierarchical formation of the Galaxy. Despite extensive eforts in recent
decades, however, its shape remains a matter of debate, with suggestions
ranging from strongly oblate to prolate. Here, we present a new constraint
on its present shape by directly measuring the evolution of the Galactic
disk warp with time, as traced by accurate distance estimates and precise
age determinations for about 2,600 classical Cepheids. We show that the
Galactic warp is mildly precessing in a retrograde direction at a rate of
ω = −2.1 ± 0.5 (statistical) ± 0.6 (systematic) km s−1 kpc−1 for the outer disk
over the Galactocentric radius [7.5, 25] kpc, decreasing with radius. This
constrains the shape of the DM halo to be slightly oblate with a fattening
(minor axis to major axis ratio) in the range 0.84 ≤ qΦ ≤ 0.96. Given the
young nature of the disk warp traced by Cepheids (less than 200 Myr), our
approach directly measures the shape of the present-day DM halo. This
measurement, combined with other measurements from older tracers,
could provide vital constraints on the evolution of the DM halo and the
assembly history of the Galaxy.
The X‐Pattern Merging of the Equatorial IonizationAnomaly Crests During Geoma...Sérgio Sacani
A unique phenomenon—A geomagnetically quiet time merging of Equatorial IonizationAnomaly (EIA) crests, leading to an X‐pattern (EIA‐X) around the magnetic equator—has been observed in thenight‐time ionospheric measurements by the Global‐scale Observations of the Limb and Disk mission. Thepattern is also reproduced in an ionospheric model that assimilates slant Total Electron Content from GlobalNavigation Satellite System and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate 2.A free‐running whole atmospheric general circulation model simulation reproduces a similar pattern. Due to thesimilarity between measurements and simulations, the latter is used to diagnose this heretofore unexplainedphenomenon. The simulation shows that the EIA‐X can occur during geomagnetically quiet conditions and inthe afternoon to evening sector at a longitude where the vertical drift is downward. The downward vertical driftis a necessary but not sufficient condition. The simulation was performed under constant low‐solar andquiescent‐geomagnetic forcing conditions, therefore we conclude that EIA‐X can be driven by lower‐atmospheric forcing.
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS – THE IMPORTANCE OF FAIR TESTING.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Keys of Identification for Indian Wood: A Seminar ReportGurjant Singh
Identifying Indian wood involves recognizing key characteristics such as grain patterns, color, texture, hardness, and specific anatomical features. These identification keys include observing the wood's pores, growth rings, and resin canals, as well as its scent and weight. Understanding these features is essential for accurate wood identification, which is crucial for various applications in carpentry, furniture making, and conservation.
Additionally, the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in wood identification has revolutionized this field. CNNs can analyze images of wood samples to identify species with high accuracy by learning and recognizing intricate patterns and features. This technological advancement not only enhances the precision of wood identification but also accelerates the process, making it more efficient for industry professionals and researchers alike.
Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanetSérgio Sacani
We observed two transits of HD 189733b in JWST program 1633 using JWST
NIRCam grism F444W and F322W2 filters on August 25 and 29th 2022. The first
visit with F444W used SUBGRISM64 subarray lasting 7877 integrations with 4
BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective integration is 2.4s for a total effective exposure time of 18780.9s and a total exposure duration of 21504.2s (∼6 hrs)
including overhead. The second visit with F322W2 used SUBGRISM64 subarray
lasting 10437 integrations with 3 BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective
integration is 1.7s for a total effective exposure time of 17774.7s and a total exposure
duration of 21383.1s (∼6 hrs) including overhead. The transit duration of HD189733
b is ∼1.8 hrs and both observations had additional pre-ingress baseline relative to
post-egress baseline in anticipating the potential ramp systematics at the beginning
of the exposure from NIRCam infrared detectors.
Towards Wearable Continuous Point-of-Care Monitoring for Deep Vein Thrombosis...ThrombUS+ Project
Kaldoudi E, Marozas M, Jurkonis R, Pousset N, Legros M, Kircher M, Novikov D, Sakalauskas A, Moustakidis P, Ayinde B, Moltani LA, Balling S, Vehkaoja A, Oksala N, Macas A, Balciuniene N, Bigaki M, Potoupnis M, Papadopoulou S-L, Grandone E, Gautier M, Bouda S, Schloetelburg C, Prinz T, Dionisio P, Anagnostopoulos S, Drougka I, Folkvord F, Drosatos G, Didaskalou S and the ThrombUS+ Consortium, Towards Wearable Continuous Point-of-Care Monitoring for Deep Vein Thrombosis of the Lower Limb. In: Jarm, T., Šmerc, R., Mahnič-Kalamiza, S. (eds) 9th European Medical and Biological Engineering Conference. EMBEC 2024. IFMBE Proceedings, vol 113. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61628-0_36
Presented by Dr. Stelios Didaskalou, ThrombUS+ Project Manager
This an presentation about electrostatic force. This topic is from class 8 Force and Pressure lesson from ncert . I think this might be helpful for you. In this presentation there are 4 content they are Introduction, types, examples and demonstration. The demonstration should be done by yourself
ScieNCE grade 08 Lesson 1 and 2 NLC.pptxJoanaBanasen1
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Tapping Irrigation’s Potential for Women’s Empowerment: Findings from Ethiopia and Tanzania
1. Photo Credit Goes Here
Photo credit: 2006 Freweni Gebre Mariam/IFPRI
Simone Passarelli, International Food Policy Research Institute
December 4th, 2015, Dupont Summit, Washington, D.C.
Tapping Irrigation’s Potential for Women’s
Empowerment: Findings from Ethiopia and Tanzania
3. PRESENTATION
• Gender-irrigation pathways
• Discussion of the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture
Index (WEAI) used for this study
• Findings from Ethiopia
• Findings from Tanzania
• Conclusions and next steps
4. GENDER-IRRIGATION LINKAGES
• There are five main pathways by which we hypothesize
gender and irrigation are linked:
– Production: Improved maternal and child nutrition through
increased diversity and quantity foods
– Income: Improved maternal and child nutrition and/or
increased household incomes
– Water Supply: Improved environmental conditions for better
maternal and child health outcomes; reduced time spent
collecting water
– Empowerment: Improved income generation and decision-
making power for women
– Health Risks: Reduced health and/or nutritional status
through waterborne diseases, pollution/contamination of
water sources and environmental conditions
See Domenech, 2015 paper in Global Food Security
Photo Source: IWMI Flikr
5. Potential Pathways through which Irrigation Influences
Nutrition and Health Outcomes and Women’s
Empowerment
Source: Domenech 2015
6. 2005-6
Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Height-for-Age Z-Scores of
children under 3 in India
NFHS Data
Lokshin and Radyakin 2012
Issue of Seasonality and Climate Change: Potential for irrigation
to address these challenges
0.2 is the median
impact of
complementary
feeding
interventions
7. Irrigated Agricultural Production and Gender
• Improvements in production through irrigation may
have positive impacts on women through improved
health status of themselves and their children
• Impact of irrigation on production outcomes
depends on who adopts and for what purpose
– Gender differences in crop choices: men may plant cash
crops while women may focus on homestead
gardens/consumption crops
– Cash crops have potential nutrition linkages through income
effect
– Direct potential for irrigated homestead garden production
to improve nutrition outcomes (Olney et al. 2009; Iannotti et
al. 2009)
The role of gender is highly contextual
Photo Source: IWMI, Ethiopia
8. Improved Water Supply and Gender
• Irrigation water may be used for other purposes
such as drinking, washing, bathing or other
productive purposes (e.g. livestock watering,
aquaculture)
• Multiple uses of irrigation water may be unplanned
or by design (van Koppen et al. 2009)
• Greater water for domestic purposes as a result of
irrigation resulted in lower diarrhea and stunting in
Pakistan (Van der Hoel et al. 2002)
• Time savings from water collection; women can
spend up to 3 hours per day on water collection
depending on context (James 2002)
• Water, sanitation and hygiene may play a significant
role in chronic undernutrition (Humphrey 2009)
*The extent to which women are involved in the design
of irrigation systems may encourage more multiple uses
of irrigation water
9. Health Risks Pathway
• Increased risk of vector-borne diseases such as malaria and
dengue
– Microdam construction in Ethiopia led to more malaria
(Ghebreyesus et al. 1999; Ersado 2005)
– Ijumba and Lindsay (2001) find irrigation does not increase
malaria, except in areas of unstable transmission
– Relationship depends on many factors: socioeconomic status,
vector control programs, presence of cattle
• Negative health outcomes from increased pollution (especially
pesticides)
– Clarke et al. 1997 found greater symptoms of headache, blurred
vision, nausea/vomiting among irrigation workers in Ghana
*Any gender-differentiated outcomes depend on gender
distribution of labor
10. ABOUT THE ILSSI PROJECT
• The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small-
Scale Irrigation, a project of the U.S.
Government’s Feed the Future Initiative, is a five-
year project in Ethiopia, Ghana and Tanzania
aimed at benefiting the region’s farmers by
improving effective use of scarce water supplies
through interventions in small-scale irrigation
• Activities include field interventions with water
management technologies, capacity building,
research on irrigation-nutrition-gender linkages,
and provision of data and analysis of empirical
models of irrigation impacts (IDSS)
11. THE ILSSI SURVEY
• IFPRI’s activities include collection of survey data
in all three countries, as well as analysis of
irrigation linkages with gender, nutrition and
health
• IFPRI is conducting household surveys in Ethiopia,
Tanzania and Ghana at the baseline and endline of
the ILSSI project
• Topics of the survey include:
– Crop & livestock inputs, production and practices
– Household and women’s dietary diversity
– Child health, diet, feeding and anthropometry
– Household shocks, assets, credit
– Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index
(WEAI)
12. THE WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT IN
AGRICULTURE INDEX
• The WEAI measures the
empowerment, agency and
inclusion of women in the
agriculture sector using the 5
domains of empowerment
(5DE) to the right and the
Gender Parity Index
• Both of these scores are
weighted and aggregated to
create the WEAI
• WEAI is on a scale from zero to
one, with higher values = greater
empowerment
13. Initial WEAI Results from Ethiopia and Tanzania
WEAI Irrigators
Gender
Parity Index
Non-
irrigators
Gender
Parity
Index
Contributors to
disempowerment
Ethiopia 0.82 .9 0.85 .91
• Group membership
• Leisure time
• Speaking in public
• Credit access
• Control over use of income
Tanzania 0.88 .96 0.86 .92
• Group membership
• Credit access
• Leisure time
• Speaking in public
• Autonomy in production
14. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND
NUTRITION
Ethiopia Tanzania
Non-
irrigators
n=185
Irrigators
n=284
p-value of
two-sided
ttest
Non-
irrigators
n=224
Irrigators
n=227
p-value of
two-sided
ttest
Mean Mean Mean Mean
Household food
insecurity
access scale
5.78 4.04 0.000 3.92 2.58 0.0004
Female dietary
diversity score
3.69 3.58 0.293 3.71 4.20 0.0010
Household
dietary diversity
5.69 6.06 0.002 4.88 5.63 0.0002
15. IRRIGATION, GENDER AND
DECISIONMAKING IN ETHIOPIA
Major decision maker on plot Is the plot irrigated?
Yes No
Husband 27% 32%
Wife 6% 5%
Joint Husband and Wife 60% 48%
Wife and adult children 2% 2%
Husband and brothers 1% 1%
Husband and tenant 3% 10%
Total 98% 98%
Total irrigated plots in sample = 23%
16. CROP CHOICE AND DECISION MAKING IN ETHIOPIA
Plot Decision-Making for Irrigators Plot Decision-Making for Non-Irrigators
Starch Pulse Veget. Fruit
Cash
crop,
ined. Total Starch Pulse Veget. Fruit
Cash
crop,
ined. Total
Husband 28% 29% 37% 26% 23% 240 Husband 31% 33% 31% 39% 33% 910
Wife 5% 6% 5% 4% 8% 58 Wife 5% 4% 2% 1% 6% 144
Joint
Husband
and Wife 59% 59% 51% 68% 62% 538
Joint
Husband
and Wife 45% 46% 63% 55% 53% 1413
Adult
children 1% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1
Adult
children 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 8
Husband
and
parent 1% 0% 0% 0% 2% 11
Husband
and
parent 2% 3% 1% 2% 2% 54
Husband
and
tenant 5% 6% 4% 0% 2% 24
Husband
and
tenant 14% 11% 1% 0% 2% 289
Total 100% 100% 98% 98% 97% 872 Total 96% 97% 99% 97% 97% 2818
17. DECISIONMAKING ON IRRIGATION IN ETHIOPIA
Women’s Responses: Ethiopia
How much input did you have
in making decisions about…
How much input did you have
in decisions on the use of
income generated from…
Irrigated food
crop farming
Irrigated cash
crop farming
Irrigated food
crop farming
Irrigated cash
crop farming
No Input 0% 2% 0% 1%
Input into very few decisions 14% 15% 13% 16%
Input into some decisions 52% 53% 51% 53%
Input into most decisions 23% 16% 23% 15%
Input into all decisions 11% 15% 13% 15%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
18. DECISIONMAKING ON IRRIGATION IN TANZANIA
Women’s Responses: Tanzania
How much input did you have in
making decisions about…
How much input did you have in
decisions on the use of income
generated from…
Irrigated food crop
farming
Irrigated cash
crop farming
Irrigated food
crop farming
Irrigated cash crop
farming
No input 0% 0% 1% 0%
Input into very few
decisions 9% 11% 11% 14%
Input into some decisions 23% 31% 26% 30%
Input into most decisions 30% 24% 29% 23%
Input into all decisions 37% 34% 34% 34%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100%
19. CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS
• Irrigation and gender seem to indeed be linked: however, whether this
relationship is beneficial or not remains inconclusive
• The ILSSI survey has provided a baseline that will allow us to monitor these
relationships over time (especially in Ghana)
• The relationship between irrigation and gender likely depends on a
multitude of factors, such as crop type, household structure, local extension
system biases, and existing intra-household decisionmaking structures that
are difficult to tease out with our sample size
20. NEXT STEPS
• Look at the different domains of the WEAI to observe their relationship with
irrigation
• Continue crop level analysis, to see whether empowerment has a relationship
with crop choice (fruits, vegetables, cash crops, cereals etc.)
• We are currently preparing a paper on the relationship between irrigation and
maternal and child nutrition
• We plan to investigate these linkages further and welcome your feedback and
suggestions for research directions
22. IRRIGATION AND CROP CHOICE
Is the plot irrigated?
Yes No
Starch 8% 58%
Pulse 2% 9%
Vegetable 24% 3%
Fruit 14% 6%
Cashcrop, inedible 52% 15%
Fallow/cover 1% 6%
Oilcrop 0% 2%
Total 100% 100%
23. Production Pathway
• Higher yields due to use with improved varieties & complementary inputs
(e.g. Burney et al 2010: microirrigation yield gains, Benin)
• Growing in the lean season (e.g. Aseyehen et al 2012: crops planted 2-3
times compared to rainfed production in Ethiopia)
• Some evidence that greater production/more crop diversity as a result of
irrigation leads to greater intake or improved diets:
– Consumption of more vegetables among irrigating HH in the Sudano-Sahel led to less
food insecurity (Burney et al. 2010)
– HH in Mali with irrigation had greater calorie intake (Dillon 2008)
– Greater crop diversity? (Namara et al. 2005, India)
– No difference? (Namara et al. 2011, Ghana)
– More monocropping? (Hossain et al. 2005, Bangladesh)
– Production diversity does not always led to dietary diversity (Sibhatu et al. 2015)
– More production of vegetables and fruits (Fraiture and Giordano 2014) and cash crops
(Burney et al 2013; Nkonya et al 2011)
Irrigation may increase agricultural production, and potentially nutritional
outcomes for women and children
24. Potential increase in gross revenue per hectare
from small-scale irrigation
Source: IFPRI (2010)
25. Irrigation can impact millions in Africa
SSA: motor pumps
• 185 million potential rural beneficiaries
• Net revenues up to US$22 billion/yr
Tanzania: motor pumps could benefit 2-4
million people (8-12% of rural households)
Crop Low-input, rainfed
yield (t/ha)
High input, irrigated
yield increase (%)
Maize 1.0 141-195
Paddy 0.9 270-283
Groundnuts 0.7 238-251
SSA: Potential yield improvements from AWM investments
Source: http://awm-solutions.iwmi.org
26. Income Pathway
• Irrigation as a source of income through market sales of
surplus
– Food expenditures higher among irrigating HH in South Africa
(Sinyolo et al. 2014)
– Greater health spending (e.g. malaria treatment and prevention)
– Market access/infrastructure is key (Chazovachiii 2012—lack of
market access limits income generation potential of irrigation,
Zimbabwe)
• Employment generation due to increased productivity and
expanded production calendar
• Again, gender is key—who controls the income from sale
of crops and from ag employment will influence health
and nutrition outcomes
27. Potential Pathways through which Irrigation
Influences Nutrition and Health Outcomes and
Women’s Empowerment
Production pathway*
Income pathway*
Water supply pathway*
Health risks pathway*
Women’s empowerment pathway*
*Gender plays a key role in all pathways
Source: Domenech 2015
Editor's Notes
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Please include this slide in your presentation in the appropriate location. Notes: Feed the Future connects U.S. Government efforts targeted at global hunger and food security. Led by USAID, Feed the Future draws on the resources and expertise of the U.S. Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, State and Treasury; the Millennium Challenge Corporation; the United States African Development Foundation; the Peace Corps; the Overseas Private Investment Corporation; the Office of the United States Trade Representative; and the U.S. Geological Survey.
Hypothesized pathways by which gender and irrigation are linked
Discuss the WEAI
Present some of our findings from Ethiopia and Tanzania
I will offer some conclusions and next steps
These are some of the hypothesized pathways we believe link irrigation and gender. Some of these are more directly related to empowerment (and can be investigated through the WEAI), while others are related to gender and inclusive growth, such as nutrition, though we measure them through other indicators such as women and children’s dietary diversity.
[List and discuss]
However, not all of these pathways can be achieved automatically by adopting irrigation. For example, we often see irrigation associated with higher value crops, which can become a man’s domain. Therefore, to achieve inclusive growth and maximize benefits of irrigation, it is important to include and target women throughout the process of irrigation development.
This framework is adapted from a piece out of the Lancet series explaining the causes of undernutrition. Our research examines the relationship between nutrition, health and gender. Although today, I will be looking more into the gender aspect, it is important to note that all of these relationships are linked.
Improved maternal nutrition leads to reductions in maternal mortality; reductions in iron deficiency anemia can help a woman’s well-being and productivity; improvements in the nutritional status of children can reduce child mortality as well; multitude of benefits for a household, such as reduced child care, economic and psychosocial stress, and reproductive burden
Time savings from water collection may have positive or negative impacts on health and nutritional status, depending on the substitute
women’s roles include taking care of sick children, thus adverse effects on time use; their role is also in preventative measures outside agriculture (bednets), could likely be brought into agro-environmental prevention measures (livestock management and water management)
You can see all partners in the project listed on this slide.
The WEAI is a survey-based tool, asked of both the main male and female decisionmakers in a household used to determine inclusion of women in domains important to the agricultural sector. There are multiple domains of empowerment. Whereas previous measurements were only able to measure individual domains, the WEAI has the advantage of measuring five domains that are important in the agricultural sector. The five domains of empowerment in the agricultural sector measured in the WEAI include Production decision-making, access to productive resources, control over use of income, community leadership, and time allocation. These are measured through 10 individual indicators in the survey based tool, and weighted using the weighting scheme listed on the right. In addition to the domains, the WEAI calculated score also includes the Gender Parity Index. This component takes into account the male counterpart’s responses to the 10 indicators and calculates a how many women achieve parity with their husband, and for those who do not, how great is the gap of inadequacy.
We see a statistically significant difference in means for household food insecurity and household dietary diversity for non-irrigators and irrigators. However, the difference in female dietary diversity is not statistically significant in Ethiopia.
Very exciting finding that there is higher
To insert your implementing partner institutional logo, go to View >> Slide Master, and replace the gray box with your logo, placing it to the right of the USAID logo at the bottom. No text or partner logos can be placed within the upper blue banner.
To insert your implementing partner institutional logo, go to View >> Slide Master, and replace the gray box with your logo, placing it to the right of the USAID logo at the bottom. No text or partner logos can be placed within the upper blue banner.
To insert your implementing partner institutional logo, go to View >> Slide Master, and replace the gray box with your logo, placing it to the right of the USAID logo at the bottom. No text or partner logos can be placed within the upper blue banner.
Finally, irrigation water use—and the associated value chain—also matters. If irrigation is not used for marketable, highly profitable crops, then farmers either will not adopt or will disadopt the technology quickly.
Our work on SSI has looked at how irrigation is linked with nutrition and health, but we know that gender plays a key role in nutrition and health. So when we look at the pathways by which nutrition and health are linked with irrigation, we see the importance of gender in each of these pathways, and I will describe these on the next slide