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Research Interests: Gender Studies, Economics, Poverty, Poverty Analysis, Poverty Alleviation Programmes, and 15 morePoverty Reduction Strategies, Gender and Development, Multidimensional Poverty, Poverty Reduction, Inequality, Poverty and Inequality, Gender inequality, Poverty Alleviation, Poverty eradication, Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, Ordinal Data, Mainstream, Economic Development and Poverty Issues, Multidimensional Wellbeing, and Poverty and Policy
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This paper deals with the evaluation of the relative performance of different groups when the achievements of the members of a group are summarised by the relative distribution of these achievements across various ordered categories.... more
This paper deals with the evaluation of the relative performance of different groups when the achievements of the members of a group are summarised by the relative distribution of these achievements across various ordered categories. After reviewing a previous attempt by Herrero and Vilar to deal with this issue, we propose to adopt an approach introduced recently by Apouey, Silber and Xu who derived a measure of achievement that, in the case of ordinal variables, takes account of both the inequality and the location of a distribution. Their approach is then applied to the analysis of political opinions, using the International Social Survey Programme for the year 2009. We compare questions dealing with respectively the need for the government to reduce income inequality, the duty of the government to help poor and unemployed individuals and the inequality of opportunity in health and education. It appears that the correlations obtained for our summary indicator of political opinion...
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Our project proposes to study a sample of 4 countries of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMC): Turkey, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia, which are among the most committed to EU integration, on the one hand the relations between money... more
Our project proposes to study a sample of 4 countries of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMC): Turkey, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia, which are among the most committed to EU integration, on the one hand the relations between money and financial markets/exchange rates in the context of a Euro zone in the Mediterranean, and on the other hand the role of financial markets in smoothing national consumption in the countries concerned. On the basis of a single model based on the work of Edwards and Elbadawi, we tested the evolution of the exchange rates of the 4 countries concerned against their fundamental equilibrium exchange rates. We were thus able to better assess the exchange rate policies that were followed according to their under- or over-alignment with regard to a fundamental equilibrium parity that takes into account the sustainability of the internal and external balances of these countries. We were able to draw conclusions about their future exchange rate policy against the Euro based on the results obtained for each country.
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Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for six Eastern African countries (Burundi, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique) for which enough data were available to take a... more
Using data from the AfroBarometer survey, this chapter derives measures of overall well-being for six Eastern African countries (Burundi, Madagascar, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique) for which enough data were available to take a broad enough view of well-being. Correspondence analysis is implemented to aggregate variables in each domain of well-being while overall well-being is derived through efficiency analysis. The chapter compares the findings concerning overall well-being with those based on its narrow view, one whose focus is only on material well-being. It appears that the two main determinants of material well-being are the educational level of the individual and his/her area of residence. For the measure of overall well-being the findings were less clear-cut.
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To summarize the extent of infant survival in a country, three indices have been defined. The first one is the complement to 1000 of the infant mortality rate (expressed in per thousand births). The second one takes into account the... more
To summarize the extent of infant survival in a country, three indices have been defined. The first one is the complement to 1000 of the infant mortality rate (expressed in per thousand births). The second one takes into account the inequality in infant survival rates between population subgroups. The third indicator adjusts the average infant survival rate by giving more weight to a population subgroup with a lower socio-economic status. The computation of the last two indicators requires the use of an inequality index and a concentration ratio.We used two measures of inequality, the Gini index and the Bonferroni index, as well as two concentration ratios, derived from the Gini index and related to the Bonferroni index. A short empirical illustration, based on seven East African countries, confirms the usefulness of the approach presented in this paper.
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In their study of Poor Britain Mack and Lansley (1985) combined a ‘direct’ approach to poverty measurement, one that focuses on actual living conditions rather than on income or total expenditures, with a ‘consensual’ approach that... more
In their study of Poor Britain Mack and Lansley (1985) combined a ‘direct’ approach to poverty measurement, one that focuses on actual living conditions rather than on income or total expenditures, with a ‘consensual’ approach that integrates information on what ‘public opinion’ considers as necessary consumption. Such a direct measurement of poverty in fact followed Peter Townsend’s (1979) original ideas in so far as poverty was defined as a lack of ‘socially perceived necessities’ (Mack and Lansley, 1985). For Mack and Lansley, an item should be classified as a necessity if more than 50 per cent of the population considered it as such. Hallerod (1994) criticized such an approach and defined it as a ‘majority’ rather than as a ‘consensual’ approach. He suggested using a ‘proportional deprivation index’ where all the original items taken into account in the survey are included in a weighting scheme where the weight of an item is derived from the proportion of individuals regarding this item as a necessity.
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ABSTRACT Purpose – We propose applying Reardon's approach to the measurement of ordinal segregation to the study of inequality in life chances in the case of ordinal variables. We also propose additional measures of inequality in... more
ABSTRACT Purpose – We propose applying Reardon's approach to the measurement of ordinal segregation to the study of inequality in life chances in the case of ordinal variables. We also propose additional measures of inequality in life chances in such a case.Methodology – We state the desirable properties of measures of inequality in life chances when the variable under study is ordinal and check which properties are fulfilled by the various indices examined in this chapter.Findings – All the indices defined in this chapter seem suitable for the analysis of inequality in life chances with ordinal variables but we found some trade-off between indices fulfilling the population composition invariance and those fulfilling the group replication invariance.Originality – Besides extending the indices suggested by Reardon to the study of inequality of life chances, we propose, to analyze this issue, two additional sets of indices based on the notion of distributional dissimilarity.
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Our project proposes to study a sample of 4 countries of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMC): Turkey, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia, which are among the most committed to EU integration, on the one hand the relations between money... more
Our project proposes to study a sample of 4 countries of the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean (SEMC): Turkey, Israel, Morocco and Tunisia, which are among the most committed to EU integration, on the one hand the relations between money and financial markets/exchange rates in the context of a Euro zone in the Mediterranean, and on the other hand the role of financial markets in smoothing national consumption in the countries concerned.
On the basis of a single model based on the work of Edwards and Elbadawi, we tested the evolution of the exchange rates of the 4 countries concerned against their fundamental equilibrium exchange rates. We were thus able to better assess the exchange rate policies that were followed according to their under- or over-alignment with regard to a fundamental equilibrium parity that takes into account the sustainability of the internal and external balances of these countries. We were able to draw conclusions about their future exchange rate policy against the Euro based on the results obtained for each country.
On the basis of a single model based on the work of Edwards and Elbadawi, we tested the evolution of the exchange rates of the 4 countries concerned against their fundamental equilibrium exchange rates. We were thus able to better assess the exchange rate policies that were followed according to their under- or over-alignment with regard to a fundamental equilibrium parity that takes into account the sustainability of the internal and external balances of these countries. We were able to draw conclusions about their future exchange rate policy against the Euro based on the results obtained for each country.
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The Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology, as the mainstream approach to the measurement of multi-dimensional poverty in the developing world, is insensitive to inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals and does not... more
The Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology, as the mainstream approach to the measurement of multi-dimensional poverty in the developing world, is insensitive to inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals and does not consider simultaneously the concepts of efficiency and distributive justice. Moreover, the vast majority of empirical indices of multi-dimensional poverty in the literature overlook intra-household inequalities, an issue that is crucial to a better understanding of gender inequalities, because they equate the poverty status of the household with the poverty status of all individuals in the household. Consequently, using the general framework proposed by Silber and Yalonetzky (2014) and Rippin’s ideas on multi-dimensional poverty measurement (2013, 2017), we propose in this paper to depart somehow from the mainstream approach and take an individual-based and inequality sensitive view of multi-dimensional poverty when only ordinal (dichotomized) variables are available. We use such an approach to estimate multi-dimensional poverty among individuals aged 18 and 59 years living in Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, shedding thus some light on gender differences in poverty and inequality in those countries. Overall, we find that individuals living in Guatemala have the highest probability of being multi-dimensionally poor, followed by the ones from Nicaragua; people living in Costa Rica, by contrast, have by far the lowest probability of being poor. In the middle appears Honduras and El Salvador, Hondurans having a larger probability of being multi-dimensionally poor than the Salvadorians. Regarding the gender gaps, the overall estimates suggest that the incidence and the intensity of multi-dimensional poverty in Central America are higher among females; inequality, however, is somewhat higher among males.
Research Interests: Gender Studies, Poverty, Poverty Analysis, Poverty Alleviation Programmes, Poverty Reduction Strategies, and 13 moreGender and Development, Multidimensional Poverty, Poverty Reduction, Poverty and Inequality, Gender inequality, Poverty Studies, Poverty Alleviation, Multidimensional Poverty Index(MPI) methodology, Poverty eradication, Multidimensional Poverty Measurement, Economic Development and Poverty Issues, Multidimensional Wellbeing, and Poverty and Policy
Monitoring progress and determining whether the goal of ending poverty by 2030 is met crucially depends on how poverty is measured. In particular, it crucially depends on the global poverty line and how the line is adjusted over time. A... more
Monitoring progress and determining whether the goal of ending poverty by 2030 is met crucially depends on how poverty is measured. In particular, it crucially depends on the global poverty line and how the line is adjusted over time. A special issue of the Journal of Economic Inequality, which this paper introduces, is dedicated to present alternative approaches to determine the global poverty line (or, more precisely, poverty lines) in order to measure the extent and evolution of extreme poverty in the developing world. In this special issue, the authors also carefully assess the
merits and shortcomings of each of these approaches.
Poverty lines, poverty comparisons, global poverty, purchasing power parity
merits and shortcomings of each of these approaches.
Poverty lines, poverty comparisons, global poverty, purchasing power parity
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This paper discusses first various ways of measuring unemployment and, borrowing ideas from the poverty measurement literature, proposes four more general unemployment indices which are parallel to the Sen poverty index, to its... more
This paper discusses first various ways of measuring unemployment and, borrowing ideas from the poverty measurement literature, proposes four more general unemployment indices which are parallel to the Sen poverty index, to its generalization by Shorrocks, to the FGT and to the Watts poverty indices. It then presents an empirical illustration based on Swiss data at the level of the
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ABSTRACT
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... 1 GDP Growth Accounting: A National Income Function Approach Ulrich Kohli 23 ... Mæhle 373 Reconciling Household Surveys and National Accounts Data Using a Cross Entropy Estimation Method Anne-Sophie Robilliard and Sherman Robinson... more
... 1 GDP Growth Accounting: A National Income Function Approach Ulrich Kohli 23 ... Mæhle 373 Reconciling Household Surveys and National Accounts Data Using a Cross Entropy Estimation Method Anne-Sophie Robilliard and Sherman Robinson 395 ...
We describe the theory and practice of real GDP comparisons across countries and over time. Effective with version 8.0, the Penn World Table (PWT) will be taken over by the University of California, Davis and the University of Groningen,... more
We describe the theory and practice of real GDP comparisons across countries and over time. Effective with version 8.0, the Penn World Table (PWT) will be taken over by the University of California, Davis and the University of Groningen, with continued input from Alan Heston at the University of Pennsylvania. Version 8.0 will expand on previous versions of PWT by including a distinction between real GDP on the expenditure side and on the output side, which differ by the terms of trade faced by countries. We also introduce a real ...
ABSTRACT The aim of this chapter is to analyze the sources of earnings dispersion between trainees and nontrainees. We stress three mechanisms by which investment in general training may affect wage inequality: directly via participation... more
ABSTRACT The aim of this chapter is to analyze the sources of earnings dispersion between trainees and nontrainees. We stress three mechanisms by which investment in general training may affect wage inequality: directly via participation to a general training program and indirectly via the selection process of trainees or the existence of heterogeneous returns on training. This chapter adopts an approach originally proposed by Fields (2003) but extends it to the breakdown of inequality by population subgroups – those who received training and those who did not. The empirical illustration is based on four French surveys, the 2006 Adult Educational Survey and the 2004, 2005, and 2006 Labor Force Surveys that complement it.
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This paper examines whether individuals facing the threat of poverty are curtailing their consumption of various goods and services in a given order and, if among the expenditures that are cut back, there are also health expenditures. The... more
This paper examines whether individuals facing the threat of poverty are curtailing their consumption of various goods and services in a given order and, if among the expenditures that are cut back, there are also health expenditures. The location of individuals in this order of cutback is then used to derive the degree of their deprivation and the factors that affect the extent of this deprivation. This order of curtailment of expenditures is obtained on the basis of an algorithm originally devised to derive the order of acquisition of durable goods. Having found the order of curtailment of expenditures on the basis of the 2003 Israel Social Survey, we then estimate an ordered logit regression whose latent dependent variable is assumed to measure the individual degree of deprivation. The results of this estimation show that, other things constant, the individual latent level of deprivation increases with the size of the household, first increases and then decreases with the age of ...
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... The lower part of Table 3 indicates indeed that it seems to oppose, among de veloping countries, a country ... labor force) MOT 1. NEW (newsprint consumption) l. CAR (passenger cars) (motor vehicle accidents) OLD (elderly people) ELE... more
... The lower part of Table 3 indicates indeed that it seems to oppose, among de veloping countries, a country ... labor force) MOT 1. NEW (newsprint consumption) l. CAR (passenger cars) (motor vehicle accidents) OLD (elderly people) ELE (electricity consumption) 2. PRO ...