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Here, we review extensive information to estimate environmental risks from escaped non‐native salmonids based on the assessments of hazard, sensitivity and exposure of discrete water bodies in Chile. In 2020, the country harvested about 1... more
Here, we review extensive information to estimate environmental risks from escaped non‐native salmonids based on the assessments of hazard, sensitivity and exposure of discrete water bodies in Chile. In 2020, the country harvested about 1 million tons salmonids from net pens located along 1500 km of highly biodiverse coastline. We base our analysis on existing scientific information and authors' expert opinions including an assessment of knowledge gaps and uncertainties. Risks of environmental impacts differed by salmon species, being lowest for Atlantic salmon due to its estimated lower survival, lower ability to feed after escaping and lower reproductive capacity in the wild compared to coho salmon and rainbow trout. Overall risks due to escapes of any of the species were highest in areas of both high farming intensity and low capacity of mitigating escapes (by wild predators and fishers) such as Aysén District. At same time, risk was higher in the most farmed areas that also ...
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This study addresses the risk and vulnerability of Chilean salmon production to hazards resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic threat, including limited access to farms, limited processing capacity and reduced market demand. The role of... more
This study addresses the risk and vulnerability of Chilean salmon production to hazards resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic threat, including limited access to farms, limited processing capacity and reduced market demand. The role of different management approaches in reducing risk and vulnerability is also explored. Results suggest that concession areas having the largest accumulated and current biomass have the highest risk, which is also transferred to the municipal level. The scenarios modelled with better management practices that reduce diseases were able to reduce risks by 30–40%. The largest risk reduction is achieved when production biomass is divided in a more equitable manner among concession areas, suggesting the need for strategic improvements in spatial planning of the activity in the marine environment according to ecosystem carrying capacity and better practices. Improving adaptation capacity can reduce vulnerability between 20% and 30% for municipalities; for example, providing local employment can be a win-win management measure under the COVID-19 threat because it reduces movement of people and facilitates handling and responses to emergencies. A larger footprint in local economies and employment can also improve social perception and acceptance of the sector, thus contributing to improve adaptation changes and governance to face the threats. The framework used here to perform a risk and vulnerability assessment of salmon farming to the pandemic-associated threats can also be useful for other aquaculture systems elsewhere, provided that relevant information is available.
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The Llanquihue lake is included in the called Araucanian or Nord Patagonian lakes located between 38-41° S. These lakes are characterized by their oligo-mesotrophic status due to human intervention which takes to the increase in nutrients... more
The Llanquihue lake is included in the called Araucanian or Nord Patagonian lakes located between 38-41° S. These lakes are characterized by their oligo-mesotrophic status due to human intervention which takes to the increase in nutrients inputs from industries and towns. Effects on zooplankton assemblages are observed with marked increase of daphnids abundance. The aim of the present study is to analyze the trophic status and zooplankton relative abundance in different bays of Llanquihue lake. It was found direct associations between chlorophyll a with daphnids percentage, total dissolved nitrogen with reactive soluble phosphorus nitrogen/phosphorus molar radio with cyclopoids percentage, and an inverse relation between daphnids and calanoids percentages. The occurrence of three kinds of microcrustacean assemblages and environmental conditions was evidenced: the first one with high calanoids percentage, low species number and low chlorophyll and nutrients concentration, a second wi...
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To meet the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 on marine biodiversity protection and Aichi Target 6 on sustainable fisheries by 2020, as well as the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 on food security and SDG 14 on... more
To meet the Convention on Biological Diversity's Aichi Target 11 on marine biodiversity protection and Aichi Target 6 on sustainable fisheries by 2020, as well as the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 2 on food security and SDG 14 on oceans by 2030, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to reconcile nature conservation and sustainable development. This paper argues for effective governance to support processes that apply principles of sustainable development and an ecosystem approach to decide about economic activities at sea such as aquaculture. It describes opportunities, benefits and synergies between aquaculture and MPAs as a basis for wider debate. The scope is not a comprehensive analysis of aquaculture and MPAs, but rather to present examples of positive interactions between aquaculture activities and MPAs. The unintended negative consequences are also discussed to present balanced arguments. This work draws from four workshops held in 2015 and 2016 and used to col...
Research Interests: Business, Sustainable Development, Environmental Planning, Aquaculture, Food Security, and 9 moreBiological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Resource Management, Overfishing, Fishery, Convention on Biological Diversity, Conservation of Aquatic Resources, Marine Protected Area, and Sustainability
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15 Applying an ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture: principles, scales and some management measures Soto, D., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Brugère, C., Angel, D., Bailey, C., Black, K., Edwards, P., Costa-Pierce, B., Chopin, T., Deudero,... more
15 Applying an ecosystem-based approach to aquaculture: principles, scales and some management measures Soto, D., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Brugère, C., Angel, D., Bailey, C., Black, K., Edwards, P., Costa-Pierce, B., Chopin, T., Deudero, S., Freeman, S., Hambrey, J., ...
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This review analyses and synthesizes information on the status of GIS, remote sensing and mapping applications in aquaculture in relation to the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA). The review is global in expanse and extends from... more
This review analyses and synthesizes information on the status of GIS, remote sensing and mapping applications in aquaculture in relation to the ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA). The review is global in expanse and extends from 1985 to the present. The introductory part of the review provides an overview of the EAA and then turns to an examination of the status of spatial analyses in aquaculture from a number of viewpoints relative to the EAA. A prime requisite for implementation of the EAA is to define ecosystems spatially. Thus, one vantage point is an overview of ecosystems already spatially defined. Another viewpoint is from the perspective of spatial data available to define ecosystems where ecosystem limits have not been previously established. Central to an ecosystem approach to management is the need to optimize benefits while minimizing impacts. With regard to the impacts, it is necessary to establish their magnitude and locations in order to plan for appropriate int...
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Abstract The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) affecting mariculture has been related to climatic factors but also to increasing eutrophication of coastal zones, to which aquaculture may also contribute. The role of... more
Abstract The increasing occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) affecting mariculture has been related to climatic factors but also to increasing eutrophication of coastal zones, to which aquaculture may also contribute. The role of climate change on HABs may be increasingly relevant but scientific efforts to separate this from other causal factors are to date inconclusive. HABs have been a permanent threat to the aquaculture industry in southern Chile, yet government and farmers may have not paid enough attention to scientific information and advice, even when risk-based predictions and warnings have been provided. Here we describe eutrophication risk assessments for water bodies hosting salmon farms and climate change risk maps for the salmon industry in Chilean Patagonia, including the increase of HABs as a main threat. Assessments and maps were delivered in 2020 both to producers and to government. We show that such risk information and mapping could have lessened recent salmon mortality due to HABs (March-April 2021) if government and farmers had followed explicit recommendations to reduce salmon farming production in water bodies with higher risk. This measure would reduce Exposure and Sensitivity under the climate change risk framework used. We provide policy recommendations, including reviewing maximum salmon production in relevant water bodies such as fjords according to eutrophication risks, while paying attention to additional stress from climate change variability and trends.
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This document presents in Section A the narrative report of the outcomes from an FAO/GSI (Global Salmon Initiative) Joint Workshop on “Reducing Feed Conversion Ratios in the Global Aquaculture to reduce carbon and other footprints and... more
This document presents in Section A the narrative report of the outcomes from an FAO/GSI (Global Salmon Initiative) Joint Workshop on “Reducing Feed Conversion Ratios in the Global Aquaculture to reduce carbon and other footprints and increase efficiency” including conclusion and recommendations. Section B provides summaries of the technical presentations given at the workshop. Section C provides a link to a compendium of the workshop PowerPoint presentations that was presented in the workshop (available online) and Section D summarizes FAO’s spreadsheet-based (ExcelTM) tool for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions arising from aquaculture, with a weblink to be able to download the application. The FAO/GSI Joint Workshop was held in Liberia, Costa Rica from 9 to 11th November 2015. The meeting, convened by FAO and hosted by Biomar on behalf of GSI with the support of Aquacorporación Costa Rica, was attended by international experts from Asia, Africa, Europe, North America and South ...
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Freshwater inputs strongly influence oceanographic conditions in coastal systems of northwestern Patagonia (41–45°S). Nevertheless, the influence of freshwater on these systems has weakened in recent decades due to a marked decrease in... more
Freshwater inputs strongly influence oceanographic conditions in coastal systems of northwestern Patagonia (41–45°S). Nevertheless, the influence of freshwater on these systems has weakened in recent decades due to a marked decrease in precipitation. Here we evaluate potential influences of climate and land cover trends on the Puelo River (640 m3s–1), the main source of freshwater input of the Reloncaví Fjord (41.5°S). Water quality was analyzed along the Puelo River basin (six sampling points) and at the discharge site in the Reloncaví Fjord (1, 8, and 25 m depth), through six field campaigns carried out under contrasting streamflow scenarios. We also used several indicators of hydrological alteration, and cross-wavelet transform and coherence analyses to evaluate the association between the Puelo River streamflow and precipitation (1950–2019). Lastly, using the WEAP hydrological model, land cover maps (2001–2016) and burned area reconstructions (1985–2019), we simulated future lan...
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For reasons of economy, this document is produced in a limited number of copies. Delegates and observers are kindly requested to bring it to the meetings and to refrain from asking for additional copies, unless strictly indispensable. E
Waste remediation (waste decomposition) is one of the ecosystem services (ES) salmon farming relies upon to reduce organic waste from the uneaten food and fish faeces through the metabolism of fauna and aerobic and anaerobic microbial... more
Waste remediation (waste decomposition) is one of the ecosystem services (ES) salmon farming relies upon to reduce organic waste from the uneaten food and fish faeces through the metabolism of fauna and aerobic and anaerobic microbial communities. Our objective was to infer the changes that may occur in ecosystem capacity for reducing organic matter by firstly verifying that an impact has occurred using the AZTI’s Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and then relating that impact with changes in the ES of waste remediation reported in the literature. We relied on the combination of (i) the Driver, Activity, Pressure, change of State, Impact (Wellbeing), Response (Measure) (DAPSI(W)R(M)) approach as a causal model to establish relationships; (ii) the AMBI, as an impact indicator; and (iii) waste remediation capacity as the ES potentially affected by salmon farming. Data came from sites with different salmon farming influence located in Los Lagos and Aysen regions, Chile. Regression analyses we...
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Aquaculture growth worldwide involves the expansion of cultivated areas, a higher density of aquaculture installations and farmed individuals, and greater use of feed resources produced outside the immediate culture area. These... more
Aquaculture growth worldwide involves the expansion of cultivated areas, a higher density of aquaculture installations and farmed individuals, and greater use of feed resources produced outside the immediate culture area. These proceedings present the output of a workshop and include contributed papers on: definitions, principles, scales and management measures, human dimensions, economic implications and legal implications that are relevant for an ecosystem-based management in aquaculture.
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Interdisciplinary research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century. However, women leaders have been underrepresented in interdisciplinary marine research, and there is little guidance on how to... more
Interdisciplinary research is paramount to addressing ocean sustainability challenges in the 21st century. However, women leaders have been underrepresented in interdisciplinary marine research, and there is little guidance on how to achieve the conditions that will lead to an increased proportion of women scientists in positions of leadership. Here, we conduct in-depth qualitative research to explore the main barriers and enablers to women’s leadership in an academic interdisciplinary marine research context. We found that interdisciplinarity can present unique and additional barriers to women leaders (e.g., complexity and lack of value attributed to interdisciplinary research) and are exacerbated by existing gender-specific issues that women experience (e.g., isolation and underrepresentation and stereotyping). Together these barriers overlap forming the “glass obstacle course”—which is particularly challenging for women in minoritized groups. Here, we provide a list of concrete, ambitious, and actionable enablers that can promote and support women’s leadership in academic interdisciplinary marine research.
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Abstract The implementation of marine IMTA at commercial farm scales has not occurred in the Los Lagos region (Chile), where intensive salmon farming and mussel farming share common bays and channels. However, the co-occurrence of both... more
Abstract The implementation of marine IMTA at commercial farm scales has not occurred in the Los Lagos region (Chile), where intensive salmon farming and mussel farming share common bays and channels. However, the co-occurrence of both farming systems makes possible to evaluate the IMTA potential at a landscape scale. As a first approach, we explored the relationship between the production of mussels and salmon to identify the potential area of influence of the nutrients provided by salmon farming and potentially used by mussel farming, then we estimated the theoretical aquaculture nitrogen balance for relevant water bodies containing both activities. We observed that mussel production was higher when closer to salmon farms (
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Research Interests: Geography, Environmental Science, Fisheries, Exotic Species, Ecology, and 15 moreBiodiversity, Endangered Species, Ecosystem management, Biological Sciences, Biodiversity Conservation, Dams, Animals, Biological, Ecosystem, Fresh water, Early Terrestrial Ecosystems, Ecosystem Function, Conservation of Natural Resources, Conservation Priorities, and Environment
ABSTRACT Knowledge has always been critically important to the development of aquaculture whether we are talking about the earliest aquaculture innovations starting in Asia or the more recent challenges confronting the sector worldwide.... more
ABSTRACT Knowledge has always been critically important to the development of aquaculture whether we are talking about the earliest aquaculture innovations starting in Asia or the more recent challenges confronting the sector worldwide. This panel reviewed selected national and regional case studies. Key topics for discussion include knowledge production and its communication and use (e.g. in new training and extension approaches) among the changing audiences (as aquaculture continues to attract an increasing variety of new stakeholders), and dealing with a widening set of change processes in recent times, often involving a complex mix of governance and social change challenges. We go on to suggest that aquaculture policy-makers, and stakeholders in general, need to better understand knowledge processes such as knowledge translation (implementation), knowledge networks (e.g. the role of farmers’ associations) and the use of knowledge platforms and brokers, all aimed at more effective dissemination and adoption of knowledge. Knowledge management by most stakeholders will become increasingly critical to the sustainable development of aquaculture and its movement towards attaining the goals set out in the Bangkok Declaration a decade back
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Southern Chilean monomictic, temperate lakes are generally oligotrophic with high water transparency, low productivity and some apparent resistance to disturbances such as phosphorus additions. This paper attempts to explain low... more
Southern Chilean monomictic, temperate lakes are generally oligotrophic with high water transparency, low productivity and some apparent resistance to disturbances such as phosphorus additions. This paper attempts to explain low chlorophyll-a values using descriptive and experimental approaches. Three different scales are used, (a) a micro scale both in space and time, with experimental manipulations of N, P and total light in 24 enclosures in lake Llanquihue, (b) a longer time scale analysing 18 months of data in several sites within lake Llanquihue grouped as salmon farming sites, town bays and control sites, and (c) a broader time scale (9 years) by monitoring lakes Puyehue, Rupanco and Llanquihue, all in the Araucanian lake region and Yelcho lake in the north Patagonian region. In the Llanquihue in-lake sampling, total phosphorus values varied between 1 and 12 µg L -1 between sites, showing marginal site effects, P = 0.09 (salmon sites had greater values), however, chlorophyll a...
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Here, we describe an assessment of climate-change vulnerability for the salmon farming sector in southern Chile using a model that combines semi-quantitative measures of Exposure (risks), Sensitivity (economic and social dependence) and... more
Here, we describe an assessment of climate-change vulnerability for the salmon farming sector in southern Chile using a model that combines semi-quantitative measures of Exposure (risks), Sensitivity (economic and social dependence) and Adaptation Capacity (measures that prevent and mitigate impacts). The evaluation was carried out in eight pilot communes representative of salmon production (marine grow-out). Exposure was estimated with a semi-quantitative risk assessment tool based on oceanographic, meteorological and hydrological information, mortality-by-cause databases, and through extended consultation with experts and relevant stakeholders. Threats included relevant changes in water temperature and salinity, declines in dissolved oxygen, occurrence of HABs, and diseases that could be associated with climate change. Based on our analysis of the data, we divided the farming regions into four sub-regions with distinctive oceanographic properties and superimposed the sea surface warming trend and a spatial pattern of mortality by respective cause. Reduction of precipitation and the increase of air and sea surface temperature are the most relevant foreseen climate change drivers, especially for regions X and XI. The resulting vulnerability matrix indicated that communes with higher production concentrations were more exposed, which in some cases coincided with higher sensitivity and lower adaptation capacity. Our models of four management scenarios allowed us to explore the changes in vulnerability associated with a southward movement of salmon production towards the Magallanes region. By identifying new protocols to increase adaptation and reduce vulnerability in a spatially explicit fashion, we provide policy recommendations aimed at increasing climate change adaptation and the long-term sustainability of the sector.
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This document contains nine papers on cage aquaculture including a global overview, one country review for China, and seven regional reviews for Asia (excluding China), northern Europe, the Mediterranean, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America... more
This document contains nine papers on cage aquaculture including a global overview, one country review for China, and seven regional reviews for Asia (excluding China), northern Europe, the Mediterranean, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, North America and Oceania, all of which were presented during the FAO Special Session on Cage Aquaculture - Regional Reviews and Global Overview at the Asian Fisheries Society Second International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia (CAA2), held in Hangzhou, China, from 3 to 8 July 2006.Each review, by geographic region, gives information about the history and origin of cage aquaculture; provides detailed information on the current situation; outlines the major regional issues and challenges; and highlights specific technical, environmental, socio-economic and marketing issues that cage aquaculture faces and/or needs to address in the future. The review recognizes the tremendous importance of cage aquaculture today and its key ...
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16 The Role of Models in Ecosystem Management Graham P Harris, Seth W. Bigelow, Jonathan J. Cole, Helene Cyr, Lorraine L. Janus, Ann P Kinzig, James F. Kitchell ... Botsford, LW, JC Castilla, and CH Peterson. ... Sharpley, AN, SJ Smith,... more
16 The Role of Models in Ecosystem Management Graham P Harris, Seth W. Bigelow, Jonathan J. Cole, Helene Cyr, Lorraine L. Janus, Ann P Kinzig, James F. Kitchell ... Botsford, LW, JC Castilla, and CH Peterson. ... Sharpley, AN, SJ Smith, JR Williams, OJ Jones, and GA Coleman ...
Go to AGRIS search. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper (2009). Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture. Overview of current scientific knowledge. ...
During heavy storms in 1994-1995, salmon farms in southern Chile lost several million fish from the most commonly farmed species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).... more
During heavy storms in 1994-1995, salmon farms in southern Chile lost several million fish from the most commonly farmed species, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). To determine the abundance and distribution of such exotic salmon populations in the wild and their effect on native organisms, we conducted experimental fishing, in six locations in the salmon farming regions (41°-46° S) in the inner seas of Chiloé (X Region) and Aysen (XI Region), ...