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... Author: Maina, John. ... leadership styles are the best for academic HODs, future prospects of HODs should be broadened, co-ordinators of HODs should be employed, proper budgeting in relation to departments done and a proper legal... more
... Author: Maina, John. ... leadership styles are the best for academic HODs, future prospects of HODs should be broadened, co-ordinators of HODs should be employed, proper budgeting in relation to departments done and a proper legal framework showing job descriptions of ...
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Research Interests: Algorithms, Climate Change, Biology, Coral Reefs, Indonesia, and 15 moreEnvironmental Monitoring, Climate, Medicine, Multidisciplinary, Environmental Resource Management, Anthozoa, Animals, Coral Reef, General medicine, PLoS one, Coral, Ecosystem, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Conservation of Natural Resources, and Environment
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Principal investigator: Dr Tim Daw Lecturer in Natural Resources Overseas Development Group (ODG) School of Development Studies University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Tel: +44 1603 592325 Fax: +44 1603 451999 t.daw@uea.ac.uk ...... more
Principal investigator: Dr Tim Daw Lecturer in Natural Resources Overseas Development Group (ODG) School of Development Studies University of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK Tel: +44 1603 592325 Fax: +44 1603 451999 t.daw@uea.ac.uk ... Co-investigators Jan ...
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Background: Open data on the locations and services provided by health facilities have, in some countries, allowed the development of software tools contributing to COVID-19 response. The UN and WHO encourage countries to make health... more
Background: Open data on the locations and services provided by health facilities have, in some countries, allowed the development of software tools contributing to COVID-19 response. The UN and WHO encourage countries to make health facility location data open, to encourage use and improvement. We provide a summary of open access health facility location data in Africa using re-useable R code. We aim to support data analysts developing software tools to address COVID-19 response in individual countries. In Africa there are currently three main sources of such open data; 1) direct from national ministries of health, 2) a database for sub-Saharan Africa collated and published by a team from KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme and now hosted by WHO, and 3) The Global Healthsites Mapping Project in collaboration with OpenStreetMap. Methods: We searched for and documented official national facility location data that were openly available. We developed re-useable open-source R ...
Research Interests: Computer Science and Wa
County Names, Case Notification Rates and use of XpertÂŽ and Microscopy. (DOCX 21 kb)
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TB Diagnostic tests by county per 100,000 total population. (DOCX 23 kb)
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Distribution of TB cases by age group for the various counties. (DOCX 27 kb)
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Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on... more
Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on reef-fish community abundance and biomass. Indi-vidual-level analyses support predictions of Metabolic Theory after accounting for significant family-level variation, and indicate that some tropical reef fishes may already be experiencing thermal regimes at or near their temperature optima. Community-level analyses indicate that total estimated respiratory fluxes of reef-fish communities increase on average ~2-fold from 22 to 28 °C. Comparisons of estimated fluxes among trophic groups highlight striking differences in resource use by communities in different regions, perhaps partly reflecting distinct evolution-ary histories, and support the hypothesis that piscivores receive substantial energy subsidies from outside reefs. Our study demonstrates on...
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The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of supplier appraisal policy on procurement perfomance in state corporations. The study was significant to the public sector, KEMSA, researcher as well as other scholars. The... more
The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of supplier appraisal policy on procurement perfomance in state corporations. The study was significant to the public sector, KEMSA, researcher as well as other scholars. The study used descriptive research design. Data was collected through self-administered questionnaires procedure, the drop and pick method was used to collect information from the selected respondents. A sample size of 72 respondents was drawn from the sample frame using stratified random sampling procedure. Pilot testing was conducted using 7 respondents from the sample size to test validity of data collection tool. Reliability of the data collection instrument was conducted using alpha Cronbach analysis. The collected data was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential analysis and the data presentation was done using frequencies and percentages. The findings of the study confirmed that supplier appraisal policy had a positive impact towards procu...
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Univariate analysis and Model Diagnostics. (DOCX 96 kb)
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The Lake Magadi tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, thrives in highly alkaline geothermal springs and pools surrounding Lake Magadi, Kenya (control pH=9.9, CCO2=173 mmol l-1), has a functional hepatic ornithineurea cycle (OUC) and... more
The Lake Magadi tilapia, Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, thrives in highly alkaline geothermal springs and pools surrounding Lake Magadi, Kenya (control pH=9.9, CCO2=173 mmol l-1), has a functional hepatic ornithineurea cycle (OUC) and excretes all nitrogenous waste as urea-N at variable rates (JUrea) related to O2 consumption (M·O2). The mean value of JUrea/M·O2 (N/O2=0.183) was high for fish but below the theoretical maximum (approximately 0.27) for 100 % aerobic respiration of protein, so an exogenous source of substrates is not required to explain the observed JUrea. JUrea was insensitive to thiourea. Urea excretion occurred largely (80 %) through the gills, but urea-N was also present in bile and urine. Control blood pHe, pHi and [HCO3-] (approximately 8.1, 7.6 and 15 mmol l-1, respectively, at approximately 32°C) were extremely high. When fish were exposed to lake water titrated with HCl and aerated to remove CO2, N/O2 progressively declined. At a lake water pH of 7.05 and CCO...
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BACKGROUND Hearing loss is a chronic condition, and many cases can be detected in the neonatal period. Recognizing it early is of crucial importance as early auditory rehabilitation would help in child’s comprehensive development. We... more
BACKGROUND Hearing loss is a chronic condition, and many cases can be detected in the neonatal period. Recognizing it early is of crucial importance as early auditory rehabilitation would help in child’s comprehensive development. We wanted to assess the prevalence of hearing impairment among high risk newborns admitted to inborn unit of tertiary care centre in Central Kerala and screen for the associated risk factors in these newborns. METHODS Thousand consecutive inborn neonates from Neonatal ICU, Department of Paediatrics, tertiary care centre in Thrissur, Kerala, detected as high risk by Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) criteria were enrolled for the study from December 2011 to November 2012 after the approval by Institute’s Ethics Review Board. Risk factor assessment was done before enrolment. A qualified audiologist conducted the test on babies in soundproof chamber. DPOAEs (Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions) were used for initial testing after checking ears for...
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The economic and socio-political interactions between countries can have major impacts on transboundary conservation decisions and outcomes. Here, we examined for 14 Western Indian Ocean (WIO) continental and island nations the extent of... more
The economic and socio-political interactions between countries can have major impacts on transboundary conservation decisions and outcomes. Here, we examined for 14 Western Indian Ocean (WIO) continental and island nations the extent of their marine coral reef species, fisheries and marine protected areas (MPAs), in the context of their geopolitical and socio-economic connections. We also examined the role of external countries and organisations in collaboration within the region. We found large variation between the different countries in their protected area size, and management, which result from different interests in establishing the MPAs, ranging from fisheries management, biodiversity conservation to asserting sovereignty claims. Seventy-four per cent of the 154 MPAs in the region belong to island nations; however, the largest MPAs in the WIO were established by European powers, and include Mayotte and Glorioso Islands (France) and Chagos (UK). While the majority of MPAs are...
Research Interests: Marine Biology, Geography, Inorganic Chemistry, Hematology, Science Policy, and 12 moreInternational Trade, Marine Conservation, Coral Reefs, Ecology, Marine biodiversity, Biodiversity, Indian Ocean, Environmental Sciences, Western Indian Ocean, Fishery, Marine Protected Area, and Exclusive economic zone
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Health facilities form a central component of health systems, providing curative and preventative services and structured to allow referral through a pyramid of increasingly complex service provision. Access to health care is a complex... more
Health facilities form a central component of health systems, providing curative and preventative services and structured to allow referral through a pyramid of increasingly complex service provision. Access to health care is a complex and multidimensional concept, however, in its most narrow sense, it refers to geographic availability. Linking health facilities to populations has been a traditional per capita index of heath care coverage, however, with locations of health facilities and higher resolution population data, Geographic Information Systems allow for a more refined metric of health access, define geographic inequalities in service provision and inform planning. Maximizing the value of spatial heath access requires a complete census of providers and their locations. To-date there has not been a single, geo-referenced and comprehensive public health facility database for sub-Saharan Africa. We have assembled national master health facility lists from a variety of governmen...
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In the Central Kenyan Highlands, dairy cattle ownership is a crucial element in poverty alleviation. For example, in Kiambu district just north of Nairobi, out of the population of 744010, 48% of 189709 households stall feed dairy cattle.... more
In the Central Kenyan Highlands, dairy cattle ownership is a crucial element in poverty alleviation. For example, in Kiambu district just north of Nairobi, out of the population of 744010, 48% of 189709 households stall feed dairy cattle. Farm sizes average 1.1 to 2.0 ha per household. Producing sufficient forage for dairy cattle is difficult and low dry matter intake constrains dairy production and there is a positive correlation between stover intake and milk yield.. Napier grass comprised 40% of the total dry matter fed to cattle and maize forage 24% according to the project’s Rapid Rural Appraisal, maize thinnings and stover being routinely fed to livestock. In another survey, dry maize stover accounted for nearly 65% of dry matter intake of dairy cattle during October.
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The microbial composition of farmed and wild Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus is presented. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial load of the two cricket species and evaluate the efficiency of processing methods... more
The microbial composition of farmed and wild Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus is presented. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial load of the two cricket species and evaluate the efficiency of processing methods (boiling, sun-drying, freeze-drying, snap-freezing and deep-frying) in reducing microbial counts. Farmed and wild species were compared based on microbial diversity. Fresh crickets had high microbial counts, bacterial and fungal populations ranged from 4.26-4.58 log cfu/g and 3.48-4.48 log cfu/g fresh weight, respectively. Upon processing, microbial counts reduced, bacterial counts ranged from 1.00-2.08 log cfu/g dry weight (boiled) and 2.70-3.34 log cfu/g dry weight (sun-dried). Fungal counts ranged from1.85-1.95 log cfu/g dry weight (boiled) and 2.95-3.51 log cfu/g dry weight (sun-dried). Deep-frying, freeze-drying and snap-freezing emerged as the best processing methods. Although there is no alarm in consuming fresh crickets, a processing method is ...
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Malaria at international borders presents particular challenges with regards to elimination. International borders share common malaria ecologies, yet neighboring countries are often at different stages of the control-to-elimination... more
Malaria at international borders presents particular challenges with regards to elimination. International borders share common malaria ecologies, yet neighboring countries are often at different stages of the control-to-elimination pathway. Herein, we present a case study on malaria, and its control, at the border between Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Malaria program activity reports, case data, and ancillary information have been assembled from national health information systems, archives, and other related sources. Information was analyzed as a semi-quantitative time series, between 2000 and 2017, to provide a plausibility framework to understand the possible contributions of factors related to control activities, conflict, economic development, migration, and climate. The malaria recession in the Yemeni border regions of Saudi Arabia is a likely consequence of multiple, coincidental factors, including scaled elimination activities, cross-border vector control, periods of low rainfall...
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In order to better understand the impact of increased loading on roads, studies on tyre-road interaction have gained prominence in recent years. Tyres form an essential interface between vehicles and road pavement surfaces. These are the... more
In order to better understand the impact of increased loading on roads, studies on tyre-road interaction have gained prominence in recent years. Tyres form an essential interface between vehicles and road pavement surfaces. These are the only parts of the vehicle that are in contact with the road and transmit the vehicle loading to the road surface. The use of the Cartesian coordinate system is convenient in dealing with a uniform/non-uniform tyre load acting over a rectangular area, but few research reports are available that provide any form of theoretical solutions for pavement responses. This paper presents analytical solutions of responses due to rectangular loading acting on the surface of a multi-layered pavement system. The solutions developed incorporate both isotropic and cross-anisotropic material properties. The method followed is based on classical trigonometric integral and Fourier transformation of Navier's equations. Accuracy and validity of the solutions are ver...
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The initial document for design of Enrobé à Module Élevé (EME) in South Africa was published based on the French EME technology. This document covers the mix design while it recommends a mechanistic approach to determine the required... more
The initial document for design of Enrobé à Module Élevé (EME) in South Africa was published based on the French EME technology. This document covers the mix design while it recommends a mechanistic approach to determine the required layer thicknesses and structural configuration of the pavement. Various aspects of the EME technology has been evaluated in South Africa since introduction of this first design document, and improvements are due regarding the initial fatigue and rutting transfer functions as well as in the general understanding of the behaviour of these layers in pavement structures. In this paper, the improved transfer functions are presented, and analyses on the optimal thickness requirements for different traffic scenarios are discussed. The outcome of these analyses (partly based on laboratory testing of EME samples and partly based on in situ measurements of pavement responses) are presented and discussed to further the local understanding of the benefits and limit...
Research Interests: Engineering and rut
Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on... more
Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on reef-fish community abundance and biomass. Individual-level analyses support predictions of Metabolic Theory after accounting for significant family-level variation, and indicate that some tropical reef fishes may already be experiencing thermal regimes at or near their temperature optima. Community-level analyses indicate that total estimated respiratory fluxes of reef-fish communities increase on average ~2-fold from 22 to 28 °C. Comparisons of estimated fluxes among trophic groups highlight striking differences in resource use by communities in different regions, perhaps partly reflecting distinct evolutionary histories, and support the hypothesis that piscivores receive substantial energy subsidies from outside reefs. Our study demonstrates one ...
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Kenya, one of the 22 tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries, whose TB burden is fuelled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To monitor and evaluate the implementation of HIV testing and provision of HIV care to TB patients in... more
Kenya, one of the 22 tuberculosis (TB) high-burden countries, whose TB burden is fuelled by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To monitor and evaluate the implementation of HIV testing and provision of HIV care to TB patients in Kenya through the establishment of a routine TB-HIV integrated surveillance system. A descriptive report of the status of implementation of HIV testing and provision of HIV interventions to TB patients one year after the introduction of the revised TB case recording and reporting system. From July 2005 to June 2006, 88% of 112835 TB patients were reported to the National Leprosy and TB Control Programme, 98773 (87.9%) of whom were reported using a revised recording and reporting system that included TB-HIV indicators. HIV testing of TB patients increased from 31.5% at the beginning of this period to 59% at the end. Of the 46428 patients tested for HIV, 25558 (55%) were found to be HIV-positive, 85% of whom were provided with cotrimoxazole preventive tre...
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Samples of grass, cattle and sheep livers from the districts surrounding Karatina, Kenya, were analysed for their contents of selenium. The following mean values were found: Grass (n = 31): 0.19 +/- 0.17 mg Se/kg on dry matter basis,... more
Samples of grass, cattle and sheep livers from the districts surrounding Karatina, Kenya, were analysed for their contents of selenium. The following mean values were found: Grass (n = 31): 0.19 +/- 0.17 mg Se/kg on dry matter basis, cattle liver (n = 96): 0.31 +/- 0.10 mg Se/ kg on wet weight, and sheep liver (n = 93): 0.55 +/- 0.25 mg Se/kg on wet weight. It is concluded that selenium deficiency is unlikely to occur in the districts included in this investigation.
Research Interests: Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science, Biology, Kenya, Medicine, and 14 moreLiver, Copper, Sheep, Animal Feed, Selenium, Animals, Zinc, Molybdenum, Poaceae, Trace Elements, Cattle, Sulfur, Pasture, and Dry Matter
7th International Committee on Road & Airfield Pavement Technology (ICPT), Thailand, 3-5 August 2011
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Studies were conducted in Gathwariga catchment, Kenya with the aim of evaluating farmers' perception about the impact of legume cover crops (LCC) on soil erosion control. A sensitization workshop involving the farmers was held to... more
Studies were conducted in Gathwariga catchment, Kenya with the aim of evaluating farmers' perception about the impact of legume cover crops (LCC) on soil erosion control. A sensitization workshop involving the farmers was held to discuss the benefits of using LCC for erosion control after which the farmers opted for the following treatments: pure stand of maize ( Zea mays ) (T1), maize intercropped with Mucuna pruriens (T2), maize plus Vicia benghalensis (T3) and maize plus Lablab purpureus (T4). All the farmers indicated that plots previously planted with LCC provided post-harvest cover to the soil almost 7 months after planting which was crucial in controlling erosion during the on-set of subsequent rains when the ground is bare. The post-harvest percent cover taken at the beginning of the subsequent season was 0, 43.2, 9.0, and 11.4% for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. T1 had 9, 2 and 2.5 times more soil loss than T2, T3 and T4 respectively. The eroded sediments had higher concentrations of plant nutrient elements than the 'field soil'. A follow up visit showed that 84% of the farmers planted mucuna as a sole crop to control erosion in degraded areas, one used mucuna as an intercrop with cassava, two decided to plant mucuna on relatively flat areas for seed multiplication while one farmer had grown mucuna to reclaim a gully. International Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development Vol. 5 2004: 176-186
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Research Interests: Animal Science, Electron Microscopy, Biology, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Morphometry, and 15 moreMedicine, Energy Metabolism, Diving, Anatomy, Birds, Animals, Lung, Oxygen, Body Weight, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Species Specificity, Respiration physiology, Animal Flight, Lung Volumes, and Pulmonary diffusing capacity
Research Interests: Environmental Science, Oceanography, Marine Ecology, Coral Reef Ecosystems, Coral Reefs, and 14 moreEcology, Statistical machine learning, Coral Reef Ecology, global Climate change, Environmental Resource Management, Species Distribution Modelling, Spatial modelling, Coral Reef, Marine Remote Sensing ang Global Information System, Marine spatial planning, Coral Reef Resilience, Reef, Nature and Landscape Conservation, and Marine Resource Management fisheries
... Rahman As-syakur1), Shinta Pardede2) 1)Center for remote Sensing and Ocean Science (CReSOS), Udayana University, Indonesia 2)Marine ... Dari sekitar 800 spesies karang keras yang berhasil diidentifikasi di dunia, sekitar 450 di... more
... Rahman As-syakur1), Shinta Pardede2) 1)Center for remote Sensing and Ocean Science (CReSOS), Udayana University, Indonesia 2)Marine ... Dari sekitar 800 spesies karang keras yang berhasil diidentifikasi di dunia, sekitar 450 di antaranya ditemukan di Indonesia, spesies ...