Tests

En 1984 Heinz Leymann elaboro una lista de 45 acciones o estrategias observadas en situaciones de acoso laboral o mobbing. Veinte años después Luis de Rivera y Manuel Abuin comprobaron en más de 600 trabajadores afectados de mobbing la realidad de estas estrategias y descubrieron 15 más. Después de varios estudios estadisticos, aplicando una valoracion tipo Likert para cada estrategia y técnicas de analisis factorial, construyeron un instrumento psicologico de medida, el Cuestionario de Estrategias de Acoso Psicologico en el Trabajo, al que pusieron el sobrenombre de LIPT-60, en honor al pionero del estudio del mobbing. Este Manual describe como administrar, corregir e interpretar el LIPT-60, con las escalas y subescalas de mobbing descubiertas por los autores.

Boris Krivokapic

PRIMACY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

This paper is in fact second part of the paper published in the previous number of the same journal as Boris Krivokapic “Odnos medjunarodnog i unutrasnjeg prava”, Strani pravni život 2/2013, 59-103.

The paper itself has three parts. The first one is introductory, where the author explains why there is a primacy of international law. In the second part of the article he answers the most common arguments that challenge this primacy. In the third, concluding part the author notes the existence of another very important problem, which consists in the request that in order to have legitime primacy, international law must be democratic, one that suits the interests of all members of the international community and not a law that could be turned into an instrument of political and other domination of the most powerful nations.

The choice and dimensioning of the foundations are made according to the physical properties of the soil and the type of structure to be built. This research concerns the assessment of the KAMATANDA platform soil capacity, which has to support series of crushers and mechanical launders. Laboratory tests determined the physical properties (moist unit weight, dry unit weight, moisture content and particle size analysis) from soil samples taken at four different depths. In situ, we determined the mechanical properties of the soil by the dynamic cone penetrometer test. The soil of the KAMATANDA platform was the poorly graded sands by size classification. By doing the test, the moisture content, the moist unit weight and dry unit weight were increasing from 0 to 5 meters. The compactness was increasing when going deep but the rate of increase was getting less from 2.5 meters' depth. The soil presented the heterogeneities and the depth presenting much resistance to the penetration of the dynamic cone penetrometer was 2.4 meters. To avoid differential settlements, the embedding height was 1.2 meter. As per the minimum values, the dynamic resistance evaluated through the Dutch formula was 2.1MPa; however, the allowable bearing capacity, based on the dynamic resistance as per L'HERMINIER formula was 0.105MPa. We therefore noticed that, the resistance of KAMATANDA ground after dynamic cone penetrometer test relates to the compactness of the soil that grows according the depths.

Assessment as a process of determining the extent to which teaching and learning objectives have been achieved, is popular and used by teachers at different levels. However, the adoption of new approaches in teaching and learning such as learner centered approach based on social constructivism, possess a big challenge to teachers to align assessment practices with the theory. Many teachers belief that assessment is solely dictated by the teacher and the learner has nothing contribute in the process of setting and the administration of assessments. The theory of constructivism emphasizes on the role of learner in both learning and assessment procedures and the need for authentic assessment which incorporates diversity of objectives from both cognitive psychomotor and affective domains. This study focused on the assessment practices in secondary schools in Kilimanjaro and to determine how they align with the learner centered approaches. This study also assessed the attitudes of teachers and students and challenges encountered in assessment practices. The researcher adopted mixed research methods for data collection and analysis. This study sampled 580 students, 115 teachers, 6 heads of secondary schools, one education inspectors and one National Examination Council of Tanzania (NECTA) official. Data collection instruments were questionnaires, in-depth interview guides and document analysis guide. The findings indicated that there was a gap between theory and practice in assessment. A good number of teachers use teacher centered approach in both teaching and assessment procedures. It was also found that teachers and students had negative attitude towards the assessment procedures of learner centered approach, with several challenges. The researcher recommends the need for in- service training to empower teachers on how to set authentic assessment tests and exams which are more realistic in assessing students in secondary schools in Tanzania.

The upturn in prices of materials for building construction is causing a lot of concern due to more utilization of building materials such as fine aggregate, coarse aggregate for the construction of structures, creating need for research into original materials as alternatives in building and rural infrastructures. Research efforts are directed towards enhancing the use of locally and readily available material such as lateritic soils for the construction. This study presents, the results of an experimental program to study the strength and durability performance of laterized concrete. A total of 108 cubes of 150mm, 108 cylinders 150mm dia X 300mm height and 81 prisms of 100 X100 X 500 mm dimensions were casted and cured in water as well as chemical solution for 7, 28, 60, and 90 days. Laterized concrete is concrete in which some or all of the fine aggregate is from laterite. To perform this investigation, M30 grade concrete is used, mix proportions 1: 1.274: 3.126 (Cement: sand/laterite: granite) with water/cement ratio of 0.45 was used. In this investigation, percentage laterite content (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) exposure periods of 7, 28, 60, and 90 days on the compressive, flexure and splitting tensile strength tests of laterized concrete were investigated and also the effect of varying percentages of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) concentrations 1%, 3% and 5%, exposure periods of 7, 28, 60, and 90 days on the compressive, flexure and splitting tensile strength tests of laterized concrete were investigated. Data results revealed that the laterite fines used could satisfactorily replace the sand up to 30%. By fixing the laterite content as 30% of fine aggregate, the specimens are tested for durability studies under chemical attack. The specimens are immersed in H2SO4 solution for concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5% for an exposure period of 7, 28, 60 & 90 days, and the strengths of concrete at these ages were investigated.

After the introductory part, the author refers to the Kievan Rus, to show that although it was undoubtedly an active participant in international relations (closing international agreements, receiving foreign representatives, etc.) there is no evidence preserved on any papers that  could be called the works of international legal science.

Moreover, even in the period from the 13th until 17th century there are neither theoretical, nor systematic works in the domain of  international law. The widely acclaimed work by P.P. Shafirov “The reflections on the legitimate reasons of the war against Sweden” (1717) could not be characterized as such either.

However, already in the 19th century the Russian science of international law went through an unbelievable period of flourishing. A number of original papers appeared, not just articles and monographs on selected issues, but the systemic works as we
ll. As early as 1880 the Russian Society of International Law was founded. Generally speaking, the Russian science international law of the time was quite advanced and advocated for the strengthening of international law, peaceful settlement of disputes, the renunciation of war, disarmament, etc.

Soon after the October Revolution (1917) there was a division among the scholars. Thus, one group of them withdrew, the others fled abroad and continued their career in exile, while the third group (the majority of them) stayed in the country, raising new generations and laying the foundations of the Soviet science of international law, with all its positive and negative sides.

In the court room, and in the law firm, where both sides have all facts and all legal citations, the case will be won, or lost, on rhetoric; on legal rhetoric; on the appreciation of legal principles, presumptions, doctrines, rules, tests, maxims, and phrases. To the legal writer, a mention of a doctrine here, a maxim there, and a test in the conclusion, will flower the article, making it to sound well researched, more persuasive and ultimately effective. To the legal speaker, the solicitor, legal rhetoric arrests attention, holds conscience captive and wins the will of the adjudicator. Legal Rhetoric!

La presente investigación delinea de forma sistemática una teoría general para todo género de signos distintivos. Para este propósito se vale de las investigaciones parciales que la propiedad industrial y otras ramas del derecho han realizado de algunos signos distintivos particulares, como las marcas, las indicaciones geográficas, los sellos de calidad, los nombres de pila, los nombres comerciales, entre otros. Se usa un método inductivo que recoge leyes, jurisprudencia y doctrina de varios lugares del mundo. En cuanto a la estructura, luego de una introducción, se determinar cuál es el conjunto de los signos distintivos que será el universo a analizar (Capítulo I), se señalan cuáles son los principios generales a todos esos signos (Capítulo II) y se termina con una lista de conclusiones a las que se ha llegado (Capítulo III). Entre otras cosas, concluimos que sí es posible hacer una teoría general que aplique a todo género de signo distintivo y que esta teoría beneficia mucho la profundización doctrinal de los signos distintivos menos regulados por el derecho.
This paper systematically delineates a general theory for all kinds of distinctive signs. For this purpose we use the partial studies developed by industrial property and other areas of law, on any special signs such as trademarks, geographical indications, quality seals, given names, commercial names, and others. We use an inductive approach that includes laws, jurisprudence and doctrine of several countries. Regarding the structure, after an introduction, we determine a set of signs, the one that will be the universe to analyze (Chapter I), then we indicate eleven general principles of these signs (Chapter II), ending with a list of conclusions that we have reached (Chapter III). Among other things, we conclude that it is possible to make a general theory that applies to all kinds of sign and that this theory greatly benefits the doctrinal clarification of the signs less regulated by law.

Tests of homogeneity for partially matched-pair data are investigated. Different methods of combining tests of homogeneity based on Pearson chi-square test and McNemar chi-squared test are investigated. Numerical and simulation studies are presented to compare the power of these tests. Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health of 2003 (NSCH) is used to illustrate the method

Legal rules constitute not only reasons for action, but also reasons for judicial decision. What kind of reason do legal rules provide for adjudication? Do they figure as Razian exclusionary reasons in legal reasoning? In this paper I will draw on some insights from Robert Alexy’s theory of principles to deal with these problems.

Tests developed by newly appointed teachers of English at the preparatory stage: analysis and suggestions for improvement. By  Dr. Ayman Sabry Daif-Allah ( Prof. of English Education at Suez Canal University) & Dr. Mohamed Ismail Abu-Rahmah (Professor of English Education at Suez Canal University, Egypt).

(Abstract):
This study investigated the validity of the process of student achievement test development in English as a foreign language in the Egyptian context and its impact on test performance. Data was gathered using task-based self-assessment of classroom assessment knowledge and skills, thinking aloud protocol, and assessment training needs questionnaire. Besides, thirty language quizzes and assessment activities were analyzed in the light of a language test evaluation scale. Results provide some external support for the assumption that student achievement test development in English as a foreign language in the cases analyzed was invalid and this consequently affects test performance.

Предисловие / Библиография  СТАТЬИ  ZÁSADNÍ OTÁZKY VÝVOJE A SOUČASNOSTI KODIFIKACE PRÁVNÍCH INSTITUTŮ [1975] 3–20: 1. Problém jednoty projevů myšlenky kodifikace v historii 3 / 2. Pojem vývoje a vývoj kodifikace 11 / 3. Obečný pojem kodifikace 14 // ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ОБЩЕСТВА И ПРАВА И ВОПРОСЫ КОДИФИКАЦИИ, УДЕЛЯЯ ОСОБОЕ ВНИМАНИЕ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИМ КОДЕКСАМ [1974] 21–40: 1. Диалектика общественного изменения и сохранения в ходе исторического развития кодификации 22 / 2. Вопрос о возможности кодификации, воспринятой основным средством правотворчества общественного изменения 28 / 3. Параллельность общественного и кодификационного изменений: обратная связь и ее формы в социалистических кодексах 35 // ROZWOJ PRAWA A JEGO KODYFIKACJA [1979] 41–52: 1. Dialektyka społecznych zmian i zachowania w procesie historycznego rozwoju kodyfikacji 41 / 2. Zagadnienie možliwošci kodyfikacji jako podstawowego narzędzia prawodawstwa wprowadzającego zmiany społeczne 45 / 3. Paralelizm zmian społecznych i kodyfikacyjnych: »sprzęženie zwrotne« i jego formy w kodyfikacjach socjalistycznych 49 // СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦИЯ И КОДИФИКАЦИЯ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА [ms] 53–58 // ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ ПРАВОТВОРЧЕСТВА И ПРAВОПРИМЕНЕНИЯ [ms] 59–65 // ЛЕНИН И РЕВОЛУЦИОННОЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВО [1969] 67–76 // ЗАВЕРШЕНИЕ СOЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ КОДИФИКАЦИИ [ms] 77–88: 1. Кодификация в европейских и азиатских странах народной демократии 77 / 2. Рекодификация как типовой знак социалистической кодификации 82 // MINISTERSKÉ ODŮVODNĚNÍ A JEHO ÚLOHA VE ZPROSTŘEDKOVÁNÍ PRÁVNÍCH HODNOT [1978] 89–108: I. Principiální a historické základy vzniku minislerského odůvodnéní 90 / II. Možné a žádoucí funkce ministerského odúvodnění v socialistickém právu 98 / III. Ministerské odúvodnění a jeho význam při výkladu právních norem 102 // PREAMBULE – OTÁZKA PRÁVNÍ VĚDY [1970] 109–134: I. Pojem preambule 111 / II. Obsah a funkce preambulí 114 / III. Normatívní dosah obsahu preambule 117 / IV. Problém odůvodněností používání preambulí z hlediska socialistické právní politiky 128 // ЗА САМОСТОЯТЕЛНОСТЬ ПРАВОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ [ms] 135–138: 1. Связь политики и права 135 / 2. Правовая политика как проводник в связи политики и права 135 / 3. Правовая наука, правовая политика и право права 136 / 4. Необходимость самостоятельности правовой политики 138 // ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРАВА КАК НАДСТРОЙКИ [ms] 139–143 // ПОЈАМ ПРАВА У ЛУКАЧЕВОЈ ОНТОЛОГИЈИ [1983] 145–168 // ДИАЛЕКТИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ПРАВОВЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ: ПРЕДМЕТНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРЕЗУМПЦИИ И ФИКЦИИ КАК СРЕДСТВ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНИКИ [ms] 169–204: I. »Презумпция« 170 [1. В процессе судебного установления фактов 172 / 2. В нормативной дефиниции фактов: preasumptio juris tantum 173 / 3. В нормативной дефиниции фактов: praesumptio juris et de jure 174 / 4. В юридической области 174] Относительно »презумпции« 178 [1. Функции 178 / 2. Презумпция и фикция 180 / 3. Неоправданпость эпистемологического обоснования в отношении нормативной области 181 / 4. Технический аппарат презумпции 182] II. »Фикция« 184 [1. В лингвистическом формировании правовых норм 184 / 2. В применении правовых норм судом 185 / 3. В доктриналыюм отражении правовых норм 187 / 4. В теоретической реконструкции правовых норм 188 / 5. В правовом отношении 190] Относительно »фикции« 192 [1. История и сущность: от истоков к юридической фикции 192 / 2. Классификация 196 / 3. Право как фикция 197 / 4. Презумпция и фикция 200] // РАЗДEЛEНИЕ ВЛАСТЕЙ – ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И УТОПИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ [1984] 205–213 // ПРАВО КАК ИСТОРИЯ [1986] 215–224 // СЛОБОДА, ЈЕДНАКОСТ И ПОЈМОВНИ МИНИМУМ ПРАВИЕ КОМУНИКАЦИЈЕ [1989] 225–244
РЕЗЮМЕ / РЕЦEНЗИИ  [by the author, including] КОДИФИКАЦИЯ КАК ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ ЯВЛЕНИЕ [1981] 259–262 // [on the author, including] B. А. Четвернин: ПРАВО КАК ИСТОРИЯ [1987] 222–224 / K[atalin] Szamel: ВНУТРЕННЯЯ МОРАЛНОСТЬ ПРАВА [1988] 279–281 & [in] Strani pravni život [Beograd] & [by] L[eonard] Bianchi, Jozef Karpat, Stefan Luby, М. А. Супатаев, J[erzy] Wróblewski

AWEJ Volume.5 Number.3, 2014   
                                                                                                    Pp.3-14

Developing a Pragmatics Test for Arabic ESL Learners

Sawako Matsugu
Liberal and General Education Center, Utsunomiya University,
Tochigi, Japan


Abstract
The present study replicated Liu’s (2007) study on validating a multiple-choice discourse completion test (MCDCT) for measuring second language (L2) pragmatics. In order to investigate whether his validation methods can be applied to a different speech act with learners from a different linguistic and cultural background, this study was conducted for native speakers of Arabic learning English as a Second Language (ESL) to assess the speech act of refusal. First, an exemplar generation and situation likelihood questionnaire was administered to 15 Arabic participants to elicit refusal situations to be used for constructing a MCDCT. Following this, metapragmatic assessment was carried out in order to determine social variables of status/power, distance, and severity in each of the elicited situations. Then, a situation pilot questionnaire was given to 14 Arabic-speakers and 11 English-speakers to collect responses to be used for answer keys and distracters for the MCDCT. Two native speakers of English rated responses by Arabic-speakers and those marked inappropriate were used as distracters for the instrument, while English-speakers’ responses were included as keys. Due to a small sample size and low inter-rater agreement, the resultant item number for the MCDCT became six.
Key words: Arabic learners of English, MCDCT, pragmatics, refusals, tests,

Tests of homogeneity for partially matched-pair data are investigated. Different methods of combining tests of homogeneity based on Pearson chi-square test and McNemar chi-squared test are investigated. Numerical and simulation studies are presented to compare the power of these tests. Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health of 2003 (NSCH) is used to illustrate the method

Foreword [1994] 1–4
LAW AS PRACTICE  QUELQUES QUESTIONS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES DE LA FORMATION DES CONCEPTS EN SCIENCES JURIDIQUES [1970] 7–33: 1. Introduction 7 / 2. La particularité de l’objet des sciences juridiques 8 / 3. La particularité de la méthodologie des sciences juridiques 10 / 4. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciences juridiques: Quelques problèmes 15 [4.1. Le concept du droit 16 / 4.2. Le concept dogmatique du contenu du droit 21 / 4.3. Le concept de la normativité juridique 23 / 4.4. Le concept des lacunes en droit 24] / 5. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciencesjuridiques: Quelques conclusions 26 / 6. La formation des concepts en sciences juridiques et la réalité: Conclusion finale 29 / 7. Annexe: Des bases d’une classification possible des définitions en sciences juridiques 31 // GELTUNG DES RECHTS – WIRKSAMKEIT DES RECHTS [1978] 35–42 // MACROSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF LAW: A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL [1983] 43–76: I. Issues of the Macrosociological Theories of Law 46 / II. The Role of the Macrosociological Theories in the Social Science Foundation of Legal Thinking 63 // REFLECTIONS ON LAW AND ITS INNER MORALITY [1984] 77–89: 1. Law and Morals As Two Systems of Norms, and the Inner Morality of Law 77 / 2. Law As A Value Bearer and As A Mere External Indicator 78 / 3. The Inner and External Moral Credit of Legislator 83 / 4. The Inner Morality of Law 86 // THE LAW AND ITS LIMITS [1985] 91–96
LAW AS TECHNIQUE  DOMAINE »EXTERNE« ET DOMAINE »INTERNE« EN DROIT [1983] 99–117: 1. Le »juridique« et le »non-juridique« 99 / 2. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que groupes de phénomènes 104 / 3. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que points de références 112 / 4. Conclusion 116 // DIE MINISTERIELLE BEGRÜNDUNG IN RECHTSPHILOSOPHISCHER SICHT [1977] 119–139: I. Die prinzipiellen und geschichtlichen Grundlagen der Herausforderung der ministeriellen Begründungen 120 / II. Die möglichen und erwünschten Funktionen der ministeriellen Begründung im sozialistischen Rechts 128 / III. Die ministerielle Begründung und ihr Wert in der Auslegung derRechtsnormen 132 // THE PREAMBLE: A QUESTION OF JURISPRUDENCE [1970] 141–167: I. The Notion of the Preamble 142 / II. Content and Functions of the Preambles 146 / III. Normativity of the Preamble Content 150 / IV. The Problem of the Justifiability of Preamble-drafting in the Light of Socialist Legal Policy 161 // PRESUMPTION AND FICTION: MEANS OF LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 169–185: I. Presumption 169 [1. In the Judicial Process of Establishing the Facts: praesumptio homini vel facti 170 / 2. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris tantum 170 / 3. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris et de jure 171 / 4. In a Possible Theoretical Reconstruction 171] On »Presumption« 172 [1. Function 172 / 2. Presumption and Fiction 173 / 3. Irrelevancy of Epistemological Foundation 173 / 4. The Technique of Presumption 174] II. Fiction 175 [1. In the Linguistic Formation of Legal Norms 175 / 2. In the Judicial Application of Legal Norms 175 / 3. In the Doctrinal Processing of Legal Norms 176 / 4. In the Theoretical Reconstruction of Legal Norms 176 / 5. Approaches to and Understandings of Fiction 177] On »Fiction« 178 [1. History and Understandings 178 / 2. Classification 180 / 3. Law as Fiction 181 / 4. Presumption and Fiction 182] // LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 187–198: I. Legal Technique 187 [1. In the Large Sense 1987/ 2. In Legal Practice 189 / 3. In Legal Science 189 / 4. As a Special Technique 190] II. On Legal Technique [1. Definition and Function 190 / 2. Legal Technique and Legal Cultures 192 / 3. Postulates of Legal Technique in the Cultures of Modem Formal Law 195 {a) The Principle of Consequentiality 195 / b) The Principle of Coherency 195 / c) The Principle of Conceptual Economy 196 / d) The Principle of Non-redundancy 196}]
LAW AS LOGIC  MODERNE STAATLICHKEIT UND MODERNES FORMALES RECHT [1982] 201–207: 1. Die Klassifizierung als logisches und als gesellschaftswissenschaftliches Verfahren 202 / 2. Typologie der staatlichen und rechtlichen Erscheinungen 202 / 3. Der moderne Staat und das moderne formale Recht: Frage der Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungsalternativen 204 // HETEROGENEITY AND VALIDITY OF LAW: OUTLINES OF AN ONTOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION [1986] 209–218 // LEIBNIZ UND DIE FRAGE DER RECHTLICHEN SYSTEMBILDUNG [1973] 219–232: 1. Aktualität von Leibniz 219 / 2. Der Gedanke der universalen mathematischen Methode 221 / 3. Die logischen Konzeption der Rechtswissenschaft 224 / 4. Die geometrische Vision der rechtlichen Systembildung 227 / 5. Das Scheitern der Leibnizschen Idee und seine Lehre 230 // LAW AND ITS APPROACH AS A SYSTEM [1975] 233–255: 1. The Logical Structure of Law as a Historical Product 233 / 2. Tendencies of Formal Rationalization in Legal Development 234 / 3. Historical Development of the Approach to Law as a System 239 / 4. Present State of the Attempts at a Logical Reconstruction of Law and Legal Reasoning 243 / 5. Question of the Axiomatic Conception of Law 248 / 6. Heuristic Value of the Approach to Law as a System 250 // LOGIC OF LAW AND JUDICIAL ACTIVITY: A GAP BETWEEN IDEALS, REALITY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES [1982] 258–288: 1. Historical Background 259 / 2. Ideals 264 / 3. Reality 270 / 4. Future Perspectives 277 // KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW – YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW [ms] 289–293, THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF NORMS: SCIENCE- AND LANGUAGE-PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS [ms] 295–314: 1. Presuppositions 295 / 2. The Context of the Application of Norms 300 [2.1 Actualisation in Concrete Meaning 300 / 2.2 Linguistic Undefinedness 304 / 2.3 Lack of Logical Consequence in the Normative Sphere 308]
LAW AS EXPERIENCE  ON THE SOCIALLY DETERMINED NATURE OF LEGAL REASONING [1971] 317–374: 1. Interrelation of the Creation and Application of Law 317 / 2. The Socially Determined Nature of the Application of Law 332 / 3. The Socially Determined Nature of Legal Reasoning 337 / 4. The Question of Perspectives 363 // TOWARDS THE ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF LAW: SOME THESES ON THE BASIS OF LUKÁCS’ ONTOLOGY [1983] 375–390, IS LAW A SYSTEM OF ENACTMENTS? [1984] 391–398: 1. Working Models of Law 391 / 2. Senses of ContExtuality in Law 393 / 3. Jurisprudential Approach and Socio-ontological Approach 394 / 4. Conclusions 396 [4.1. Law as Historical Continuum 396 / 4.2.Law as Open System 396 / 4.3. / Law as Complex Phenomenon with Alternative Strategy 396 / 4.4. Law as an Irreversible Process 397 / 4.5. The Genuinely Societal Character of Law 397] // EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND THE UNIQUENESS OF NATIONAL LEGAL CULTURES [1992] 399–411: 1. The Philosophical Framework 399 / 2. Law as Tradition 403 / 3. European Integration and the Preservation of the Uniqueness of National Legal Orders 407 // INSTITUTIONS AS SYSTEMS: NOTES ON THE CLOSED SETS, OPEN VISTAS OF DEVELOPMENT, AND TRANSCENDENCY OF INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATIONS [1991] 413–424: I. A Logic of Systems 413 / II. Ideal Types and Historically Concrete Manifestations 416 / III. Ideal Type As A Normative Ideology 418 / IV.Objectivity and Contingency of Systems 420 / V. Limits and Bonds, ConsEquEntiality and Practicability of a System 423
LAW AS HISTORY  FROM LEGAL CUSTOMS TO LEGAL FOLKWAYS [1981] 427–436, ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE? LEOPOLD POSPÍŠIL AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL CULTURES [1985] 437–457: 1. Rule, Fact and Principle in the Concept of Law 438 [a) Abstract rules 439 / b) Abstracts from actual behaviour 439 / c) Principles Upheld by Legal Decisions 440] 2. Attributes of Law 445 [a) Authority 446 / b) Intention of Universal Application 446 / c) Obligatio 447 / d) Sanction 447] 3. Law and its Social Functional Definition 450 [(1) Law is a Global Phenomenon 451 / (2) Law is a Phenomenon Able to Settle Conflicts of Interests 451 / 3) Law is a Phenomenon Prevailing as the Supreme Controlling Factor 452] 4. Conclusion 454 // LAW AS A SOCIAL ISSUE [1985] 459–475: I. The Social Prestige of Law 459 / II. The Social Nature of Law 463 / III. Law and Language in the Service of Social Mediation 466 (1. Passive Mediation and Active Intervention 468 / 2. The Dilemma of the Mediation of Values 472) // LAW AS HISTORY? [1986] 477–484: 1. Understandings of the Term »Law« 477 / 2. Law and History 478 / 3. Law as History 481 // RECHTSKULTUR – DENKKULTUR: EINFÜHRUNG ZUM THEMA [1988] 485–489
Curriculum Vitae 491 / Bibliography 493 // Index 515 / Index of Normative Materials 523 / Index of Names 525

Usually, the "laboratory" of gravitational tests was the celestial bodies, the astrophysical systems. But such tests are disturbed by non-gravitational effects. The most used such "laboratory" was the solar system. Recently, scientists have focused on observing binary pulsars for the verification of gravitational theories, by observing the variations of the orbital period, thus providing indirect evidence for the emission of gravitational radiation. But the experimenter cannot "arrange the lab" according to his needs, nor trigger certain events when he needs them. But the current technological development is beginning to allow pure laboratory experiments.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21684.60801

Student Perceptions of the Foundation Programme Assessment in Two Colleges in Oman


Fatma Al Hajri
Ministry of Higher Education, Oman



Abstract
This study investigates student perceptions of the English language assessment in terms of its effectiveness, reliability, validity and the students’ preference of its constituting instruments. It included 184 students from two Colleges in Oman who participated in responding to a questionnaire, of those 106 students participated in gender specific focus groups. The data obtained from the questionnaire was analysed for descriptive statistics and significant differences amongst the groups using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis Test. Student views expressed in focus groups were analysed using thematic content analysis. The results suggested that the students perceived FP assessment as generally effective but they were ill-informed about its nature and contents. The data also indicated that there was a perceived need for more assessment instruments and an unexpected low social impact of FP assessment considering its high stakes.
Keywords: Assessment, English Language, Higher Education, Tests, Continuous Assessment.

Dans la première édition du Principia, Newton considérait que des expériences avec le pendule lui permettraient de déchiffrer les différents types de force de résistance et leur variation avec la vitesse. Habituellement, le « laboratoire » des tests gravitationnels était les corps célestes, les systèmes astrophysiques. Mais ces tests sont perturbés par des effets non gravitationnels. Le « laboratoire » le plus utilisé était le système solaire. Récemment, les scientifiques se sont concentrés sur l'observation des pulsars binaires pour la vérification des théories gravitationnelles, en observant les variations de la période orbitale, fournissant ainsi des preuves indirectes de l'émission de rayonnement gravitationnel.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.14967.65440