Phrases

In this article we written about the dif erence between concept and understanding, language, culture and thought of the usage measuring relationships. The sematic paradigm of the language, using word etymology detection, layers of language. Importance of proverbs that how can be used as a linguistically or culturally as a example of Korean and Uzbek countries. It has been studied that these concepts exist in the system, it is derived from other concepts, if it is separated from the system, it gives a wrong idea about the object under study.

Most research in text classification to date has used a “bag of words” representation in which each feature corresponds to a single word. This paper examines some alternative ways to represent text based on syntactic and semantic relationships between words (phrases, synonyms ...

As per the title, the paper presents the concept on language processing. Natural language processing is a field of science and engineering where humans and the computers are interacted. With respect to the computer system, An Artificial Intelligence is also a field of science and technology where the computer system should act like a human intelligence.

Now a days, peoples are giving their feedback/reviews/ comments in social media or other medium with shortcuts and spelling mistakes. So goal is to predict that mis-spelted word and correct it with word to vector and recurrent neural networks models using tensorflow.

Boris Krivokapic

PRIMACY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

This paper is in fact second part of the paper published in the previous number of the same journal as Boris Krivokapic “Odnos medjunarodnog i unutrasnjeg prava”, Strani pravni život 2/2013, 59-103.

The paper itself has three parts. The first one is introductory, where the author explains why there is a primacy of international law. In the second part of the article he answers the most common arguments that challenge this primacy. In the third, concluding part the author notes the existence of another very important problem, which consists in the request that in order to have legitime primacy, international law must be democratic, one that suits the interests of all members of the international community and not a law that could be turned into an instrument of political and other domination of the most powerful nations.

Zielgruppe:
Technisches Englisch fuer
elektrotechnische,
elektronische,
mechatronische
und informationstechnische Berufe
Sprachensoftware-Neuauflage 2013: kombiniertes Technisches Woerterbuch Mechatronik
(Ist der Hammer-Lernsoftware fuer Mechatronik / Elektronik / It-Systemelektroniker-AZUBIS)
A-Z Fach-Text-Suche
+
Begriffe-Suche
zu bestellen unter:
http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3000421963
ASIN: 3000421963
ISBN: 9783000421969
Bei EINGABE: Wartung
Bei EINGABE: Schutzeinrichtung
Bei EINGABE: elektrische Maschinen
Bei EINGABE: Sicherheit
Bei EINGABE: Inbetriebnahme
Bei EINGABE: Baugruppe
Ausfuehrung mit:
Eingabe-Maske: A-Z Fach-Text-Suche
+
Eingabe-Maske: A-Z Begriffe-Suche
(kombiniertes Technisches Woerterbuch Mechatronik)
Ziel der Ueberlegungen waren:
Betriebsanleitungen / manuals sollen damit einfacher uebersetzt werden.
Durchfuehrung:
Es wurde eine extra-Suche nach Fachtexten / Wortverbindungen geschaffen.
(Um Passagen aus Bedienungsanleitungen und Datenblaetter zu verstehen, mithilfe von deutsch-englisch Mechatronik-Fachuebersetzungen).
Bereiche der Datenblaetter:
Elektrische Antriebe
Elektronik/SPS
Elektrotechnik/Elektronik
Grenztaster
Hydraulik
Näherungsschalter
Pneumatik
Prozessautomation
Robotik
Sensorik / Sensortechnik
LESEPROBE: deutsch-englisch Uebersetzungen aus der A-Z- Fach-Text-Suche:
Elektrische Antriebe:
Getriebemotor {Motoren}
gear engine
gear motor
Elektronik/SPS:
Einzelzyklus einer SPS {Antriebstechnik}
single scan
Elektrotechnik/Elektronik:
Effektivspannung: Der Effektivwert ist der Wechselspannungswert, der die gleiche Leistung an einem Ohmschen Widerstand bewirkt wie eine Gleichspannung mit diesem Wert. {Elektrotechnik}
Effective voltage: The effective value is the AC voltage value that will give the same power at an ohmic resistor as a DC voltage with this value.
Grenztaster:
Pneumatisches Ausgangssignal: Pneumatische Grenztaster erzeugen ein pneumatisches Ausgangssignal (in Form einer Druckänderung).{Sensoren}
Pneumatic output signal: Pneumatic limit valves generate a pneumatic output signal (in the form of a pressure change).
Hydraulik:
Maschinenbau: Hydraulik-Systeme für den Werkzeugmaschinenbau und allgemeinen Maschinenbau. {Technik}
Mechanical engineering: Hydraulic systems for the machine tool building and the general mechanical engineering.
Näherungsschalter:
Brückenschaltung der Widerstände: Der magnetoresistive Näherungsschalter erfasst das Magnetfeld durch magnetfeldabhängige Widerstände. Eine Brückenschaltung der Widerstände erzeugt bei der Annäherung eines Magneten kontaktlos eine Spannung. Diese Spannung wird in der eingebauten Auswerteelektronik verarbeitet und in ein Ausgangssignal umgesetzt. {Sensoren}
Bridge circuit for the resistors: The magneto-resistive proximity switch detects a magnetic field by means of resistors which are influenced by it. A bridge circuit for the resistors generates a voltage when a magnet approaches the sensor without making contact. The voltage is processed by the integrated electronic evaluation unit and is converted into an output signal.
Pneumatik:
Beschreiben Sie den Aufbau und die Funktionsweise eines einfachwirkenden Zylinders. {Pneumatik} Describe the set-up and mode of operation of a single-acting cylinder.
Beschreiben Sie die Funktionsweise eines 3/2-Wegeventils, in Ruhestellung gesperrt. {Pneumatik} Describe the mode of operation of a normally closed 3/2-way valve.
Prozessautomation:
Automatisierungssysteme in Betrieb nehmen und übergeben. {aus Lernfeld Elektroniker}
Commissioning and approving automation systems.
Robotik:
Achsantrieb eines Industrieroboters{Automation und Robotertechnik}
axis drive of industrial robot, robot axis drive
aktuelle Gelenkwinkel von Roboterkoordinaten{Automation und Robotertechnik}
actual joint angles of robot coordinates
Sensorik / Sensortechnik:
(deutsch-englisch Uebersetzungen aus der A-Z Fach-Text-Suche):
- Grundlagen der Automatisierungstechnik
3/2-Wegeventil, einseitig druckluftbetätigt, umrüstbar von in Ruhestellung geöffnet in gesperrt{Automatisierungstechnik}
3/2-way pneumatic valve, pneumatically actuated,one side, convertible
- Beschreibungsmethoden technischer Systeme
Elektrotechnische Systeme analysieren und Funktionen prüfen.{Elektroniker}
Analysing electrical systems and testing their functions.
- Signalarten technischer Systeme
- Grundlagen des Messens nicht elektrischer Größen
- Grundlagen der Sensorik
Abstand: Ein Sensor ist ein technischer Wandler, welcher eine physikalische Größe (z.B. Temperatur, Abstand, Druck) in eine andere, besser auswertbare Größe (meist in ein elektrisches Signal) umsetzt.{Sensoren}
Distance: A sensor is a technical converter, which converts a physical variable (e.g. temperature, distance, pressure) into a different, more easily evaluated variable (usually an electrical signal).
- Grundlagen der Näherungsschalter
Auswerteelektronik: Der magnetoresistive Näherungsschalter erfasst das Magnetfeld durch magnetfeldabhängige Widerstände. Eine Brückenschaltung der Widerstände erzeugt bei der Annäherung eines Magneten kontaktlos eine Spannung. Diese Spannung wird in der eingebauten Auswerteelektronik verarbeitet und in ein Ausgangssignal umgesetzt. {Sensoren}
Electronic evaluation unit: The magneto-resistive proximity switch detects a magnetic field by means of resistors which are influenced by it. A bridge circuit for the resistors generates a voltage when a magnet approaches the sensor without making contact. The voltage is processed by the integrated electronic evaluation unit and is converted into an output signal.
- induktive Sensoren

After the introductory part, the author refers to the Kievan Rus, to show that although it was undoubtedly an active participant in international relations (closing international agreements, receiving foreign representatives, etc.) there is no evidence preserved on any papers that  could be called the works of international legal science.

Moreover, even in the period from the 13th until 17th century there are neither theoretical, nor systematic works in the domain of  international law. The widely acclaimed work by P.P. Shafirov “The reflections on the legitimate reasons of the war against Sweden” (1717) could not be characterized as such either.

However, already in the 19th century the Russian science of international law went through an unbelievable period of flourishing. A number of original papers appeared, not just articles and monographs on selected issues, but the systemic works as we
ll. As early as 1880 the Russian Society of International Law was founded. Generally speaking, the Russian science international law of the time was quite advanced and advocated for the strengthening of international law, peaceful settlement of disputes, the renunciation of war, disarmament, etc.

Soon after the October Revolution (1917) there was a division among the scholars. Thus, one group of them withdrew, the others fled abroad and continued their career in exile, while the third group (the majority of them) stayed in the country, raising new generations and laying the foundations of the Soviet science of international law, with all its positive and negative sides.

In the court room, and in the law firm, where both sides have all facts and all legal citations, the case will be won, or lost, on rhetoric; on legal rhetoric; on the appreciation of legal principles, presumptions, doctrines, rules, tests, maxims, and phrases. To the legal writer, a mention of a doctrine here, a maxim there, and a test in the conclusion, will flower the article, making it to sound well researched, more persuasive and ultimately effective. To the legal speaker, the solicitor, legal rhetoric arrests attention, holds conscience captive and wins the will of the adjudicator. Legal Rhetoric!

La presente investigación delinea de forma sistemática una teoría general para todo género de signos distintivos. Para este propósito se vale de las investigaciones parciales que la propiedad industrial y otras ramas del derecho han realizado de algunos signos distintivos particulares, como las marcas, las indicaciones geográficas, los sellos de calidad, los nombres de pila, los nombres comerciales, entre otros. Se usa un método inductivo que recoge leyes, jurisprudencia y doctrina de varios lugares del mundo. En cuanto a la estructura, luego de una introducción, se determinar cuál es el conjunto de los signos distintivos que será el universo a analizar (Capítulo I), se señalan cuáles son los principios generales a todos esos signos (Capítulo II) y se termina con una lista de conclusiones a las que se ha llegado (Capítulo III). Entre otras cosas, concluimos que sí es posible hacer una teoría general que aplique a todo género de signo distintivo y que esta teoría beneficia mucho la profundización doctrinal de los signos distintivos menos regulados por el derecho.
This paper systematically delineates a general theory for all kinds of distinctive signs. For this purpose we use the partial studies developed by industrial property and other areas of law, on any special signs such as trademarks, geographical indications, quality seals, given names, commercial names, and others. We use an inductive approach that includes laws, jurisprudence and doctrine of several countries. Regarding the structure, after an introduction, we determine a set of signs, the one that will be the universe to analyze (Chapter I), then we indicate eleven general principles of these signs (Chapter II), ending with a list of conclusions that we have reached (Chapter III). Among other things, we conclude that it is possible to make a general theory that applies to all kinds of sign and that this theory greatly benefits the doctrinal clarification of the signs less regulated by law.

Legal rules constitute not only reasons for action, but also reasons for judicial decision. What kind of reason do legal rules provide for adjudication? Do they figure as Razian exclusionary reasons in legal reasoning? In this paper I will draw on some insights from Robert Alexy’s theory of principles to deal with these problems.

Предисловие / Библиография  СТАТЬИ  ZÁSADNÍ OTÁZKY VÝVOJE A SOUČASNOSTI KODIFIKACE PRÁVNÍCH INSTITUTŮ [1975] 3–20: 1. Problém jednoty projevů myšlenky kodifikace v historii 3 / 2. Pojem vývoje a vývoj kodifikace 11 / 3. Obečný pojem kodifikace 14 // ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ОБЩЕСТВА И ПРАВА И ВОПРОСЫ КОДИФИКАЦИИ, УДЕЛЯЯ ОСОБОЕ ВНИМАНИЕ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИМ КОДЕКСАМ [1974] 21–40: 1. Диалектика общественного изменения и сохранения в ходе исторического развития кодификации 22 / 2. Вопрос о возможности кодификации, воспринятой основным средством правотворчества общественного изменения 28 / 3. Параллельность общественного и кодификационного изменений: обратная связь и ее формы в социалистических кодексах 35 // ROZWOJ PRAWA A JEGO KODYFIKACJA [1979] 41–52: 1. Dialektyka społecznych zmian i zachowania w procesie historycznego rozwoju kodyfikacji 41 / 2. Zagadnienie možliwošci kodyfikacji jako podstawowego narzędzia prawodawstwa wprowadzającego zmiany społeczne 45 / 3. Paralelizm zmian społecznych i kodyfikacyjnych: »sprzęženie zwrotne« i jego formy w kodyfikacjach socjalistycznych 49 // СИСТЕМАТИЗАЦИЯ И КОДИФИКАЦИЯ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВА [ms] 53–58 // ВЗАИМОСВЯЗЬ ПРАВОТВОРЧЕСТВА И ПРAВОПРИМЕНЕНИЯ [ms] 59–65 // ЛЕНИН И РЕВОЛУЦИОННОЕ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬСТВО [1969] 67–76 // ЗАВЕРШЕНИЕ СOЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКОЙ КОДИФИКАЦИИ [ms] 77–88: 1. Кодификация в европейских и азиатских странах народной демократии 77 / 2. Рекодификация как типовой знак социалистической кодификации 82 // MINISTERSKÉ ODŮVODNĚNÍ A JEHO ÚLOHA VE ZPROSTŘEDKOVÁNÍ PRÁVNÍCH HODNOT [1978] 89–108: I. Principiální a historické základy vzniku minislerského odůvodnéní 90 / II. Možné a žádoucí funkce ministerského odúvodnění v socialistickém právu 98 / III. Ministerské odúvodnění a jeho význam při výkladu právních norem 102 // PREAMBULE – OTÁZKA PRÁVNÍ VĚDY [1970] 109–134: I. Pojem preambule 111 / II. Obsah a funkce preambulí 114 / III. Normatívní dosah obsahu preambule 117 / IV. Problém odůvodněností používání preambulí z hlediska socialistické právní politiky 128 // ЗА САМОСТОЯТЕЛНОСТЬ ПРАВОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ [ms] 135–138: 1. Связь политики и права 135 / 2. Правовая политика как проводник в связи политики и права 135 / 3. Правовая наука, правовая политика и право права 136 / 4. Необходимость самостоятельности правовой политики 138 // ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКОЕ СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПРАВА КАК НАДСТРОЙКИ [ms] 139–143 // ПОЈАМ ПРАВА У ЛУКАЧЕВОЈ ОНТОЛОГИЈИ [1983] 145–168 // ДИАЛЕКТИКА РАЗВИТИЯ ПРАВОВЫХ ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ: ПРЕДМЕТНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРЕЗУМПЦИИ И ФИКЦИИ КАК СРЕДСТВ ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНИКИ [ms] 169–204: I. »Презумпция« 170 [1. В процессе судебного установления фактов 172 / 2. В нормативной дефиниции фактов: preasumptio juris tantum 173 / 3. В нормативной дефиниции фактов: praesumptio juris et de jure 174 / 4. В юридической области 174] Относительно »презумпции« 178 [1. Функции 178 / 2. Презумпция и фикция 180 / 3. Неоправданпость эпистемологического обоснования в отношении нормативной области 181 / 4. Технический аппарат презумпции 182] II. »Фикция« 184 [1. В лингвистическом формировании правовых норм 184 / 2. В применении правовых норм судом 185 / 3. В доктриналыюм отражении правовых норм 187 / 4. В теоретической реконструкции правовых норм 188 / 5. В правовом отношении 190] Относительно »фикции« 192 [1. История и сущность: от истоков к юридической фикции 192 / 2. Классификация 196 / 3. Право как фикция 197 / 4. Презумпция и фикция 200] // РАЗДEЛEНИЕ ВЛАСТЕЙ – ИДЕОЛОГИЯ И УТОПИЯ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ МЫСЛИ [1984] 205–213 // ПРАВО КАК ИСТОРИЯ [1986] 215–224 // СЛОБОДА, ЈЕДНАКОСТ И ПОЈМОВНИ МИНИМУМ ПРАВИЕ КОМУНИКАЦИЈЕ [1989] 225–244
РЕЗЮМЕ / РЕЦEНЗИИ  [by the author, including] КОДИФИКАЦИЯ КАК ОБЩЕСТВЕННО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЕ ЯВЛЕНИЕ [1981] 259–262 // [on the author, including] B. А. Четвернин: ПРАВО КАК ИСТОРИЯ [1987] 222–224 / K[atalin] Szamel: ВНУТРЕННЯЯ МОРАЛНОСТЬ ПРАВА [1988] 279–281 & [in] Strani pravni život [Beograd] & [by] L[eonard] Bianchi, Jozef Karpat, Stefan Luby, М. А. Супатаев, J[erzy] Wróblewski

Foreword [1994] 1–4
LAW AS PRACTICE  QUELQUES QUESTIONS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES DE LA FORMATION DES CONCEPTS EN SCIENCES JURIDIQUES [1970] 7–33: 1. Introduction 7 / 2. La particularité de l’objet des sciences juridiques 8 / 3. La particularité de la méthodologie des sciences juridiques 10 / 4. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciences juridiques: Quelques problèmes 15 [4.1. Le concept du droit 16 / 4.2. Le concept dogmatique du contenu du droit 21 / 4.3. Le concept de la normativité juridique 23 / 4.4. Le concept des lacunes en droit 24] / 5. La particularité de la formation des concepts en sciencesjuridiques: Quelques conclusions 26 / 6. La formation des concepts en sciences juridiques et la réalité: Conclusion finale 29 / 7. Annexe: Des bases d’une classification possible des définitions en sciences juridiques 31 // GELTUNG DES RECHTS – WIRKSAMKEIT DES RECHTS [1978] 35–42 // MACROSOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF LAW: A SURVEY AND APPRAISAL [1983] 43–76: I. Issues of the Macrosociological Theories of Law 46 / II. The Role of the Macrosociological Theories in the Social Science Foundation of Legal Thinking 63 // REFLECTIONS ON LAW AND ITS INNER MORALITY [1984] 77–89: 1. Law and Morals As Two Systems of Norms, and the Inner Morality of Law 77 / 2. Law As A Value Bearer and As A Mere External Indicator 78 / 3. The Inner and External Moral Credit of Legislator 83 / 4. The Inner Morality of Law 86 // THE LAW AND ITS LIMITS [1985] 91–96
LAW AS TECHNIQUE  DOMAINE »EXTERNE« ET DOMAINE »INTERNE« EN DROIT [1983] 99–117: 1. Le »juridique« et le »non-juridique« 99 / 2. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que groupes de phénomènes 104 / 3. Domaine »externe« et domaine »interne« en tant que points de références 112 / 4. Conclusion 116 // DIE MINISTERIELLE BEGRÜNDUNG IN RECHTSPHILOSOPHISCHER SICHT [1977] 119–139: I. Die prinzipiellen und geschichtlichen Grundlagen der Herausforderung der ministeriellen Begründungen 120 / II. Die möglichen und erwünschten Funktionen der ministeriellen Begründung im sozialistischen Rechts 128 / III. Die ministerielle Begründung und ihr Wert in der Auslegung derRechtsnormen 132 // THE PREAMBLE: A QUESTION OF JURISPRUDENCE [1970] 141–167: I. The Notion of the Preamble 142 / II. Content and Functions of the Preambles 146 / III. Normativity of the Preamble Content 150 / IV. The Problem of the Justifiability of Preamble-drafting in the Light of Socialist Legal Policy 161 // PRESUMPTION AND FICTION: MEANS OF LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 169–185: I. Presumption 169 [1. In the Judicial Process of Establishing the Facts: praesumptio homini vel facti 170 / 2. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris tantum 170 / 3. In the Normative Definition of the Facts: praesumptio juris et de jure 171 / 4. In a Possible Theoretical Reconstruction 171] On »Presumption« 172 [1. Function 172 / 2. Presumption and Fiction 173 / 3. Irrelevancy of Epistemological Foundation 173 / 4. The Technique of Presumption 174] II. Fiction 175 [1. In the Linguistic Formation of Legal Norms 175 / 2. In the Judicial Application of Legal Norms 175 / 3. In the Doctrinal Processing of Legal Norms 176 / 4. In the Theoretical Reconstruction of Legal Norms 176 / 5. Approaches to and Understandings of Fiction 177] On »Fiction« 178 [1. History and Understandings 178 / 2. Classification 180 / 3. Law as Fiction 181 / 4. Presumption and Fiction 182] // LEGAL TECHNIQUE [1988] 187–198: I. Legal Technique 187 [1. In the Large Sense 1987/ 2. In Legal Practice 189 / 3. In Legal Science 189 / 4. As a Special Technique 190] II. On Legal Technique [1. Definition and Function 190 / 2. Legal Technique and Legal Cultures 192 / 3. Postulates of Legal Technique in the Cultures of Modem Formal Law 195 {a) The Principle of Consequentiality 195 / b) The Principle of Coherency 195 / c) The Principle of Conceptual Economy 196 / d) The Principle of Non-redundancy 196}]
LAW AS LOGIC  MODERNE STAATLICHKEIT UND MODERNES FORMALES RECHT [1982] 201–207: 1. Die Klassifizierung als logisches und als gesellschaftswissenschaftliches Verfahren 202 / 2. Typologie der staatlichen und rechtlichen Erscheinungen 202 / 3. Der moderne Staat und das moderne formale Recht: Frage der Zusammenhänge und Entwicklungsalternativen 204 // HETEROGENEITY AND VALIDITY OF LAW: OUTLINES OF AN ONTOLOGICAL RECONSTRUCTION [1986] 209–218 // LEIBNIZ UND DIE FRAGE DER RECHTLICHEN SYSTEMBILDUNG [1973] 219–232: 1. Aktualität von Leibniz 219 / 2. Der Gedanke der universalen mathematischen Methode 221 / 3. Die logischen Konzeption der Rechtswissenschaft 224 / 4. Die geometrische Vision der rechtlichen Systembildung 227 / 5. Das Scheitern der Leibnizschen Idee und seine Lehre 230 // LAW AND ITS APPROACH AS A SYSTEM [1975] 233–255: 1. The Logical Structure of Law as a Historical Product 233 / 2. Tendencies of Formal Rationalization in Legal Development 234 / 3. Historical Development of the Approach to Law as a System 239 / 4. Present State of the Attempts at a Logical Reconstruction of Law and Legal Reasoning 243 / 5. Question of the Axiomatic Conception of Law 248 / 6. Heuristic Value of the Approach to Law as a System 250 // LOGIC OF LAW AND JUDICIAL ACTIVITY: A GAP BETWEEN IDEALS, REALITY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES [1982] 258–288: 1. Historical Background 259 / 2. Ideals 264 / 3. Reality 270 / 4. Future Perspectives 277 // KELSEN’S PURE THEORY OF LAW – YESTERDAY, TODAY AND TOMORROW [ms] 289–293, THE NATURE OF THE JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF NORMS: SCIENCE- AND LANGUAGE-PHILOSOPHICAL CONSIDERATIONS [ms] 295–314: 1. Presuppositions 295 / 2. The Context of the Application of Norms 300 [2.1 Actualisation in Concrete Meaning 300 / 2.2 Linguistic Undefinedness 304 / 2.3 Lack of Logical Consequence in the Normative Sphere 308]
LAW AS EXPERIENCE  ON THE SOCIALLY DETERMINED NATURE OF LEGAL REASONING [1971] 317–374: 1. Interrelation of the Creation and Application of Law 317 / 2. The Socially Determined Nature of the Application of Law 332 / 3. The Socially Determined Nature of Legal Reasoning 337 / 4. The Question of Perspectives 363 // TOWARDS THE ONTOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF LAW: SOME THESES ON THE BASIS OF LUKÁCS’ ONTOLOGY [1983] 375–390, IS LAW A SYSTEM OF ENACTMENTS? [1984] 391–398: 1. Working Models of Law 391 / 2. Senses of ContExtuality in Law 393 / 3. Jurisprudential Approach and Socio-ontological Approach 394 / 4. Conclusions 396 [4.1. Law as Historical Continuum 396 / 4.2.Law as Open System 396 / 4.3. / Law as Complex Phenomenon with Alternative Strategy 396 / 4.4. Law as an Irreversible Process 397 / 4.5. The Genuinely Societal Character of Law 397] // EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND THE UNIQUENESS OF NATIONAL LEGAL CULTURES [1992] 399–411: 1. The Philosophical Framework 399 / 2. Law as Tradition 403 / 3. European Integration and the Preservation of the Uniqueness of National Legal Orders 407 // INSTITUTIONS AS SYSTEMS: NOTES ON THE CLOSED SETS, OPEN VISTAS OF DEVELOPMENT, AND TRANSCENDENCY OF INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR CONCEPTUAL REPRESENTATIONS [1991] 413–424: I. A Logic of Systems 413 / II. Ideal Types and Historically Concrete Manifestations 416 / III. Ideal Type As A Normative Ideology 418 / IV.Objectivity and Contingency of Systems 420 / V. Limits and Bonds, ConsEquEntiality and Practicability of a System 423
LAW AS HISTORY  FROM LEGAL CUSTOMS TO LEGAL FOLKWAYS [1981] 427–436, ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE? LEOPOLD POSPÍŠIL AND THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LEGAL CULTURES [1985] 437–457: 1. Rule, Fact and Principle in the Concept of Law 438 [a) Abstract rules 439 / b) Abstracts from actual behaviour 439 / c) Principles Upheld by Legal Decisions 440] 2. Attributes of Law 445 [a) Authority 446 / b) Intention of Universal Application 446 / c) Obligatio 447 / d) Sanction 447] 3. Law and its Social Functional Definition 450 [(1) Law is a Global Phenomenon 451 / (2) Law is a Phenomenon Able to Settle Conflicts of Interests 451 / 3) Law is a Phenomenon Prevailing as the Supreme Controlling Factor 452] 4. Conclusion 454 // LAW AS A SOCIAL ISSUE [1985] 459–475: I. The Social Prestige of Law 459 / II. The Social Nature of Law 463 / III. Law and Language in the Service of Social Mediation 466 (1. Passive Mediation and Active Intervention 468 / 2. The Dilemma of the Mediation of Values 472) // LAW AS HISTORY? [1986] 477–484: 1. Understandings of the Term »Law« 477 / 2. Law and History 478 / 3. Law as History 481 // RECHTSKULTUR – DENKKULTUR: EINFÜHRUNG ZUM THEMA [1988] 485–489
Curriculum Vitae 491 / Bibliography 493 // Index 515 / Index of Normative Materials 523 / Index of Names 525

Comment commence la phrase en français préclassique et classique ? Nous proposons ici une observation transversale de la manière dont la cohérence textuelle est assurée sur une diachronie longue : dans cette recherche, nous analysons systématiquement les premiers mots des phrases d'un corpus de sermons protestants (SERMO, 1550-1750) sur une période qui voit, d'après la théorie, un changement important dans la cohérence textuelle. En effet, il semble que celle-ci ne se traduise pas de la même manière sur les deux siècles observés. On note une très nette diminution des conjonctions en tête de phrase dès le milieu du XVII e siècle, alors que les pronoms anaphoriques dans la même position sont de plus en plus nombreux, et que les chaînes référentielles sont de plus en plus importantes.
ABSTRACT How do sentences start in pre-classical and classical French? In the following article , we would like to propose a transversal analysis of the way in which textual coherence is ensured over a long diachrony: in this research project, we have analysed systematically the first words of each sentence from a corpus of protestant sermons (SERMO, 1550-1750) over a period during which, according to scientific theory, important changes occur in textual coherence. Indeed, textual structure seems to evolve during the two centuries taken into account. We witness a clear decrease in the use of conjunctions at the beginning of sentences from the middle of the 17th century on, while anaphoric pronouns are used increasingly in the same position, and the importance of referential chains grows.

Most research in text classification has used the “bag of words ” representation of text. This paper examines some alternative ways to represent text based on syntactic and semantic relationships between words (phrases, synonyms and hypernyms). We describe the new representations and try to justify our suspicions that they could have improved the performance of a rule-based learner. The representations are evaluated using the RIPPER rule-based learner on the Reuters-21578 and DigiTrad test corpora, but on their own the new representations are not found to produce a significant performance improvement. Finally, we try combining classifiers based on different representations using a majority voting technique. This step does produce some performance improvement on both test collections. In general, our work supports the emerging consensus in the information retrieval community that more sophisticated Natural Language Processing techniques need to be developed before better text represe...

Reproducibility, which belongs to key terms in phraseological studies, is the focal issue of the conference, which will aim at offering an insight into this quality from a phraseological perspective by trying to provide answers to the following questions: What does the term reproducibility – of which several definitions exist – really mean in phraseological studies? How can reproducible language units be detected and analysed in corpora? How should they be described in mono-and bilingual dictionaries? What is their importance from the translational point of view? How to view them from a didactic perspective? How to discuss them in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural context? The list is not exhaustive and all proposals related to the notions of fixedness and phraseology are most welcome. The conference is not limited to the main subject and proposals of section presentations and posters on other phraseological issues are also planned. Persons who would like to organize special topic section and/or workshops are encouraged to send their proposals (one has to send the section or workshop abstract, the name of the chairperson and the names of participants along with the titles of their presentations).

Certainty is an epistemological category implied in at least two crucial issues of early-modern jurisprudence: the certainty of law (legal certainty) and the certainty of facts (factual certainty). Any historical study approaching questions related to early-modern legal certainty should therefore focus both on laws and on facts. Francis Bacon's emphasis on legal certainty in his project for law reform has been widely acknowledged in earlier and recent works. It has even been suggested that certainty “is the quality Bacon associates with a general positivist science capable of producing laws valid for both nature and the state.” However, no studies so far have attempted to explain in what sense Bacon understood legal certainty. The same can be said of his notion of factual certainty. Although studies have suggested that Bacon applied criteria drawn from the domain of the law in order to establish facts, assess testimonies and transmit factual reports in the methodology of natural history, his views concerning legal facts, and particularly concerning factual certainty in jurisprudence, have never been systematically explored.
My overarching view is somewhat different from the interpretations which associate Bacon's legal views on certainty to his ideas on natural philosophy in that I think his concept of certainty in jurisprudence needs to be clarified and specified before drawing conclusions about its possible commonalities with natural philosophy and natural history. The present study will explore Bacon's views on certainty in his legal thought and practice, hoping that it may lead to a better understanding of the epistemological side of his legal thought and prompt further studies to examine its possible connections to his treatment of certainty as it applies to the laws and facts of nature.
Although throughout his legal career Bacon encountered and dealt with problems arising from legal as well as factual certainty, he never defined or described the kind of certainty typical of laws and facts. His elusive notions of certainty have to be traced throughout the wide extent of his legal writings and his interventions in legal cases. As we shall see, legal certainty was a major preoccupation in Bacon's law reform project, while factual certainty did not play such a significant role. This lesser interest in factual certainty evinced in Bacon's writings and practices does not imply, however, that he considered factual certainty any less important than legal certainty: he clearly expressed that the work of the “judges of facts” who “try and decide the issues and points of facts” is “a matter no less important to the sum of justice than the true and judicious expositions of the laws themselves.”6 If anything, Bacon's lack of emphasis on factual certainty reflects his belief that the current practices and doctrines in English law regarding the establishment of facts were not in need of substantive reform. Conversely, he judged that English law sorely needed legal certainty and concentrated his efforts on achieving it through reform.

The purpose of this research is to design and implement Yorùbá Language Processor using Rough Set Theory (RST). Yorùbá is a dialect of West Africa with over 50 million speakers, Yorùbá Language is spoken by well over 30 million speakers as their first language, almost 10million speakers are found in other countries in Africa, about 5 million speak Yorùbá Language in the diaspora and about 5 million speak Yorùbá Language as their second language in Nigeria which includes Akpes, Jummu, Ebira, Ao, Awori, Yagba, Iworro, Wo, Ikale, Gbedde etc. Yoruba is a tonal language which is considered third most spoken native African language.
RST approach is used in Natural Language Processing, its vagueness was used to deal with the process of analyzing natural language, convert the Source Language (SL) English Language into its equivalent in Yorùbá Language (TL), RST is applied to make approximate matches between words and phrases to be translated into its appropriate translations in another language. RST is viewed as the theory of implementing vagueness and imprecision in NLP which is expressed by a boundary region of a set and not partial membership.
This research formulated a model translation for English phrases and words to be translated to Yorùbá equivalents, its design and implementation were done on mobile and web platforms and RST helped to improve the quality of translation, rate of data retrieval of NLP and organization of NLP with the inexact, uncertain and vague set of data in the Yorùbá words and phrases.

El trabajo se propone alcanzar tres objetivos: 1) Aclarar la disputada cuestión de la “naturaleza” de las presunciones en el Derecho; para ello se muestra la distancia que media entre el sintagma “es presumible” y el sintagma “se presumirá (o debe presumirse)” como forma de aislar adecuadamente la noción de “normas de presunción”. 2) Aclarada esta noción, mostrar la necesidad de introducir en su análisis la distinción entre reglas y principios; lo que permite distinguir, a su vez, entre normas de presunción-regla (presunciones-regla) y normas de presunción- principio (presunciones-principio). 3) Tratar de disolver en términos teóricos las llamadas “presunciones iuris et de iure”, para ello se distingue entre “normas de presunción” (que obligan a presumir) y “normas basadas en una presunción” (que no obligan a presumir).

ENGLISH/SLOVENE

Article presents a theoretical and methodological basis for lexicographic presentation of phraseological and paremiological variants in the third edition of Slovar slovenskega knjižnega jezika (Standard Slovenian Dictionary, eSSKJ), which has been published on the Fran portal, and in Slovar pregovorov in sorodnih paremioloških izrazov (Dictionary of Slovenian Proverbs and Similar Paremiological Expressions, SPP), the first volume of which will be published in 2020 on the same lexicographic portal. The need for accurate lexicographic presentation of variants in both dictionaries is then discussed. This is followed by a description of various methods of corpus analysis and combining them with data from sociolinguistic surveys.

Prispevek predstavlja teoretična in metodološka izhodišča za prikaz frazeoloških in paremioloških variant v Slovarju slovenskega knjižnega jezika (tretja izdaja), ki je na portalu Fran dostopen pod imenom eSSKJ, ter v Slovarju pregovorov in sorodnih paremioloških izrazov (SPP), katerega prvi prirastek bo objavljen leta 2020 na istem portalu. Najprej bomo podali razloge za natančno obravnavo variant tako v splošnem kot v specializiranem slovarju. Nato bomo opisali različne metode korpusne analize in vključevanja anketno pridobljenih podatkov vanjo.

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The balancing or weighing of principles by reference to their dimension of weight or importance seems to represent the prevailing method for solving contradictions (antinomies) arising between legal principles when the latter are applied in practice. However, as I argue in the paper, the method of balancing or weighing might not be the only method for solving antinomies or at least a specific type of antinomy between implicit legal principles (the so-called total-partial antinomy, according to Ross’s taxonomy). Instead of resorting to the prevailing method of weighing or balancing principles, I argue that the criterion for solving the so-called total-partial antinomies between implicit legal principles could also be the classical juridical criterion of speciality (lex specialis derogat legi generali) which is one of the criteria used for solving antinomies between legal rules.

O presente artigo pretende não só conceituar as regras jurídicas, mas também demonstrar o seu funcionamento. Para tanto, são descritas as buscas por coordenação, expertise, eficiência e segurança jurídica, descrevendo, outrossim, as características de generalidade, abstração, recurso a generalizações e à linguagem. Ao final, defende-se a importância do respeito às regras.

At the initial stage of language learning, when all the attention is focused on the use of phrases for communication, a particular approach is needed in order to solve one problem: what dosage of theoretical material of grammar is recommended for learners to be provided with? The issue can't be resolved unilaterally without considering various circumstances. It's necessary to take into consideration subjective and objective circumstances. Namely, the category of language learner (level of language knowledge, duration of learning process…) and motivation to learn the language. In all cases we believe that the initial stage should be directed towards strengthening the competence of communication, more specifically, grammatical material should be provided with the dose required for practical communication. This can be reflected by ready-to-use communicational phrases, exercises, schemes… One of the difficult problems that affect the language teaching process for non-Georgian speakers is the fact of understanding and realizing various forms of the Georgian verb, especially the ones that show person relation, person combinations, etc. and using them in communication. As a result of polypersonalism of the Georgian verb, it's difficult for a non-Georgian speaker who is used to using a completely different system of language to perceive grammatical persons indicated in the Georgian verb, to use them in the form of verbal expressions and to express their thoughts in the right way. For example, the language learner may say: "Tsigni megobartan gaugzavnet, tu sheidzleba!" instead of the proposal: "tsigni megobars gaugzavnet, tu sheidzleba!" (send the book to a friend). In this sentence the person relation is expressed by the word with-tan suffix, which is characteristic to languages having different systems (Turkish, English…). What method should we use in order to make the beginner language learner better understand verb person relation? We think that the verbs that are related to persons should be selected by means of active forms, necessary for simple communication, such as: gaketeba (to make) (vuketeb (I am making it to him/her)miketebs (He is making it to me)…), darekva (to call) (girekav (I'm calling you)-mirekav (you're calling me)…). Futhermore, we can introduce the verbs of expressing hitherthither orientation: mitsera-motsera (write to himwrite back to me) (vtsermtsers...) (I write to himhe writes back), mitsema-motsema (give itgive it back) (vadzlevmadzlevs...) (I give it to himhe gives it back)... as well as: "speech of circle" velaparakebimelaparakeba (I talk to him he talks to me), veubnebimeubneba (I say it to himhe says it to me)... with auxuliary verbs mikvarkhar (I love you), vukvarvar (He loves me)... These verbs should only be provided to the learner at the present time, by means of phrases. After studying the main tenses of the verb, we can introduce the table of verb person combination of active usage, including three basic tenses. Thus, according to levels of language knowledge in language learning process, we provide learners with verbal and non-verbal means of the scheme of person combinations at first, thenready-to-use phrases easy to perceive and memorize and later, at the last stage of the study, according to verb groups, we move to a systematic study, which involves studying different types of verbs expressing person relation by means of tables.

In this article we written about the difference between concept and understanding, language, culture and thought of the usage measuring relationships. The sematic paradigm of the language, using word etymology detection, layers of language. Importance of proverbs that how can be used as a linguistically or culturally as a example of Korean and Uzbek countries. It has been studied that these concepts exist in the system, it is derived from other concepts, if it is separated from the system, it gives a wrong idea about the object under study.

Boris Krivokapic

PROBLEM OF RELATION BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL AND MUNICIPAL LAW

The second part of this paper is published in the next issue of the journal: Boris Krivokapic, “Primacy of the International Law”, Strani pravni zivot 3/2013, 45-62.

This paper itself has three parts. The first is called “Classical Conceptions”. It is a brief review of the most famous approaches, including turning attention to their weaknesses. Unlike most writers, who almost all theories  divide to dualistic and monistic (provided that in the latter on the are the two different directions), the author identifies four approaches: 1) the primacy of municipal law, 2) dualism, 3) the primacy of international law, 4) pluralism. He specifically points to the historical context of these concepts ie. that they met the specific needs of the times in which they occurred. But in the meantime, the reality is radically changed

The second part is called “The Most Important Issues in Respect to  the Relationship Between International and Municipal Law in Our Time.” Here the author tries to highlight the issue in question through the answers  to four basic questions: 1) what is the impact of domestic and municipal  law on each other (the problem of interaction), 2) whether the norms of
international law and the municipal law are part of one single legal system  (connection problem); 3) which norms (internal or municipal) in the event  of a conflict prevail (or legal power problem i.e. hierarchy of norms), and  4) the problem of how to link domestic and municipal law.

Finally, in the concluding remarks, the author notes, among other  things, that the relation between international and municipal law is not  limited to the question of primacy; that this relation should be distinguished from the mechanisms of introduction of international law in domestic law; and that in our time we are witnesses o of growing primacy  of
international law.

The author ends his work by noting that a dispute over the primacy of  international or national law is in fact unnecessary. According to him, intense discussions on the relation between international and municipal law in more than 100 years, have not yielded any tangible practical results, and in fact were nothing more then the sheer sophistry of legal theorists. Although they may be interesting from the point of municipal law or general legal theory, they are not, or in any case they are much and much less interesting from the standpoint of international law

This paper presents IdiomsTube (https://www.idiomstube.com), the first-ever computer-assisted language learning tool for facilitating the learning of English idiomatic expressions from YouTube videos. The webbased tool is designed to automatically (1) assess the speech rate and lexical difficulty level of any learnerchosen English-captioned YouTube video; (2) generate a range of vocabulary-building and revision tasks (e.g. fill-in-the-blanks, the classic spelling game hangman, pronunciation, flashcards); and (3) recommend YouTube videos based on learners' individual learning progress, class teachers' instructions, and current trends. This paper describes the app's current features in conjunction with the challenges endemic in the development of applications that automatically generate English language learning content out of internet video content. At the time of writing, the IdiomsTube app had over 8,000 registered users worldwide.