Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Engineering, Energy, Folic acid, Humans, Female, and 15 moreBody Composition, Male, American, Low, Homocysteine, C reactive protein, Adiponectin, Adult, Cardiovascular Diseases, Biological markers, Abdominal Fat, Blood Flow Velocity, Cell Adhesion Molecules, Medical and Health Sciences, and diet reducing
Research Interests: Engineering, Biology, Creatine, Cardiovascular disease, Adipose tissue, and 15 moreHumans, Female, Body Composition, Body Mass Index, Fat Mass, Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Cardiovascular Diseases, Biological markers, Bone and Bones, Creatinine, Energy Intake, Dietary fats, Medical and Health Sciences, and diet reducing
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The National Heart Foundation of Australia (NHFA) 2008 review on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) made recommendations with respect to supplementation for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.... more
The National Heart Foundation of Australia (NHFA) 2008 review on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) made recommendations with respect to supplementation for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Since then, new findings have been published regarding the relationship between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, including supplementation, and cardiovascular health. A literature search was undertaken in PubMed and Medline, for literature published between January 1, 2007 and August 31, 2013. A total of eight research questions were developed and, using the National Health and Medical Research Council's evidence assessment framework, conclusions were made in relation to dietary intake of fish and omega-3 LCPUFA for cardiovascular health. In the evidence published since 2007, this summary of evidence concludes that dietary intake of fish was found to be mostly consistent with respect to protection from heart disease and stroke. Higher fish i...
Research Interests:
Low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on psychological function are largely unknown. We compared the effects of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet with a conventional high-carbohydrate,... more
Low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on psychological function are largely unknown. We compared the effects of a low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet with a conventional high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on mood and cognitive function. Ninety-three overweight or obese participants [x +/- SEM age: 50.2 +/- 0.8 y; body mass index (in kg/m2): 33.6 +/- 0.4] were randomly assigned to an energy-restricted ( approximately 6-7 MJ, 30% deficit), planned isocaloric LCHF diet or an HCLF diet for 8 wk. Body weight and psychological well-being were measured by using the Profile of Mood States, Beck Depression Inventory, and Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory instruments at baseline and fortnightly. Cognitive functioning (working memory and speed of processing) was assessed at baseline and week 8. The LCHF diet resulted in significantly greater weight loss than did the HCLF diet (7.8 +/- 0.4 and 6.4 +/- 0.4 kg, respectively; P = 0.04). Both group...
Research Interests:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition in women, improves with weight loss. Meal replacements in short-term weight loss and strategies for weight maintenance have not been investigated in PCOS. We compared in overweight... more
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common condition in women, improves with weight loss. Meal replacements in short-term weight loss and strategies for weight maintenance have not been investigated in PCOS. We compared in overweight women with PCOS the effects of meal replacements in short-term weight-loss and longer-term carbohydrate- or fat-restriction strategies on weight maintenance and improvements in reproductive and metabolic variables. Overweight women with PCOS (n = 43; x +/- SD age: 32.1 +/- 5.2 y; weight: 96.1 +/- 18.4 kg) followed an 8-wk weight-loss regimen (2 meal replacements/d, 4904.4 +/- 127 kJ; phase 1) and then a 6-mo weight-maintenance carbohydrate- (<120 g/d) or fat- (<50 g/d) restriction regimen (phase 2). Thirty-four women completed phase 1, and 23 women completed phase 2; the proportion of dropouts was similar in the 2 groups. During phase 1, significant (P < 0.05) reductions in weight (5.6 +/- 2.4 kg), waist circumference (6.1 +/- 2.5 cm), body fat...
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Engineering, Endocrinology, Education, Diet, Energy Metabolism, and 15 moreBlood Glucose, Female, Body Composition, Energy Balance, Exercise, American, Energy Expenditure, Glycemic Control, Dietary Carbohydrates, Body Weight, Caloric Restriction, Fasting Insulin, Energy Intake, High protein, and diet reducing
Research Interests: Education, Humans, Blood Glucose, Insulin, Blood Pressure, and 15 moreFemale, Body Composition, Energy Balance, Body Mass Index, Endothelial Function, Fat Mass, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Dairy Products, Dietary Protein, Fasting Insulin, Area Under Curve, Dietary Calcium, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and High protein
It is speculated that high saturated fat very low carbohydrate diets (VLCARB) have adverse effects on cardiovascular risk but evidence for this in controlled studies is lacking. The objective of this study was to compare, under isocaloric... more
It is speculated that high saturated fat very low carbohydrate diets (VLCARB) have adverse effects on cardiovascular risk but evidence for this in controlled studies is lacking. The objective of this study was to compare, under isocaloric conditions, the effects of a VLCARB to 2 low saturated fat high carbohydrate diets on body composition and cardiovascular risk. Eighty three subjects, 48 +/- 8 y, total cholesterol 5.9 +/- 1.0 mmol/L, BMI 33 +/- 3 kg/m2 were randomly allocated to one of 3 isocaloric weight loss diets (6 MJ) for 8 weeks and on the same diets in energy balance for 4 weeks: Very Low Fat (VLF) (CHO:Fat:Protein; %SF = 70:10:20; 3%), High Unsaturated Fat (HUF) = (50:30:20; 6%), VLCARB (4:61:35; 20%) Percent fat mass loss was not different between diets VLCARB -4.5 +/- 0.5, VLF-4.0 +/- 0.5, HUF -4.4 +/- 0.6 kg). Lean mass loss was 32-31% on VLCARB and VLF compared to HUF (21%) (P < 0.05). LDL-C increased significantly only on VLCARB by 7% (p < 0.001 compared with th...
Research Interests: Physiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Medicine, Cardiovascular Risk, and 15 moreBlood Pressure, Weight Loss, Body Composition, Energy Balance, Juvenile nutrition and metabolism, Homocysteine, Fat Mass, Fasting Insulin, Carbohydrate, Total Cholesterol, Low-Carbohydrate Diet, High Carbohydrate Diet, Lean mass, Adverse effect, and Triacylglycerol
Dietary intervention to lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is effective, yet underutilised in general practice. This report summarises the findings of an expert roundtable convened to review the evidence relating to dietary interventions... more
Dietary intervention to lower serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is effective, yet underutilised in general practice. This report summarises the findings of an expert roundtable convened to review the evidence relating to dietary interventions to lower serum LDL-C. Interventions that lower LDL-C lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Comprehensive dietary intervention is indicated in all patients with an absolute 5 year risk for coronary disease of 10% or greater. Short term trials indicate that these interventions have the potential to lower LDL-C by approximately 20%. A year long trial has shown mean LDL-C lowering of 13%, with about one-third of subjects achieving a reduction greater than 20%, highlighting the importance of adherence to dietary advice. The most effective dietary strategies are replacing saturated and trans fatty acids with poly- and monounsaturated fats and increasing intake of plant sterols. Losing weight and increasing soluble fibre and soy protein intake can als...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein... more
The role of dietary cholesterol in people with diabetes has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a hypoenergetic high-protein high-cholesterol (HPHchol) diet compared to a similar amount of animal protein (high-protein low-cholesterol, HPLchol) on plasma lipids, glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of sixty-five participants with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (age 54·4 (sd 8·2) years; BMI 34·1 (sd 4·8) kg/m2; LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) 2·67 (sd 0·10) mmol/l) were randomised to either HPHchol or HPLchol. Both hypoenergetic dietary interventions (6–7 MJ; 1·4–1·7 Mcal) and total carbohydrate:protein:fat ratio of 40:30:30 % were similar but differed in cholesterol content (HPHchol, 590 mg cholesterol; HPLchol, 213 mg cholesterol). HPHchol participants consumed two eggs per d, whereas HPHchol participants replaced the eggs with 100 g of lean animal protein. After 12 weeks, weight loss was 6·0 (sd 0·4) kg...
Research Interests:
Consumption of fish or fish oils rich in the n-3 long chain PUFA EPA and DHA may improve multiple risk factors for CVD. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular consumption of foods enriched with n-3 long-chain PUFA... more
Consumption of fish or fish oils rich in the n-3 long chain PUFA EPA and DHA may improve multiple risk factors for CVD. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular consumption of foods enriched with n-3 long-chain PUFA can improve n-3 long-chain PUFA status (erythrocytes) and cardiovascular health. Overweight volunteers with high levels of triacylglycerols (TG; >1·6 mmol/l) were enrolled in a 6-month dietary intervention trial conducted in Adelaide (n 47) and Perth (n 39), and randomised to consume control foods or n-3-enriched foods to achieve an EPA + DHA intake of 1 g/d. Test foods were substituted for equivalent foods in their regular diet. Erythrocyte fatty acids, plasma TG and other CVD risk factors were monitored at 0, 3 and 6 months. There were no significant differences between groups for blood pressure, arterial compliance, glucose, insulin, lipids, C-reactive protein (CRP) or urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 (TXB2) over 6 months, even though regular c...
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were randomized to a high protein (HP; 40% carbohydrate and 30% protein; n = 14) or a low protein (LP; 55% carbohydrate and 15% protein) diet (n = 14). The intervention consisted of... more
Overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) were randomized to a high protein (HP; 40% carbohydrate and 30% protein; n = 14) or a low protein (LP; 55% carbohydrate and 15% protein) diet (n = 14). The intervention consisted of 12 wk of energy restriction (∼6000 kJ/d), followed by 4 wk of weight maintenance. Pregnancies (two HP and one LP); improvements in menstrual cyclicity, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (as measured by the homeostasis model); and decreases in weight (7.5%) and abdominal fat (12.5%) occurred independently of diet composition. Improvements in menstrual cyclicity were associated with greater decreases in insulin resistance and fasting insulin (P = 0.011). On the LP diet, high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 10% during energy restriction (P = 0.008), and the free androgen index increased 44% in weight maintenance stages (P = 0.027). Weight loss leads to improvements in cardiovascular and reproductive parameters potentially mediated by impro...
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Endocrinology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Research Design, Biology, Medicine, and 14 moreHuman Nutrition, Internal Medicine, Blood Glucose, Glucose Metabolism, Glycemic Index, Lipid metabolism, Repeated Measures, Particle Size, Body Weight, Food Sciences, Dietary Fibre, Monounsaturated Fatty Acid, Metabolic control, and plasma proteins
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Medicine, Cardiovascular Risk, Lipids, Adipose tissue, Humans, and 15 moreBlood Pressure, Female, Male, Energy Balance, Clinical Sciences, Middle Aged, C reactive protein, Diabetes complications, Dietary pattern, Body Weight, Long Term Effect, Health Outcome, Diabetic Diet, High protein, and diet reducing
OBJECTIVE—To determine the effect of a high-protein (HP) weight loss diet compared with a lower-protein (LP) diet on fat and lean tissue and fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND... more
OBJECTIVE—To determine the effect of a high-protein (HP) weight loss diet compared with a lower-protein (LP) diet on fat and lean tissue and fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Replacing dietary protein for carbohydrate (CHO) during energy restriction and weight loss has been effective in sparing lean mass and improving insulin sensitivity in obese subjects but has not been tested in subjects with type 2 diabetes. We compared an HP diet (28% protein, 42% CHO, 28% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 12% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) with an LP diet (16% protein, 55% CHO, 26% fat [8% saturated fatty acids, 11% monounsaturated fatty acids, 5% polyunsaturated fatty acids]) in 54 obese men and women with type 2 diabetes during 8 weeks of energy restriction (1,600 kcal) and 4 weeks of energy balance. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at weeks 0 and 12. RESULTS—Overall, weight ...
Research Interests:
Objective— It is unknown whether a low-fat diet, which may elevate triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, harms the endothelium. Our aim was to determine whether a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CARB) diet... more
Objective— It is unknown whether a low-fat diet, which may elevate triglycerides and lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, harms the endothelium. Our aim was to determine whether a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (CARB) diet impaired endothelial vasodilation compared with high saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), or polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) diets. Methods and Results— Forty healthy subjects were randomly crossed over to 4, 3-week isocaloric diets high in PUFA, MUFA, or SFA, containing at least 25 g of the relevant fat or a low-fat, CARB, high–glycemic load diet. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), fasting blood lipids, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasma intercellular, and vascular adhesion molecules plasma E- and P-selectin were measured after each intervention. SFA impaired FMD compared with all other diets (5.41±2.45% versus 10.80±3.69%; P =0.01). FMD did not change on CARB relative to MUFA or PUFA, despite 23% to 39% rises in triglyceride and 10% to 15% ...
Research Interests: Chemistry, Atherosclerosis, Fatty acids, Female, Eating, and 15 moreClinical Sciences, Aged, Adult, Dietary Carbohydrates, Body Weight, Biological markers, High Density Lipoprotein, Healthy Subjects, Blood Flow Velocity, Blood Lipids, GLYCEMIC LOAD, Brachial artery, Dietary fats, high sensitivity C reactive protein, and Cardiovascular medicine and haematology
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Research Interests: Obesity, Multidisciplinary, Linear models, Overweight, Humans, and 17 moreStandard Deviation, Body Composition, Male, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, Research Method, Body Mass Index, Middle Aged, Fat Mass, Adult, Reproducibility of Results, Body Weight, Body Fat, Linear Regression, Body Height, Sensitivity and Specificity, Electric Impedance, and Bioelectrical Impedance
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is considered to be largely attributable to inappropriate lifestyle and behavior patterns. The purpose of this review was to undertake a comparison of the strength of the... more
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is considered to be largely attributable to inappropriate lifestyle and behavior patterns. The purpose of this review was to undertake a comparison of the strength of the associations between known and putative risk factors for colorectal cancer by conducting 10 independent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Studies published between 1966 and January 2008 were identified through EMBASE and MEDLINE, using a combined text word and MESH heading search strategy. Studies were eligible if they reported estimates of the relative risk for colorectal cancer with any of the following: alcohol, smoking, diabetes, physical activity, meat, fish, poultry, fruits and vegetables. Studies were excluded if the estimates were not adjusted at least for age. Overall, data from 103 cohort studies were included. The risk of colorectal cancer was significantly associated with alcohol: individuals consuming the most alcohol had 60% greater risk of colorectal cancer compared with non- or light drinkers (relative risk 1.56, 95% CI 1.42–1.70). Smoking, diabetes, obesity and high meat intakes were each associated with a significant 20% increased risk of colorectal cancer (compared with individuals in the lowest categories for each) with little evidence of between-study heterogeneity or publication bias. Physical activity was protective against colorectal cancer. Public-health strategies that promote modest alcohol consumption, smoking cessation, weight loss, increased physical activity and moderate consumption of red and processed meat are likely to have significant benefits at the population level for reducing the incidence of colorectal cancer. © 2009 UICC