Background The efficacy of mouth-rinses strongly depends upon their substantivity. The use of natural and non-toxic products that avoid secondary effects is gaining interest in preventive dentistry. The purpose of this study was to... more
Background The efficacy of mouth-rinses strongly depends upon their substantivity. The use of natural and non-toxic products that avoid secondary effects is gaining interest in preventive dentistry. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the substantivity of two formulations of mouth-washing solutions based on cetylpyridinium (CPC) and O-cymen-5-ol. Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial conducted at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the University of Barcelona. Bacterial re-colonization was followed by live/dead (SYTOTM9 + propidium iodide) bacterial staining and measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorometry. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 16 healthy individuals at baseline saliva and then, at 15 min, 30 min and 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after the following mouth-rinses: (i) a single, 1-min mouth-rinse with 15 ml of placebo (negative control); (ii) a single, 1-min mouth-rinse with 15 ml of CPC (0.05%) ; (iii) a single, ...
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O Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas, apresenta elevado polimorfismo genético, podendo levar a variações na resposta imune do hospedeiro. Por conta desta característica, variações regionais na sensibilidade dos testes... more
O Trypanosoma cruzi, agente causador da doença de Chagas, apresenta elevado polimorfismo genético, podendo levar a variações na resposta imune do hospedeiro. Por conta desta característica, variações regionais na sensibilidade dos testes diagnósticos já foram relatadas. Uma alternativa para superar esta dificuldade consiste no uso de antígenos quiméricos constituídos por epítopos conservados e repetitivos de diversas proteínas do parasito, aumentando a possibilidade de interação com anticorpos anti-T. cruzi de diferentes especificidades.
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Research Interests: Microbiology, Colorimetry, Biology, Medicine, Humans, and 11 morePubmed, Animals, Nucleic acid hybridization, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Differential Diagnosis, Entamoeba histolytica, Sensitivity and Specificity, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Entamoeba, Medical Archives, and Medical and Health Sciences
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in December 2019 and still is a major global health challenge. Lockdown measures and social distancing sparked a global shift towards online learning, which... more
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in December 2019 and still is a major global health challenge. Lockdown measures and social distancing sparked a global shift towards online learning, which deeply impacted universities’ daily life, and the University of Barcelona (UB) was not an exception. Accordingly, we aimed to determine the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the UB. To that end, we performed a cross-sectional study on a sample of 2784 UB members (n = 52,529). Participants answered a brief, ad hoc, online epidemiological questionnaire and provided a nasal swab for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) SARS-CoV-2 analysis and a venous blood sample for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody assay. Total prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection (positive RT-PCR or positive IgG) was 14.9% (95%CI 13.3 to 17.0%). Forty-four participants (1.6%, 95%CI: 1.2–2.1%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. IgG against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in 12...
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Water delivered by dental units during routine dental practice is densely contaminated by bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine actual isolation of the microorganisms sprayed from Dental Unit Water Lines (DUWLs) when enrichment... more
Water delivered by dental units during routine dental practice is densely contaminated by bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine actual isolation of the microorganisms sprayed from Dental Unit Water Lines (DUWLs) when enrichment cultures are performed and to compare frequencies with those obtained without enrichment cultures. Moreover, the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the microorganisms isolated were also studied. Water samples were collected from one hundred dental equipments in use at Dental Hospital of our University in order to evaluate the presence/absence of microorganisms and to perform their presumptive identification. Aliquots from all of the samples were inoculated in eight different media including both enrichment and selective media. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by the broth dilution method. The results herein reported demonstrate that most of the DUWLs were colonized by bacteria from human oral cavity; when enrichment procedures...
Research Interests: Microbiology and Biology
Systemic antibiotics are routinely prescribed in implant procedures, but the lack of consensus causes large differences between clinicians regarding antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. The objectives of this systematic review are to assess... more
Systemic antibiotics are routinely prescribed in implant procedures, but the lack of consensus causes large differences between clinicians regarding antibiotic prophylaxis regimens. The objectives of this systematic review are to assess the need to prescribe antibiotics to prevent early implant failure and find the most appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. The electronic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo and Cochrane Central Trials Database for randomized clinical trials of at least 3 months of follow-up. Eleven studies were included in the qualitative analysis. Antibiotics were found to statistically significantly reduce early implant failures (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19–0.47, p < 0.00001; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.54). No differences were seen between preoperative or both pre- and postoperative antibiotic regimens (RR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.21–1.55, p = 0.27; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.37). A single preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis dose was found to be enoug...
Research Interests: Medicine and Antibiotics
The aim of this work was to explore new therapeutic options against Chagas disease by the in vitro analysis of the biocidal activities of several tambjamine and prodiginine derivatives, against the Trypanosoma cruzi CLB strain (DTU TcVI).... more
The aim of this work was to explore new therapeutic options against Chagas disease by the in vitro analysis of the biocidal activities of several tambjamine and prodiginine derivatives, against the Trypanosoma cruzi CLB strain (DTU TcVI). The compounds were initially screened against epimastigotes. The five more active compounds were assayed in intracellular forms. The tambjamine MM3 and both synthetic and natural prodigiosins displayed the highest trypanocidal profiles, with IC50 values of 4.52, 0.46, and 0.54 µM for epimastigotes and 1.9, 0.57, and 0.1 µM for trypomastigotes/amastigotes, respectively. Moreover, the combination treatment of these molecules with benznidazole showed no synergism. Finally, oxygen consumption inhibition determinations performed using high-resolution respirometry, revealed a potent effect of prodigiosin on parasite respiration (73% of inhibition at ½ IC50), suggesting that its mode of action involves the mitochondria. Moreover, its promising selectivity...
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To evaluate co‐infection of Strongyloides stercoralis and Trypanosoma cruzi and to assess eosinophilia as a screening test for the detection of S. stercoralis infection in patients with Chagas disease (CD).
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This article describes the characterization of various encapsulated formulations of benznidazole, the current first-line drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. Given the adverse effects of benznidazole, safer formulations of this drug... more
This article describes the characterization of various encapsulated formulations of benznidazole, the current first-line drug for the treatment of Chagas disease. Given the adverse effects of benznidazole, safer formulations of this drug have a great interest. In fact, treatment of Chagas disease with benznidazole has to be discontinued in as much as 20% of cases due to side effects. Furthermore, modification of delivery and formulations could have potential effects on the emergence of drug resistance. The trypanocidal activity of new nanostructured formulations of benznidazole to eliminate Trypanosoma cruzi was studied in vitro as well as their toxicity in two cultured mammalian cell lines (HepG2 and Fibroblasts). Nanoparticles tested included nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, quatsomes, and cyclodextrins. The in vitro cytotoxicity of cyclodextrins-benznidazole complexes was significantly lower than that of free benznidazole, whereas their trypano...
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The emergence of colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, particularly after long-term inhalation treatments, has been recently reported. Nanoen-capsulation may enable preparations to overcome the... more
The emergence of colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, particularly after long-term inhalation treatments, has been recently reported. Nanoen-capsulation may enable preparations to overcome the limitations of conventional pharmaceutical forms. We have determined the time-dependent viability of P. aeruginosa biofilms treated with both free and nanoencapsulated colistin. We also examined the relationship between the optimal anti-biofilm activity of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-colistin and the structural organization of the biofilm itself. The results showed the more rapid killing of P. aeruginosa bacterial biofilms by NLC-colistin than by free colistin. However, the two formulations did not differ in terms of the final percentages of living and dead cells, which were higher in the inner than in the outer layers of the treated biofilms. The effective anti-biofilm activity of NLC-colistin and its faster killing effect recommend further studie...
Research Interests: Microbiology, Biofilms, Cystic Fibrosis, Biology, Nanomedicine, and 14 moreNanotechnology, Medicine, Spatio Temporal Analysis, Lipids, Humans, Biofilm, Nanostructures, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Colistin, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Drug Carriers, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder in which frequent pulmonary infections develop secondarily. One of the major pulmonary pathogens colonizing the respiratory tract of CF patients and causing chronic airway infections is... more
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder in which frequent pulmonary infections develop secondarily. One of the major pulmonary pathogens colonizing the respiratory tract of CF patients and causing chronic airway infections is Pseudomonasaeruginosa. Although tobramycin was initially effective against P. aeruginosa, tobramycin-resistant strains have emerged. Among the strategies for overcoming resistance to tobramycin and other antibiotics is encapsulation of the drugs in nanoparticles. In this study, we explored the antimicrobial activity of nanoencapsulated tobramycin, both in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa obtained from CF patients. We also investigated the efficacy of these formulations in biofilm eradication. In both experiments, the activities of SLN and NLC were compared with that of free tobramycin. The susceptibility of planktonic bacteria was determined using the broth microdilution me...
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The recent dramatic increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has been recognized by organizations such as the United Nations and World Health Organization as well as the governments of the USA and several European countries.... more
The recent dramatic increase in the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has been recognized by organizations such as the United Nations and World Health Organization as well as the governments of the USA and several European countries. A relatively new weapon in the fight against severe infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These include colistin, currently regarded as the last line of antimicrobial therapy against multi-drug resistant microorganisms. Areas covered: Here, the authors provide an overview of the current research on AMPs. The focus is AMPs currently being developed for the treatment of recalcitrant bacterial infections, the synergies of AMPs and antibiotics, and the activity of AMPs against biofilm. This review also includes a brief introduction into the use of AMPs in infections caused by Mycobacterium, fungi, and parasites. Expert opinion: In research into new antimicrobials, AMPs are gaining increasing attention. Whil...
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Plantar warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and have been associated with several HPV genotypes. However, there are few studies focused exclusively on plantar warts. In this work, we aim to identify the HPV genotypes of... more
Plantar warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and have been associated with several HPV genotypes. However, there are few studies focused exclusively on plantar warts. In this work, we aim to identify the HPV genotypes of plantar warts and explore their relation to demographic and clinical characteristics of patients. A total of 72 patients diagnosed with plantar warts were recruited at the Laser unit at Podiatric Hospital, University of Barcelona, Spain. Inner hyperkeratosis laminar sections of warts were collected and DNA of samples were extracted. Amplification of a conserved region of the HPV L1 gene was performed with the SK-Polymerase chain reaction method. DNA amplicons were sequenced and HPV types identified. The most prevalent genotypes detected among the 105 analyzed plantar warts were HPV-57 (37.1%), HPV-27 (23.8%), HPV-1a (20.9%), HPV-2 (15.2%), and HPV-65 (2.8%). The majority of patients (78%) presented one single plantar wart, whereas multiple warts were detected in 22.2% of patients. One patient with multiple warts presented HPV types from two different genera, suggesting the spread of warts by self-inoculation as well as by de novo infection. No significant differences between the number of warts in toes, midfoot and heel were found. The most prevalent HPV types detected in all areas belonged to the alpha genus. This work provides new insight on plantar warts and their associated HPV genotypes, and evidences the usefulness and reliability of both the sample collection procedure and the PCR method used for HPV detection and typing. J. Med. Virol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Gordonia jacobaeawas isolated and characterized in the Department of Microbiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, in 2000. Here we present the draft genome sequence of this species, which will improve our understanding of the... more
Gordonia jacobaeawas isolated and characterized in the Department of Microbiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, in 2000. Here we present the draft genome sequence of this species, which will improve our understanding of the diversity and the relation of the cell wall proteins ofG. jacobaeawith other mycolata.
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This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion... more
This study explored the evolutionary mechanism by which the clinical isolate PA110514 yields the imipenemresistant derivative PA116136. Both isolates were examined by PFGE and SDS-PAGE, which led to the identification of a new insertion sequence, ISPa133. This element was shown to have distinct chromosomal locations in each of the original isolates that appeared to explain the differences in imipenem susceptibilty. In strain PA110514, ISPa133 is located 56 nucleotides upstream of the translational start codon, which has no effect on expression of the porin OprD. However, in strain PA116136 ISPa133 it is located in front of nucleotide 696 and, by interrupting the coding region, causes a loss of OprD expression, thus conferring imipenem resistance. In vitro experiments mimicking the natural conditions of selective pressure yielded imipenem-resistant strains in which ISPa133 similarly interrupted oprD. A mechanism is proposed whereby ISPa133 acts as a mobile switch, with its position i...
Research Interests: Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Biology, Medicine, Gene expression, and 10 moreHumans, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Carbapenems, Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Proteome, Molecular Sequence Data, and beta-Lactam Resistance
Commercial interest in the use of natural pigments isolated from microorganisms has increased in recent years; hence, molecules belonging to the polyisoprenoid group (i.e., β-carotene, astaxanthin, and canthaxanthin) have been the focus... more
Commercial interest in the use of natural pigments isolated from microorganisms has increased in recent years; hence, molecules belonging to the polyisoprenoid group (i.e., β-carotene, astaxanthin, and canthaxanthin) have been the focus of much attention. The bacterium Gordonia jacobaea readily synthesizes and accumulates large amounts of canthaxanthin (β-β&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-carotene-4,4&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;-dione), which is widely used in the food and cosmetics industries. In the present work, the integral process of canthaxanthin production by G. jacobaea is analyzed together with its application as natural sources for the industry. A great influence of culture media is observed on canthaxanthin levels. Also, the ability is found of extract the pigments with ethanol from bacteria. The concentration of the samples is a crucial point of the process, being mandatory to discard any process of heating the samples, because this provoked the pigment degradation. Despite this, the described method allows to consider G. jacobaea as a potential canthaxanthin producer for the industry.
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Use of antibiotics both in humans and animals runs along with effects that can contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. Although several available guidelines for antibiotic treatment have been published to date, clinical... more
Use of antibiotics both in humans and animals runs along with effects that can contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance. Although several available guidelines for antibiotic treatment have been published to date, clinical practice in dentistry and particularly in oral surgery is not free from controversies regarding antibiotic prophylaxis. Antibiotic coverage to prevent infectious endocarditis, joint prostheses infections or local infections requires a careful evaluation of the patient condition, associated risks and other aspects that could influence the decision. It is of great relevancy for oral surgeons and for dentists in general to know exactly what they are up against. Here we review the literature regarding prophylactic use of antimicrobials in dentistry.
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Peptide molecules exhibiting antimicrobial properties are found in nature as a product from animals, plants, or microbes. Additionally, peptide molecules can be synthesized in chemical laboratories covering in principle an unlimited... more
Peptide molecules exhibiting antimicrobial properties are found in nature as a product from animals, plants, or microbes. Additionally, peptide molecules can be synthesized in chemical laboratories covering in principle an unlimited extension of chemical structures, sequences, and spectra of action. The use of peptides as antimicrobials has been relatively extended in industrial microbiology. Lantibiotics and bacteriocins from lactic bacteria have been used as food preservatives worldwide. In the past few years, the eventual application of such molecules to fight against infectious diseases is growing due, in part to the narrow investment in searching for new antibiotics and the increasing number of infectious diseases caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria. The mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides involves in general membrane damage but they act also on internal targets, such as protein synthesis, folding and translation, cell division and DNA/RNA synthesis. Thus, such agents can have not only antibacterial but also antiviral and antifungal activities. The study of damage caused by antimicrobials into the membranes is a powerful approach to explore chemical modifications and strategies of delivery that can enhance the antimicrobial activity of such compounds. In this chapter, different kinds of antimicrobial peptides, their chemical structure, antimicrobial action and mechanisms are reviewed. Single channel conductance measurements are used to explore the properties and nature of peptide/membranes interaction.
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Research Interests: Materials Science, Biomedical Engineering, Solid state lasers, Medicine, Humans, and 13 moreChromium, Low Level Laser Therapy, Disinfection, Sodium Hypochlorite, Root Canal, Bacterial Load, Enterococcus faecalis, Dental Pulp Cavity, Root Canal Therapy, Laser Treatment, Optimality Condition, Bactericidal Activity, and In Vitro Techniques
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Clonal dissemination of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) is a major concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms leading to the carbapenem resistance of an MDRPA clone. Isolates were obtained... more
Clonal dissemination of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDRPA) is a major concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to explore the mechanisms leading to the carbapenem resistance of an MDRPA clone. Isolates were obtained from a surgical wound, sputum, urine and a blood culture. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed high genomic homogeneity of these isolates and confirmed the circulation of an endemic clone belonging to serotype O4. Outer membrane protein (OMP) bands were visualized by SDS-PAGE, meropenem accumulation was measured in a bioassay and integrons were detected by PCR. Efflux pumps were studied for several antimicrobial agents and synergic combinations thereof in the presence or absence of both carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) at final concentrations of 10 and 40 mg l−1, respectively. On OMP electrophoretic profiles, MDRPA showed a reduction of outer membrane porin D (OprD) and PCR demonstrated the p...
Research Interests: Medical Microbiology, Biology, Medicine, Biological Sciences, Membrane transport proteins, and 10 morePseudomonas aeruginosa, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Carbapenems, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Base Sequence, Tobramycin, Molecular Sequence Data, Drug synergism, and Medical and Health Sciences
Research Interests: Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Humans, Sequence alignment, Escherichia coli, and 10 moreMale, Antimicrobial chemotherapy, Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Ciprofloxacin, Amino Acid Sequence, Klebsiella Oxytoca, Molecular Sequence Data, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
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Research Interests: Medical Microbiology, Biology, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Medicine, Humans, and 13 morePolymerase Chain Reaction, Antimicrobial resistance, Plasmids, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Integrons, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antimicrobial agents, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Water Microbiology, Fomites, Class 1 Integrons, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Research Interests: Medical Microbiology, Biology, Medicine, Plasmids, Integrons, and 10 moreAntimicrobial agents, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Elsevier, Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, Lipid Bilayer, Potassium Chloride, Morganella morganii, Nalidixic acid, Direct sequence, and Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences
Aims: We explored changes in antibiotic susceptibility of Serratia marcescens in the last 50 years by comparing isolates collected between 1945 and 1950, and current isolates. Materials & methods: Isolates were divided into three groups:... more
Aims: We explored changes in antibiotic susceptibility of Serratia marcescens in the last 50 years by comparing isolates collected between 1945 and 1950, and current isolates. Materials & methods: Isolates were divided into three groups: environmental, clinical and ‘old’. Susceptibility was determined by microdilution. Class 1 integrons were determined by PCR. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal–Wallis (K–W) tests with Bonferroni correction for multiplicity. Antimicrobials showing differences in the K–W test were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results: All isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, kanamycin, gentamicin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and resistant to rifampicin, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, cefazolin, cefamandole, polymyxin B/colistin, fusidic acid, lincosamides, streptogramins, daptomycin, linezolid and cefuroxime. Old isolates exh...
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The study presented here aimed to contrast the marked clinical differences in the presentation of Schistosoma mansoni-induced infection between immigrants and travellers entering Spain from endemic regions, and to elucidate the... more
The study presented here aimed to contrast the marked clinical differences in the presentation of Schistosoma mansoni-induced infection between immigrants and travellers entering Spain from endemic regions, and to elucidate the therapeutic implications of these infections. A total of 200 African immigrants and 80 travellers with schistosomiasis were included in the study. Among the immigrants, 25 patients were diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni infection; 15 presented with nonspecific symptoms, and 10 were asymptomatic. Hepatosplenomegaly was observed in nine. Among the travellers, 14 were diagnosed with Schistosoma mansoni infection; four were asymptomatic, four had Katayama syndrome, four had diarrhoea, and two had prostatitis. All of the patients were treated with praziquantel. Patients diagnosed with Katayama syndrome received praziquantel and dexamethasone for 3 days, with the praziquantel treatment being repeated at 3-4 weeks. The significant differences observed in the clinical presentation of Schistosoma mansoni-induced infection, indicate that a well-differentiated therapeutic strategy is required when this infection is diagnosed in a non-immune (traveller) or a semi-immune (immigrant) patient.
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ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the most important problems in health care because of the number of resistant strains and the paucity of new effective antimicrobials. Since antibiotic-resistant bacteria will... more
ABSTRACTAntibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming one of the most important problems in health care because of the number of resistant strains and the paucity of new effective antimicrobials. Since antibiotic-resistant bacteria will continue to increase, it is necessary to look for new alternative strategies to fight against them. It is generally accepted that Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically less susceptible than Gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobials. The main reason is that Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a permeability barrier known as the outer membrane (OM). Hydrophilic solutes most often cross the OM through water-filled channels formed by a particular family of proteins known as porins. This work explores the possibility of using exogenous porins to lower the required amounts of antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, clindamycin, erythromycin, and tetracycline). Porins had a bactericidal effect onEscherichia colicultures, mainly in the logari...
Research Interests: Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Biology, Medicine, Cercopithecus aethiops, and 15 moreEscherichia coli, Animals, Tetracycline, Gram Positive Bacteria, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Cefotaxime, Erythromycin, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Membrane Protein, Drug Interaction, Vero cells, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences, and Antimicrobial agent
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Atomic force microscopy visualization of injuries in Enterococcus faecalis surface caused by Er,Cr:YSGG and diode lasers