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This research work is aimed at performing the load flow analysis of Kaduna 132/33 kV transmission station in order to ascertain its steady state operating condition. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software (version 12.6) was... more
This research work is aimed at performing the load flow analysis of Kaduna 132/33 kV transmission station in order to ascertain its steady state operating condition. Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software (version 12.6) was employed in the modeling and performing of the load flow analysis using the single line diagram (SLD) and the actual data obtained from the station. The losses in the network were compensated using the Optimal Capacitor Placement OCP module on the ETAP environment. The OCP optimally sized and placed capacitors on the affected buses which improved the bus voltages of the entire network. The results obtained recorded voltage violations at Abakpa, Water works, NAF base, Rigasa, Airport, Kinkinau, Angwa Dosa and Turuku buses with magnitudes of 93.483%, 92.188%, 94.716%, 93.012%, 91.789%, 90.244%, 94.171%, 91.676% respectively. An overall system loss of 753.2 kW and 10437.3 kVAR was recorded by the network. The results from the OCP revealed that it optimally sized and placed eight capacitor banks on eight of the candidate buses which include Abakpa Bus, Water works Bus, NAF Base Bus, Rigasa Bus, Airport Bus, Kinkinau Bus, Angwa Dosa Bus, and Turuku Bus. Consequently, an improvement of 3.408%, 6.721%, 2.401%, 3.835%, 6.397%, 8.866%, 3.359% and 6.591% respectively were recorded for the buses which raised their voltage profile to 96.891%, 98.186%, 97.53%, 96.703%, 99.11%, 97.117%, 96.847%, 98.267% and 98.909% respectively. The losses were also reduced from 753.2 kW and 10437.3 kVAR to 586.1 kW and 8015.7 kVAR respectively.
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This paper addresses the dynamic behaviour of 3-? induction machines based on a quality mathematical model and computer program simulation in a stationary reference frame to avoid the complexity involved in the course of solving... more
This paper addresses the dynamic behaviour of 3-? induction machines based on a quality mathematical model and computer program simulation in a stationary reference frame to avoid the complexity involved in the course of solving time-varying differential equations obtained from the dynamic model. Laplace transform of the dynamic equations was carried out to derive analytical solutions the current variables. 4 th 0rder Runge-Kutta method is adopted to give numerical solution of the dynamic model. The basic electrical characteristics of the 3-? induction machine are considered in the two-phase approximate equivalent model. The graphical curves were obtained from MATLAB program code developed. Keywords: 3-? Induction Machines, Dynamic Model, Reference Frame, ??-Coordinate, Analytical and Numerical Solution, MATLAB program code
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This paper presents a techno-economic application of a directly-coupled PV-pumping system for domestic application in some selected rural communities in Nigeria. Four different rural communities were considered in Ogun State, Nigeria and... more
This paper presents a techno-economic application of a directly-coupled PV-pumping system for domestic application in some selected rural communities in Nigeria. Four different rural communities were considered in Ogun State, Nigeria and data of volume of water requirement per household per day were obtained through the use of interview scheduled for the rural households. The system is properly sized such that the pump energy requirement is in tandem with the PV-system of the location. Six different submersible pumps of different ratings were considered for this study. The number of PV-arrays, controllers and the tank storage capacities for various pumps were also determined. MATLAB tool is used to simulate the system. The economic assessment of the system, which includes life cycle cost, energy cost of pumps and the cubic meter cost of water were also determined. The result reveals that the life cycle cost ranges from unit cost of energy ranges from unit cost of water per cubic met...
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The wind speed of a location is a critical parameter for analyzing wind energy conversion systems. Background knowledge has revealed that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is commonly used for fitting wind speed data because of its... more
The wind speed of a location is a critical parameter for analyzing wind energy conversion systems. Background knowledge has revealed that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is commonly used for fitting wind speed data because of its simplicity, flexibility and suitability. This research study examines wind speed data from five locations in Nigeria (Kano, Maiduguri, Jos, Abuja and Akure). It employs five numerical techniques, namely the maximum likelihood method, method of moment, power density method, empirical method and the logarithmic moment method, to estimate the Weibull parameters based on the locations’ data. The goodness of fit test is used to determine which numerical method best fits the distribution. The paper also considers the techno-economic design of wind electricity of five 25 kW pitch-controlled wind turbines with dissimilar characteristics. The test result presents the method of moment and empirical method as the best methods for calculating the Weibull paramet...
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Due to the ever increasing number of devices connected to the Internet, several methods, protocols and strategies have been developed to accommodate the increasing traffic. One of these methods is the supposed transition between Internet... more
Due to the ever increasing number of devices connected to the Internet, several methods, protocols and strategies have been developed to accommodate the increasing traffic. One of these methods is the supposed transition between Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) thereby extending the addressing capabilities of the protocols. In this study, the two addressing schemes are compared. Simulation results showed that IPv6 has better performance with respect to selected protocols such as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, File Transfer Protocol and Jitter in Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) calls. Both IPv4 and IPv6 had a mean object score of 3.2, a metric for measuring the quality of VoIP calls.
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The occurrence of faults in any operational power system network is inevitable, and many of the causative factors such as lightning, thunderstorm among others is usually beyond human control. Consequently, there is the need to set up... more
The occurrence of faults in any operational power system network is inevitable, and many of the causative factors such as lightning, thunderstorm among others is usually beyond human control. Consequently, there is the need to set up models capable of prompt identification and classification of these faults for immediate action. This paper, explored the use of artificial neural network (ANN) technique to identify and classify various faults on the 11 kV distribution network of University of Lagos. The ANN is applied because it offers high speed, higher efficiency and requires less human intervention. Datasets of the case study obtained were sectioned proportionately for training, testing, and validation. The mathematical formulations for the method are presented with python used as the programming tools for the analysis. The results obtained from this study, for both the voltage and current under different scenarios of faults, are displayed in graphical forms and discussed. The resu...
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An effective maintenance practice is one which involves a strategic framework aimed at improving the overall performance of a system by reducing the number of failures in the system. The main attribute of sound maintenance management will... more
An effective maintenance practice is one which involves a strategic framework aimed at improving the overall performance of a system by reducing the number of failures in the system. The main attribute of sound maintenance management will be to effectively plan the system to operate with a status-quo so as to avoid all kinds of failure within the system. This paper presents a review of the present maintenance practices in the Nigeria Power System Network NPSN. It was observed from the review that the maintenance strategy presently adopted by the NPSN has not been effective due to the increase in the number of failures arising from poor maintenance. This paper proposes the incorporation of Reliability-Centered Maintenance RCM as an effective maintenance strategy in the NPSN when adopted, RCM strategy will give priority to the operating context of the equipment within the NPSN; give maintenance personnel opportunity to react to potential failures, reduce unnecessary maintenance within...
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The Nigerian 330kV grid network is characterized with major problems like voltage instability (voltage profile violation), long transmission lines, nature of transmission lines and high power losses which affect power generation and... more
The Nigerian 330kV grid network is characterized with major problems like voltage instability (voltage profile violation), long transmission lines, nature of transmission lines and high power losses which affect power generation and distribution systems. This paper considered the load-flow study of the Nigerian 330-kV consisting of 32 buses, 11 generating stations and 36 transmission lines. Newton-Raphson iteration technique was used to carry out the analysis because of its fast convergence nature as compared to other iterative techniques. The data used for the study is obtained from Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN). MATLAB/SIMULINK software was used to carry out the simulations. The results obtained shows that some of the bus voltages lie outside the prescribed limit of 0.95-1.05 pu (313.5 – 346.5kV). These buses include buses 16 (Kano 0.8721pu), 17(Kaduna, 0.9046pu), 18(Jos, 0.8580pu), 19(Gombe 0.8735pu) and 21(Katampe, 0.9167pu). The total active power loss is 268.622MW an...
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Electrical energy enriches today’s world and so the forecast of its consumption aids energy industries, governments, as well as investors in making informed decisions at any point in time. It is on this background that this paper engaged... more
Electrical energy enriches today’s world and so the forecast of its consumption aids energy industries, governments, as well as investors in making informed decisions at any point in time. It is on this background that this paper engaged regression analysis techniques to forecast on medium-term basis the electric power consumption within the region of Abeokuta in Ogun State of Nigeria. Three different regression techniques: linear, compound-growth and quadratic; were employed to forecast the energy demand based on previous load consumption of the study area. The performance evaluation metrics employed to measure the accuracy of the forecast are the Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Of the three techniques, linear regression recorded the least values of MAPE and RMSE. Therefore, with the employment of the linear regression technique, the load demand for July to December in 2018 was forecasted and the percentage load growth achieved for each of the months. The results obtained from this analysis could assist the management of the Regional Headquarters of the Ibadan Electricity Distribution Company on the need to make adequate planning that would facilitate efficient management of energy supply within the region.
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This paper presents a comparative analysis of techno-economic viability of four different system configurations (photovoltaic [PV]/diesel generator [DG], PV/battery [BAT], DG/BAT and DG-only) for energizing outdoor telecommunication sites... more
This paper presents a comparative analysis of techno-economic viability of four different system configurations (photovoltaic [PV]/diesel generator [DG], PV/battery [BAT], DG/BAT and DG-only) for energizing outdoor telecommunication sites located within the latitude 7.15˚N and longitude 3.35˚E of Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The site used in this study has a maximum and average load of 1697 W and 39.6 kWh/day, respectively. Among all configurations examined, PV/BAT system configuration achieved the lowest life cycle cost (LCC) of ₦133,064,109 and cost of energy (COE) of ₦0.70 with a renewable fraction of 100%, adjured as the most cost-benefit configuration. However, the configuration with the least initial capital cost of ₦4,375,000 (DG-only) was the worst system configuration due to its high LCC (₦593,667,359) and COE (₦12.95). Suffice it to know that both high fuel consumption and exorbitant cost of maintenance account for this unfavorable scenario of DG-only system configuratio...
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The quest to improve system voltage profile appreciably as well as to significantly reduce network system loss is the growing desire of power system engineers. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are the... more
The quest to improve system voltage profile appreciably as well as to significantly reduce network system loss is the growing desire of power system engineers. Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are the emerging technologies for achieving these objectives. One of the famous members of shunt-connected FACTS controller is static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The motivation for choice of STATCOM for critical review on Nigerian longitudinal transmission systems among other members of advanced voltage source converter (VSC) is connected to enhanced rapid usage of STATCOM in power system simulators across the globe during the last few decades. Published literatures on this concept were carefully x-rayed and presented in chronologically order. The popularity of artificial intelligence (AI) for optimal sizing and placement of STATCOM is still at abysmal level. This suggests the need for power systems researchers to switch to the use of AI techniques most e...
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Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight directly into electricity as one way of renewable energy-based power generation, a key aspect of achieving energy sustainability for sustainable economic growth. The paper as part of this goal... more
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert sunlight directly into electricity as one way of renewable energy-based power generation, a key aspect of achieving energy sustainability for sustainable economic growth. The paper as part of this goal presents an algorithm to identify various maximum power points (MPPs) on different environmental conditions of group of PV arrays. Three series connected PV arrays of similar electrical properties are considered in this paper. The conditions are grouped under three main forms; uniform test conditions (UTC), partial shading conditions 1 (PSC1) and partial shading conditions 2 (PSC2) to simulate different environmental conditions. Results obtained showed that the algorithm was able to identify all the MPPs; global or local where applicable on power-voltage (P-V) curve. For example, a global MPP of 915.7W was pinpointed on the P-V curve under standard test condition scenario type of UTC based on open circuit voltage and short circuit current of 46.3V and 8...
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This study aims at identifying the best-fit probability distribution and forecasting of the peak load demand in Nigeria. The data used was obtained from the National Control Centre (NCC), Oshogbo, Nigeria for a period of twenty years... more
This study aims at identifying the best-fit probability distribution and forecasting of the peak load demand in Nigeria. The data used was obtained from the National Control Centre (NCC), Oshogbo, Nigeria for a period of twenty years (1998-2017). Five different probability distribution functions and two forecasting models were used. The probability distribution functions explored include Normal, Log-normal, Gamma, Weibull and Logistic distribution from which the best was determined using two different goodness-of-fit. The two goodnessof-fit used are Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwartz Bayesian Criterion (SBC) while the two forecasting models include Auto Regression (AR) and Exponential Smoothing (ES). The best model is expected to have the lowest value for AIC, SBC, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Theil Inequality Coefficient (TIC). The model that satisfies tests adequately was selected as the best fit. ...
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In this study, performance and economic evaluation of Kainji Hydropower Station in Nigeria from 2008 to 2017 was carried out. Data including total energy generated (MWh), station service consumption (MWh), total energy sent out to the... more
In this study, performance and economic evaluation of Kainji Hydropower Station in Nigeria from 2008 to 2017 was carried out. Data including total energy generated (MWh), station service consumption (MWh), total energy sent out to the grid (MWh), average inflow rate (m3/s) and average gross operating head (m) were obtained from the efficiency department of the Hydropower station from the year 2008 to 2017. Mathematical models were used based on some key parameters which include: Capacity Factor, Plant Use Factor, Availability, Power Generated and Economic Cost of Outages and Operations. The result reveals that the average power generated within the period under review was 363.53MW, with a maximum of 476.95MW in 2010 and 292.44MW in 2014 as against the installed capacity of 760MW. The Capacity Factor of the plant was between 11.04% (2014) and 40.51% (2008) as against industry best practice of between 50% to 80%. The Plant Use Factor ranged between 38.48% in 2014 to 62.76% in 2010 as ...
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Transformer is the heart of a sub-station’s equipment, which primarily transforms voltage from one level to the other at the same frequency. The voltage can be raised (Step-up transformer) or lowered (Step-down transformer), but with a... more
Transformer is the heart of a sub-station’s equipment, which primarily transforms voltage from one level to the other at the same frequency. The voltage can be raised (Step-up transformer) or lowered (Step-down transformer), but with a fractional decrease or increase in current ratings. Presented in this paper, is the design and implementation of a 2 kVA, 220/110-kV, core-type transformer. The materials used were copper wire, silicon steel laminations and is air cooled. A comprehensive design calculation of different parts of the transformer was carefully carried out based on some already established basic transformer design assumptions. E-shaped laminations were 109 and the I-shaped laminations were 93. Pre-commissioning tests such as continuity, short and open circuit test were conducted satisfactory. When tested, the efficiency was found to be 93.6% as against the designed value of 96.32%. This reduction in efficiency was as a result of occurrence of losses and heat generated wit...
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Abstract One of the major challenges in rural areas is the lack of access to electricity. This is partly due to their remoteness, which makes the extension of the conventional grid to be economically constraining. Enhancing the living... more
Abstract One of the major challenges in rural areas is the lack of access to electricity. This is partly due to their remoteness, which makes the extension of the conventional grid to be economically constraining. Enhancing the living standards of rural dwellers requires meeting their basic energy needs in agriculture, businesses, communication, lighting, water supply, education, and healthcare, and this can be achieved through the adoption of new energy systems that are scalable, sustainable, relatively cheap and environment-friendly. In many of such remote areas, the use of diesel engine generators to power households, agro-processing industries, small businesses, etc. is prevalent, but emissions from these generators contribute to global warming and climate change. Also, the running cost is comparatively higher and grossly uneconomical. Evidently, the use of a hybrid power system presents some outstanding advantages over power systems based entirely on diesel resources, since the energy mixes or configurations in hybrid power systems are scalable, reliable, cost-competitive, and sustainable. It is, however, found that several pilot projects of the hybrid power system, in many of the sub-Saharan Africa countries fail in a short while after implementation. This has been attributed to the issue of reliability. It is against this backdrop that this study reviews technologies, designs, and applications of the hybrid power system in remote locations across the globe, primarily to identify, understand, and present useful directions for future research in energy systems. Furthermore, the paper suggests ways by which the issue of reliability may be addressed to realize a sustainable off-grid energy system for rural areas in developing countries.
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It is needless to re-emphasize that modern day healthcare systems require uninterruptible power supply, relying on the national grid for power supply most especially in remote areas in Nigeria is a deliberate attempt to paralysis and... more
It is needless to re-emphasize that modern day healthcare systems require uninterruptible power supply, relying on the national grid for power supply most especially in remote areas in Nigeria is a deliberate attempt to paralysis and underutilize both the human and non-human resources. This paper presents the sizing of a stand-alone photovoltaic system and economic comparison with petrol generator in powering a rural Primary Health Care Center (PHC) in Agbado, Ado-Odo, Ota Local Government, Ogun State, Nigeria. Load survey of the PHC was done in order to know the daily energy demand. The average annual solar radiation and the estimated load for the PHC used as case study are 4.89kWh/m2/day and 14.40kWh/day respectively. The result obtained from sizing the photovoltaic system reveals that the estimated load will require 5.25kW photovoltaic array capacity, 21 modules (24V, 250W each), 10 batteries (12V, 200Ah each), 3 solar charge controllers (24V, 80A each), 1 unit of 4kW inverter (2...
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Taxicabs are very important in our daily lives and are reputed to be one of the mostly used forms of transportation. The cab dispatch system was first created to help passengers get through to taxi drivers and make it easier to book... more
Taxicabs are very important in our daily lives and are reputed to be one of the mostly used forms of transportation. The cab dispatch system was first created to help passengers get through to taxi drivers and make it easier to book reservations. The evolution of cab dispatch system has moved from the ordinary callboxes to computer-aided dispatch system. These solutions were created to help organizations that own fleet of taxis manage and control their operations. Campuses and other partially closed environments also require these solutions but due to their high cost of implementation, they find it quite difficult to deploy and execute. In this paper, a smart dispatch system (SDS) is proposed. The system comprises of software and hardware units. The database and the android application make up the software unit while the microcontroller, the GSM module, and an android device constitute the hardware unit. The microcontroller intelligently reads and makes decisions based on the inform...
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The main objective of a safe grounding design is to carry current into earth under normal and fault conditions without exceeding operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service, also, to ensure that personnel... more
The main objective of a safe grounding design is to carry current into earth under normal and fault conditions without exceeding operating and equipment limits or adversely affecting continuity of service, also, to ensure that personnel within the vicinity of the grounding facilities are not exposed to the danger of electric shock. To attain these objectives, accurate determination of grid resistance is of paramount. This paper presents the comparison between grid formulas (analytical methods) used to calculate grounding resistance and experimental measurement. Also, variation of grid resistance with number of meshes was also examined.
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Research Interests: Materials Engineering, Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, Superconductivity, Oscillations, and 11 moreElectric Power System, Constant Time Delay, Power system transients, Non-superconducting Fault Current Limiter, Transient Stability, Circuit Breakers, Electrical And Electronic Engineering, Electrical Network, Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage, Network Configuration, and Limiter
In this paper, an application of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is proposed to limit the fault current that occurs in power system. The unsymmetrical faults are analyzed. The SFCL is incorporated to the bus which gives the... more
In this paper, an application of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is proposed to limit the fault current that occurs in power system. The unsymmetrical faults are analyzed. The SFCL is incorporated to the bus which gives the highest fault current at two different positions that is the main position and the feeder position. There are two types of SFCL, purely resistive and purely inductive. Simulations were performed using MATLAB Programming and Simulink version 7.5 and were tested on 11 bus IEEE systems to show its capability and feasibility.
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In this paper, the wind power potentials as well as wind speed characteristics of four selected locations in the North-Central (Ilorin and Makurdi) and North-East (Gombe and Maiduguri) parts of Nigeria are investigated. The data used are... more
In this paper, the wind power potentials as well as wind speed characteristics of four selected locations in the North-Central (Ilorin and Makurdi) and North-East (Gombe and Maiduguri) parts of Nigeria are investigated. The data used are obtained from Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) between the durations of 11 and 54 years, measured at an anemometer height of 10m. The analysis of the data is carried out using a two-parameter Weibull Distribution Function (WDF). The most probable wind-speed and the wind-speed carrying the maximum energy were also evaluated. The capacity factor estimation is then used to identify the most suitable turbine for the sites. The results obtained show a monthly mean wind-speed of 4.50 m/s, 3.72 m/s, 4.77 m/s and 5.34 m/s for Ilorin, Gombe, Makurdi and Maiduguri respectively, while the wind-power densities were 67.74 W/m2, 40.87 W/m2, 79.52 W/m2 and 107.49 W/m2 respectively for the same sites.
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The Nigeria’s power sector transmission infrastructure continues to be challenged as it still remains the weak link in the electricity supply chain. The Nigerian Federal Government on its Roadmap for power sector reform highlighted that... more
The Nigeria’s power sector transmission infrastructure continues to be challenged as it still remains the weak link in the electricity supply chain. The Nigerian Federal Government on its Roadmap for power sector reform highlighted that to accommodate the planned increase in generation capacity, there was need for a 30% increase in the “true deliverable” transmission capacity of the country’s 330kV network. But the technical feasibility of this plan is an issue to be considered. In this work, the existing 330kV Nigeria transmission network was expanded by the introduction of new lines and power stations, simulation was carried out and the effect was analyzed using Newton-Raphson algorithm in ETAP 12.6. The base case operating condition as obtained from the power flow on which the various transfer cases were implemented, gives a fair generation and loading pattern of the Nigerian grid. The total installed generating capacity of the base case considered was 11,948MW out of which 4,347...
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The place of electrical energy in enhancement of this computer age cannot be over-emphasised. Its forecast plays a significant functions in energy industry, helps the government and private sectors in making the precise decision regarding... more
The place of electrical energy in enhancement of this computer age cannot be over-emphasised. Its forecast plays a significant functions in energy industry, helps the government and private sectors in making the precise decision regarding energy management practices. This paper presents performance evaluation of medium-term load forecasting techniques: a case study of Ogun State, Nigeria. Two different approaches were used using the previous load consumption in 2017 for the forecast. Least square approach compared with regression exponential approaches gave the least value of Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), which are 1.8212% and 0.004472 respectively. The anticipated percentage load growth for the months of July-December, 2018 forecasted with least square approach were 34.06%, 33.54%, 36.10%, 31.10%, 32.23% and 30.15% respectively, acute gas supply caused by pipeline vandalisation and theft of distribution/sub-station materials could be held r...