HIND A Alfadda
King Saud University, Curriculum and Instruction, Faculty Member
PurposeBased on an experimental study on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) students, at the Business Department at the University of Bisha, the purpose of the study is to examine the effect of chatbot use on learning ESP in online... more
PurposeBased on an experimental study on English for Specific Purposes (ESP) students, at the Business Department at the University of Bisha, the purpose of the study is to examine the effect of chatbot use on learning ESP in online classrooms during COVID-19 and find out how Dialogflow chabot can be a useful and interactive online platform to help ESP learners in learning vocabulary well.Design/methodology/approachThe research paper is based on an experimental study of two groups, an experiential group and a controlled group. Two tests were carried out. Pre-tests and post-test of vocabulary knowledge were conducted for both groups to explore the usefulness of using the Dialogflow chatbot in learning ESP vocabulary. A designed chatbot content was prepared and included all the vocabulary details related to words' synonyms and a brief explanation of words’ meanings. An informal interview is another tool used in the study. The purpose of using the interview with the participants wa...
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Language acquisition, processing, comprehension, and production encompass a complex mechanism. Particularly, the mechanisms by which we make sense of language, including perception, conceptualization, and processing, have been... more
Language acquisition, processing, comprehension, and production encompass a complex mechanism. Particularly, the mechanisms by which we make sense of language, including perception, conceptualization, and processing, have been controversial topics among cognitive linguists and researchers in cognitive sciences. Cognitive processes such as attention, thought, perception, and memory play a significant role in meaningful human communication. This study aimed to apply the science mapping method to detect and visualize emerging trends and patterns in literature pertaining to cognitive linguistics. In order to accomplish this, eight bibliometric and eight scientometric indicators were used in conjunction with CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18 for scientometric analysis and data visualisation. The data were collected and triangulated from three databases, including 2380 from Scopus, 1732 from WOS, and 9911 from Lens from 1969 to 2022. Among the findings were the visualization of eight ...
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The present study explores the perceptions of elementary and intermediate learners toward English as a code-switching medium in Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) classrooms. The data were collected by means of a survey of international... more
The present study explores the perceptions of elementary and intermediate learners toward English as a code-switching medium in Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) classrooms. The data were collected by means of a survey of international elementary and intermediate-level students studying Chinese at the College of Chinese Language and Culture (CCLC) of Jinan University in Guangzhou, China. The data collection method included a five-point Likert scale questionnaire survey (18 closed-ended questions and one open-ended question). The analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected from the questionnaire showed that CFL learners at both proficiency levels tended to favor code-switching in classrooms. However, the results of the Mann–Whitney U test showed that intermediate learners favored code-switching to a lesser extent than elementary learners. Moreover, their perceptions were found to differ significantly in terms of the varying functions of code-switching. These findings su...
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This paper utilised bibliometric and scientometric indicators to assess the current state of research in psycholinguistics. A total of 32,586 documents in psycholinguistics were included from Scopus, WOS, and Lens between 1946 and 2022.... more
This paper utilised bibliometric and scientometric indicators to assess the current state of research in psycholinguistics. A total of 32,586 documents in psycholinguistics were included from Scopus, WOS, and Lens between 1946 and 2022. The collected data were analysed using CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18. The results included tabulation, visualisation, and mapping for the past, present, and future directions of the field of psycholinguistics. We identified key authors, works, journals, and concepts in the existing evidence concerning (children’s) language acquisition, production, comprehension, and dissolution. The study contributes to the systematic study of existing scholarship in the field of psycholinguistics by documenting the progress of the field and informing relevant researchers about the current state of the field of psycholinguistics. Having grouped the 32,586 documents in psycholinguistics, 12 clusters were identified. These include (1) examining individual diffe...
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New-borns are capable of recognising and producing sounds as they become phonologically competent. Following this, infants develop a system for connecting these sounds, which helps them become increasingly lexically competent over time.... more
New-borns are capable of recognising and producing sounds as they become phonologically competent. Following this, infants develop a system for connecting these sounds, which helps them become increasingly lexically competent over time. Their knowledge of these words grows as they develop, using words to form phrases, turning them into sentences, and ultimately becoming syntactically competent. By making sense of these linguistic elements, these three competencies are enhanced, and this is how infants become semantically competent. As infants continue to develop linguistic and non-linguistic communication behaviours, this miraculous language development becomes even more complex, enabling them to perfect their linguistic abilities while being pragmatically competent. In this study, a scientometric approach was used to examine past, present, and future trends in pragmatic language development (PLD). A total of 6455 documents were analysed from the Scopus, WOS, and Lens databases betw...
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PurposeThis study aims to examine the effects of using mobile translation applications for translating collocations.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed an experimental design where 47 students of English as foreign language in a... more
PurposeThis study aims to examine the effects of using mobile translation applications for translating collocations.Design/methodology/approachThe study followed an experimental design where 47 students of English as foreign language in a Saudi university were randomly categorized into two groups. Both the groups were given a translation task consisting of 30 sentences with fixed, medium-strength and weak collocations. The participants in the experimental group (n 23) were asked to use a mobile App (Reverso) to translate the sentences, while the control group (n 24) was allowed to use only paper-based dictionaries. The translations were scored and analyzed to measure if there was any significant difference between the two groups.FindingsThe results indicated that the mobile translation application was more effective in translating fixed and medium-strength collocations than weak collocations, and in translating collocations in both translation directions (i.e. from Arabic into Engli...
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This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by investigating the impact of Just-in-Time (JiT) teaching and peer instruction (PI) strategies on the promotion of students’ achievement, interaction, and motivation in English... more
This study makes an original contribution to knowledge by investigating the impact of Just-in-Time (JiT) teaching and peer instruction (PI) strategies on the promotion of students’ achievement, interaction, and motivation in English language learning. Students were recruited from an undergraduate TESOL program in the first semester of 2019 at a University in Saudi Arabia. A multiple method research design was used to address the research questions robustly and rigorously. First, a two-group quasi-experimental design was implemented. In the first group, a lecture-based strategy was used (n = 28), while in the second group, JiT and PI strategies were used (n = 27) in English language lessons. An innovative research method was used in this study: a private Instagram account was created, serving as a platform through which teacher and students could communicate using interactive posts and comments. Second, students filled out a survey reflecting on this medium of language teaching and l...
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There are numerous children and adolescents throughout the world who are either diagnosed with speech and language disorders or manifest any of them as a result of another disorder. Meanwhile, since the emergence of language as an innate... more
There are numerous children and adolescents throughout the world who are either diagnosed with speech and language disorders or manifest any of them as a result of another disorder. Meanwhile, since the emergence of language as an innate capability, the question of whether it constitutes a behaviour or an innate ability has been debated for decades. There have been several theories developed that support and demonstrate the biological foundations of human language. Molecular evidence of the biological basis of language came from the FOXP2 gene, also known as the language gene. Taking a closer look at both human language and biology, biolinguistics is at the core of these inquiries—attempting to understand the aetiologies of the genetics of speech and language disorders in children and adolescents. This paper presents empirical evidence based on both scientometrics and bibliometrics. We collected data between 1935 and 2022 from Scopus, WOS, and Lens. A total of 1570 documents were an...
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New-born infants communicate from the first minute they come to life. This non-linguistic and non-verbal capacity to interact from the first day they come to life enables them to express their needs and evidence their typical development.... more
New-born infants communicate from the first minute they come to life. This non-linguistic and non-verbal capacity to interact from the first day they come to life enables them to express their needs and evidence their typical development. This capacity to interact develops to include linguistic and non-linguistic use of verbal and non-verbal interaction, that is, pragmatics. Because pragmatics is heterogeneously structured of semiotic, cognitive, motor and sensory elements so it is vital to ensure successful human interaction. The other language elements (i.e., phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic) are essential inputs for this human interaction outcome (i.e., pragmatics). Accordingly, this study sought to map evidence that pragmatics can enhance children’s use of linguistic and non-linguistic capacities for interactive communication. This was addressed by conducting bibliometric and scientometric analyses of 6554 documents from Scopus, 1167 from WOS and 11,230 from L...
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Across the world, many infants, children, adults, and elderly people are reported with many types of disorders and disabilities that damage, delay, or impede typical language development and/or use. Speech–language pathologists and other... more
Across the world, many infants, children, adults, and elderly people are reported with many types of disorders and disabilities that damage, delay, or impede typical language development and/or use. Speech–language pathologists and other relevant clinicians are responsible for diagnosing, assessing, and rehabilitating these conditions. In nearly all types of disorders or disabilities that affect language, clinical linguistics plays a significant role in their study, diagnosis, and evaluation. This study provides a thorough analysis of the field of clinical linguistics. Data from Scopus, WOS, and Lens were used between 1981 and 2022. The documents included in the analysis were 1685, 1628, and 2677 articles published between 1981 and 2022 in clinical linguistics in Scopus, WOS, and Lens, respectively. For the purpose of assessing the development and impacts of the field of clinical linguistics, we used eight bibliometric and eight scientometric indicators. As part of the study, the re...
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COVID-19 has changed our lives in all arenas, including higher education and psychological well-being. Three objectives were set forth in this study. We started by examining issues related to online education during the pandemic in... more
COVID-19 has changed our lives in all arenas, including higher education and psychological well-being. Three objectives were set forth in this study. We started by examining issues related to online education during the pandemic in Jordan, particularly for students pursuing business studies. Second, we assessed academic, behavioural, and financial stressors that business students experience at Jordanian higher education institutions. Lastly, we examined the possible coping methods students employed to cope and adapt during the pandemic. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted based on the perceived stress scale distributed to 473 Jordanian undergraduate students (18–27 years of age), across both public and private universities. Results showed an association between academic, behavioural, and financial stressors and students’ perceived stress. While students perceived various levels and types of stress during COVID-19, including academic, behavioural, and financial, they al...
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... EDMEDIA Table of Contents. Authors. Uthman Alturki, Riyadh Teacher's College, Saudi Arabia; Hind Abdulaziz Alfadda, Ministry of Education - supervision section, Saudi Arabia. Abstract. Nowadays the educational system faces ...
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Research Interests: Computer Science, Information Technology, Educational Technology, Computer Science Education, Electronic publishing, and 10 moreMathematics Education, Computer Mediated Communication, Reflection, Web, Language Teaching, Language Learning, Teaching Methods, World Wide Web, Internet, and Reading Process
PurposeSubstantial changes in the education system and the shift to online classes during the lockdown have raised teachers’ attention to the idea of practicing cooperative learning in online environments. Cooperative learning activities... more
PurposeSubstantial changes in the education system and the shift to online classes during the lockdown have raised teachers’ attention to the idea of practicing cooperative learning in online environments. Cooperative learning activities enhance academic skills if designed effectively. This study aims to explore students’ attitudes toward cooperative learning in online learning environments.Design/methodology/approachThis study is a descriptive study. A survey was administered to 50 graduate and postgraduate students of English as a Foreign Language.FindingsResults indicated that the students had positive attitudes toward the integration of cooperative tasks in online environments. They also revealed no significant differences in the attitudes toward cooperative learning based on the students’ level (i.e. undergraduate or postgraduate) and that the students preferred small groups.Originality/valueCooperative learning is a widely researched topic, especially in higher education. Howe...
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Objective: An individual’s articulation of pragmatic language development (PLD) signifies successful social interaction with others. Therefore, it is important to detect early pragmatic language impairment (PLI), whether as a primary... more
Objective: An individual’s articulation of pragmatic language development (PLD) signifies successful social interaction with others. Therefore, it is important to detect early pragmatic language impairment (PLI), whether as a primary disorder or as a symptom of other neurodevelopmental disorders. This study reports on validating the Arabic version of the Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (A-PLSI). Methods: The PLSI was subjected to various validation stages before the A-PLSI was created. To assess PLD in preschoolers with and without psychiatric histories, 264 preschoolers were assessed in several cities in Saudi Arabia by their teachers and speech–language pathologists. Results: The results of this study included three key findings. First, the established psychometric features, including construct validity, criterion-related validity, and (confirmatory) factor analysis, all reported a high level of measurability to consider the A-PLSI a valid instrument for assessing PLD in schoo...
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The scope of this study is threefold. First, it examines socioeconomic status (SES) and pragmatic language development (PLD), hypothesizing that parental education and employment levels are mediators, where SES affects PLD mainly through... more
The scope of this study is threefold. First, it examines socioeconomic status (SES) and pragmatic language development (PLD), hypothesizing that parental education and employment levels are mediators, where SES affects PLD mainly through its influence on parental education and employment levels. Second, we used quantitative (age) and qualitative (gender) variables as moderators, hypothesizing that gender and age moderate the relationship between classroom interaction (CI), social interaction (SI), and personal interaction (PI) skills and level of PLD. Third, characteristics of PLD in preschoolers with and without pragmatic language impairment (PLI) are compared. The Arabic Pragmatic Language Skills Inventory (A-PLSI) was administered by preschool teachers and speech-language pathologists in Saudi Arabia to 264 preschoolers with and without neurodevelopmental disorders to assess their PLD. Additionally, the SES of the parents of the same number of participants was surveyed. Results s...
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Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites... more
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites against the international standards for e-learning programs used in learning English as a second language (ESL) for international students. A comparative approach was used on three case studies (British council, University of Cambridge, and AMIDEAST website) and compared with CEFR standard and researcher determined criteria. In three cases, the standard of dialogue and communication standard are accomplished, while writing exercise is absent on the British council website. The review standard was not fully achieved in any case to strengthen the learners’ interest in language learning and their use in the social and cultural context. Considering the standard set by the researcher, the study has achieved both standard cognitive reference and applied kn...
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This paper investigates Saudi intermediate students’ attitudes towards using flipped learning via an online learning community to enhance their speaking skill at a Saudi female’s public-school number 186. The writer observed and analysed... more
This paper investigates Saudi intermediate students’ attitudes towards using flipped learning via an online learning community to enhance their speaking skill at a Saudi female’s public-school number 186. The writer observed and analysed the effect of using flipped learning in an online community on the development and engagement of students in speaking tasks. The study uses a quantitative quasi-experimental method to describe and analyse the student’s attitudes and development of the speaking skill among Arabic-speaking students in the public-school number 186 in Saudi Arabia during the academic year 2019-2020. The researcher applied a questionnaire and an observation checklist as the main instrument to achieve the study goal. The findings of the study were not statistically significant regarding the effect of flipped learning via an Online Learning Community (OLC) on the development of students’ speaking skill. However, there was a slight difference in the mean scores in favor to ...
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After the exceptional circumstances the whole world has experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic, students have become digital natives who seek learning that overcomes the barriers of place and time. This mixed-methods study aimed at... more
After the exceptional circumstances the whole world has experienced due to the COVID-19 pandemic, students have become digital natives who seek learning that overcomes the barriers of place and time. This mixed-methods study aimed at investigating EFL learners' perceptions regarding the application of Busuu in language learning, by applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The participants were 58 first secondary stage students in a Saudi private school. An online survey and a semi-structured interview were used to collect data. The results revealed that EFL learners have a positive attitude towards Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL). Additionally, according to the TAM, the participants found the language application Busuu useful and easy to use. They also thought of Busuu as a valuable resource for language learning, which increases their motivation to be autonomous learners. However, in addition to the TAM components, the results also showed that affordance and jo...
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This study explores the effect of using WhatsApp to enhance the teaching and learning process during the lockdown of COVID-19 and determine students’ opinions regarding its usage. The study is a mixed method, quantitative and qualitative... more
This study explores the effect of using WhatsApp to enhance the teaching and learning process during the lockdown of COVID-19 and determine students’ opinions regarding its usage. The study is a mixed method, quantitative and qualitative study in which content analysis techniques were employed to analyze the data which were collected by a form and an online survey. The analysis showed that students have positive opinions towards the use of WhatsApp in their online courses in coordination with other e-tools. WhatsApp is effective in increasing the success of the teaching and learning processes. Students demanded the continuation of using WhatsApp in other courses as well. They reported that WhatsApp was influential as it acted as a forum for questions, a platform for collecting links holding discussions and asking questions on the material they did not attend at real time or did not fully understand, and a space for collaborative work. However, a few students have expressed adverse o...
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This study explores the effect of using WhatsApp to enhance the teaching and learning process during the lockdown of COVID-19 and determine students’ opinions regarding its usage. The study is a mixed method, quantitative and qualitative... more
This study explores the effect of using WhatsApp to enhance the teaching and learning process during the lockdown of COVID-19 and determine students’ opinions regarding its usage. The study is a mixed method, quantitative and qualitative study in which content analysis techniques were employed to analyze the data which were collected by a form and an online survey. The analysis showed that students have positive opinions towards the use of WhatsApp in their online courses in coordination with other e-tools. WhatsApp is effective in increasing the success of the teaching and learning processes. Students demanded the continuation of using WhatsApp in other courses as well. They reported that WhatsApp was influential as it acted as a forum for questions, a platform for collecting links holding discussions and asking questions on the material they did not attend at real time or did not fully understand, and a space for collaborative work. However, a few students have expressed adverse o...
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Learning style is a defining factor in the teaching and learning practice. Understanding students’ learning style supports in designing effective courses. Cultures affect students’ learning styles; as such designing curriculum and... more
Learning style is a defining factor in the teaching and learning practice. Understanding students’ learning style supports in designing effective courses. Cultures affect students’ learning styles; as such designing curriculum and learning activities based on students’ learning styles results in enhancing students’ academic achievement. This paper attempts to examine the effect learning styles have on learners’ academic achievement. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part explores claims affirming the existence of a correlation between students’ learning style and their academic performance. The second part discusses the claims dismissing any connection between students’ learning style and their academic performance. The research reached the following results: Language learning styles are not substantial predictors of language learning strategies. There is no significant difference between learners of Pakistan, China and Saudi Arab in terms of language learning style and...
Research Interests: Psychology and Preference
The current study aimed to identify the role of educational institutions in preparing future leaders from the viewpoint of school principals in the Sultanate of Oman. The study relied on a case study approach to collect and analyze data... more
The current study aimed to identify the role of educational institutions in preparing future leaders from the viewpoint of school principals in the Sultanate of Oman. The study relied on a case study approach to collect and analyze data by constructing a questionnaire that included (25) items distributed equally over the five dimensions to prepare future leaders. The validity of the questionnaire was verified by the validity of the arbitrators, and its reliability was verified using the Cronbach's Alpha test, which was (88%). The questionnaire was applied in its final form to a random sample of (100) principals at the schools of Dhofar Region. The data were then analyzed and processed statistically using SPSS program based on mean, standard deviation, T test and one-way ANOVA. The study reached that educational institutions in the Sultanate of Oman contribute an average role in preparing future leaders in general, and there were no statistically significant differences at the le...
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Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites... more
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites against the international standards for e-learning programs used in learning English as a second language (ESL) for international students. A comparative approach was used on three case studies (British council, University of Cambridge, and AMIDEAST website) and compared with CEFR standard and researcher determined criteria. In three cases, the standard of dialogue and communication standard are accomplished, while writing exercise is absent on the British council website. The review standard was not fully achieved in any case to strengthen the learners’ interest in language learning and their use in the social and cultural context. Considering the standard set by the researcher, the study has achieved both standard cognitive reference and applied kn...
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The Sheltered Instructional Observation Protocol SIOP is a model designed to assist teachers in organizing and planning the lessons delivery through different stages. This model is also useful in enhancing the students’ achievement and... more
The Sheltered Instructional Observation Protocol SIOP is a model designed to assist teachers in organizing and planning the lessons delivery through different stages. This model is also useful in enhancing the students’ achievement and minimizing any chance of educational failure. However, EFL teachers need to be trained in order to guarantee successful implementation of this model. This study examined the implementation of the SIOP model from teachers’ perspectives after they attended an introductory workshop in a private school in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The study adopted the qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data. The sample of the study consisted of seven English language teachers (4 females & 3 males). Two data collection instruments were used, namely, observational sessions and a semi-structured interview. Most of the researcher interaction with the sample was done online due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. The workshop and the interviews were done...
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Learning style is a defining factor in the teaching and learning practice. Understanding students’ learning style supports in designing effective courses. Cultures affect students’ learning styles; as such designing curriculum and... more
Learning style is a defining factor in the teaching and learning practice. Understanding students’ learning style supports in designing effective courses. Cultures affect students’ learning styles; as such designing curriculum and learning activities based on students’ learning styles results in enhancing students’ academic achievement. This paper attempts to examine the effect learning styles have on learners’ academic achievement. The paper is divided into two parts. The first part explores claims affirming the existence of a correlation between students’ learning style and their academic performance. The second part discusses the claims dismissing any connection between students’ learning style and their academic performance. The research reached the following results: Language learning styles are not substantial predictors of language learning strategies. There is no significant difference between learners of Pakistan, China and Saudi Arab in terms of language learning style and...
Research Interests: Psychology and Preference
The Sheltered Instructional Observation Protocol SIOP is a model designed to assist teachers in organizing and planning the lessons delivery through different stages. This model is also useful in enhancing the students’ achievement and... more
The Sheltered Instructional Observation Protocol SIOP is a model designed to assist teachers in organizing and planning the lessons delivery through different stages. This model is also useful in enhancing the students’ achievement and minimizing any chance of educational failure. However, EFL teachers need to be trained in order to guarantee successful implementation of this model. This study examined the implementation of the SIOP model from teachers’ perspectives after they attended an introductory workshop in a private school in Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The study adopted the qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data. The sample of the study consisted of seven English language teachers (4 females & 3 males). Two data collection instruments were used, namely, observational sessions and a semi-structured interview. Most of the researcher interaction with the sample was done online due to the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic. The workshop and the interviews were done...
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This study examines ESL textbooks of English language of grade 9th and 10th of Punjab model schools in Pakistan. In order to achieve the goals of research, the qualitative method was used and applied Paul Elder’s Critical Thinking Model... more
This study examines ESL textbooks of English language of grade 9th and 10th of Punjab model schools in Pakistan. In order to achieve the goals of research, the qualitative method was used and applied Paul Elder’s Critical Thinking Model (2008) on the text books of grades 9 and 10. The collected data was analyzed qualitatively. Activities mentioned in the textbooks of grades 9 and 10 of Punjab textbook board were extracted and analyzed in the light of Paul and Elder’s CT model. ESL teachers’ interviews regarding the said textbooks serve as an insight into the role of critical thinking among learners. Mention the period of analysis. There relevance exists between the exercises given in English textbooks with the model of critical thinking prosed by Paul and Elder. However, the teachers of Government schools are unaware of the critical thinking perspective and some sessions of critical thinking training need to be offered to the English school teachers of Government schools. The result...
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Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites... more
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites against the international standards for e-learning programs used in learning English as a second language (ESL) for international students. A comparative approach was used on three case studies (British council, University of Cambridge, and AMIDEAST website) and compared with CEFR standard and researcher determined criteria. In three cases, the standard of dialogue and communication standard are accomplished, while writing exercise is absent on the British council website. The review standard was not fully achieved in any case to strengthen the learners' interest in language learning and their use in the social and cultural context. Considering the standard set by the researcher, the study has achieved both standard cognitive reference and applied knowledge; while the standard communicative construction has not been achieved. It implies careful consideration to the changing learning needs and careful update of the website by understanding the theoretical foundations of the applied languages and the standards and specifications of e-learning technology. The study is useful for the identification the best platform to assist the students in optimized learning by conducting a comparative analysis of the three websites.
Research Interests:
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites... more
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) framework is employed in majority of the countries to establish a standard for English language teaching and learning standards. The present study aims to assess three websites against the international standards for e-learning programs used in learning English as a second language (ESL) for international students. A comparative approach was used on three case studies (British council, University of Cambridge, and AMIDEAST website) and compared with CEFR standard and researcher determined criteria. In three cases, the standard of dialogue and communication standard are accomplished, while writing exercise is absent on the British council website. The review standard was not fully achieved in any case to strengthen the learners' interest in language learning and their use in the social and cultural context. Considering the standard set by the researcher, the study has achieved both standard cognitive reference and applied knowledge; while the standard communicative construction has not been achieved. It implies careful consideration to the changing learning needs and careful update of the website by understanding the theoretical foundations of the applied languages and the standards and specifications of e-learning technology. The study is useful for the identification the best platform to assist the students in optimized learning by conducting a comparative analysis of the three websites.
